超声诊断儿童膀胱颈损伤1例

患儿男,4岁.于2h前车撞及小腹部,其后未排尿,来诊.X片提示:骨盆骨折.超声检查;两肾未见异常.膀胱充盈欠佳,腔内可见絮状低回声飘动,膀胱下方(相当于前列腺区)可见3.5 cm×3.1cm×2.7cm大小的低回声,边界较清,其内未见血流信号(图1).膀胱上方可见2.1 cm×1.2 cm大小的不规则无回声区,两侧髂窝均可见少量不规则液性无回声区.提示:(1)膀胱内絮状低回声(积血可能性大);(2)膀胱下方低回声(血肿?),考虑膀胱颈损伤可能性大;(3)腹盆腔少量积液.入院后留置尿管,引流出血性尿液,2h后经导尿管灌注生理盐水后再行超声检查见膀胱充盈良好,形态正常,腔内可见一导尿管回声,导尿管水囊上方可见1.5 cm×0.7cm大小的低回声区,内未见血流信号.     

21-羟化酶缺乏症伴睾丸肾上腺残余肿瘤超声造影表现1例

患者男,27岁,发现睾丸肿块2年,促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)、肾素、睾酮均较正常值明显增高,促卵泡生成素、促黄体生成素、皮质醇昼夜节律均明显低于正常值,ACTH兴奋试验中各时间点测定的皮质醇、17-羟孕酮、脱氢表雄酮值均明显高于正常值.彩超:右睾丸内见1.93 cm×0.76 cm异常等回声,边界清楚,形态不规则,未见血流信号;左睾丸内见2.94 cm×1.87 cm异常中强回声,边界清楚,形态不规则,其内见条状低速动脉频谱血流信号(图1);提示双侧睾丸实性占位性病变(血管瘤不能除外).SF6 CEUS:双侧睾丸异常回声,呈"慢进慢退"表现(图2),提示双侧睾丸实性占位性病变,考虑良性病变.CT:左肾上腺饱满;左侧阴囊呈囊状低密度影,其内见索条状影.增强MRI示增殖体肥大;左侧睾丸混杂信号,明显强化,考虑肿瘤性病变,血管瘤可能.     

头皮蔓状血管瘤超声诊断1例

患者女,25岁,因"发现枕部肿物并渐进性增大13年"人院.临床检查:左枕部可见10 cm×8 cm大小肿物.彩色多普勒超声:枕后部头皮明显增厚、隆起,范围11.2 cm×9.8 cm×3.1 cm(长×宽×厚),边界清晰,内可见粗细不等,纡曲扩张的管状结构互相交通,压缩肿物可变形.CDFI见管状结构内充满血流信号(图1).Doppler为动静脉血流信号,呈高速低阻型,峰值流速81 cm/s,RI 0.35.肿物周围可见沿枕动脉走行区域之粗大血管与肿物相通.诊断:枕部血管瘤(蔓状血管瘤可能性大).DSA:血管瘤由双侧枕动脉供血,栓塞双侧枕动脉(图2).手术后病理:头皮蔓状血管瘤.     

乳腺占位性病变一例

患者女,57岁,乳头溢液30余年.超声检查所见:左乳头内上方乳晕区腺体层可见囊实性肿物,囊腔大小约2.6 cm×1.3 cm,后壁可见乳头状实性回声突向囊腔内,范围约1.6 cm×1.6 cm×1.1 cm(图1),CDFI:可见血流信号自肿物后方腺体层,像"飘带"样伸入实性组织中,RI:0.53(图2,3).超声提示:左乳导管内乳头状瘤.病理诊断:导管内乳头状瘤.     

