超声二维斑点追踪显像技术检测犬顿抑心肌跨壁力学状态的变化

目的 应用超声二维斑点追踪显像技术检测犬顿抑心肌心内、外膜纵向的应变变化,探讨顿抑心肌的跨壁力学变化及其随时间的变化规律。方法 12只犬左冠状动脉前降支结扎20 min,再灌注120 min,分别于结扎前、结扎期间、再灌注后即刻、30、60、90、120 min采集心尖切面图像。应用超声二维斑点追踪显像技术检测缺血及非缺血节段心内膜、心外膜、整体节段应变参数:纵向峰值应变(LS_peak)、峰值应变延迟时间(TPS_LS),并进行比较分析。结果 犬心肌左冠状动脉前降支结扎后、再灌注后即刻缺血节段心内、外膜、整体节段LS_peak明显减低,TPS_LS延长,且LS_peak以心内膜下心肌减低更明显;随再灌注时间延长,二维应变逐渐恢复,心外膜下心肌恢复更快,缺血节段整体心肌恢复正常时,心内膜下心肌仍未恢复正常。非缺血节段在左冠状动脉前降支结扎后、再灌注后即刻心内、外膜下LS_peak明显增加,TPS_LS延长,再灌注30 min恢复正常。结论 超声二维斑点追