CDFI及CTA诊断肾动脉瘤合并狭窄1例

患者男,38岁,反复发作头晕、头疼20余天,疼痛呈间断性,并逐渐加重;否认高血压史.体检:收缩压最高达190 mmHg.超声:上腹部横切面扫查:右肾动脉起始段探及一瘤样结构与腹主动脉相通,约22 mm×18 mm,瘤内可见絮状低回声部分充填,瘤后肾动脉管腔纤细(图1);纵切面扫查:瘤体位于肠系膜上动脉后下方(图2);CDFI:瘤体内可见腹主动脉血流进入,部分充盈,瘤体后方血流显示不清(图1);右肾下极可见动脉信号自肾外进入实质内.     

副腮腺多形性腺瘤超声表现1例

患者男,87岁.发现左侧面颊部包块2周,无疼痛,咀嚼食物时略感不适.体格检查:肿块位于咀嚼肌前缘,质地软,境界欠清晰,按压无疼痛.超声检查:左侧面颊部可见一大小3.0cm×2.6 cm×1.8 cm的团块状低、弱回声,形态不规则,可见包膜,境界清晰,内部回声欠均匀,可见条状高回声分隔,肿块周边见少许中等回声,与同侧腮腺实质回声类似,且相连续(图1),彩色多普勒血流显像示其内少许点状及短棒状血流信号,测及高速高阻动脉频谱(图2);左侧腮腺未见明显异常;双侧颈部未见明显肿大淋巴结.超声提示:左侧面颊部团块,考虑左侧副腮腺占位(混合瘤?).在局麻下行口内切口,完整摘除肿瘤及副腮腺,肿瘤同周围组织轻度粘连.术后病理诊断:"副腮腺"多形性腺瘤(混合瘤),此瘤易复发、恶变,请注意随访.     

颈部假性静脉瘤超声表现一例

患者男,56岁.2 d前发现右下颈部隆起,触诊皮下可扪及直径约2.0 cm的包块,质软、无触痛.超声显示:皮下0.7 cm处探及一2.5 cm×2.0 cm×0.9 cm的囊性包块,下壁可见宽约0.25 cm的中断,中断处下方可见一管道样无回声区(图1).彩色多普勒超声显示:管道内为静脉血流信号,并见血流信号通过断口处往返于静脉管腔与囊性包块之间(图2),多普勒频谱证实为静脉血流的往返信号(图3).超声诊断为假性静脉瘤.术后证实为颈外静脉的一个分支血管出现自发性破裂形成假性静脉瘤.     

超声诊断多睾症1例

患儿男,5岁,因发现左侧阴囊内肿物2月入院.查体:在左侧睾丸的下方可以触及大小约1 cm×1 cm的肿物,质地韧,边界清,无明显的触痛,透光试验阴性.超声检查:左侧睾丸正常,其下方可见一0.8 cm×0.6 cm实性低回声团块,包膜清晰,与同侧睾丸分界尚清,回声强度及其内血流信号与正常睾丸相似(图1).     

颈动脉体瘤的超声表现

病例1 患者男,74岁,右颈部无痛性肿块10年,曾诊断为颈部淋巴结核.超声表现：右颈部可见一不均质等回声包块,大小约5.6 cm×4.3 cm×3.8 cm,边界尚清,包块包绕颈总动脉分叉处及颈内、外动脉起始段,其内可见丰富血流信号,并可见小动脉发自颈外动脉.超声提示：考虑颈动脉体瘤可能性大.经术后病理证实为颈动脉体瘤.     

锁骨下动脉瘤1例

患者女,59岁,甲状腺癌术后1年余,高血压病史15年,头晕、头痛10年.颈部超声:于横切面见左锁骨下动脉前壁瘤样结构向外突起,约8 mm×6 mm,距椎动脉开口约13 mm(图1).CDFI于瘤体内见丰富血流信号(图2).超声诊断:左锁骨下动脉瘤.CTA:左锁骨下动脉胸廓内动脉起始段局限性隆起,约0.7 cm×0.5 cm,边界清晰,距离椎动脉开口约14 mm(图3);锁骨下动脉其余部分及其分支未见明显异常.CTA诊断与超声一致.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.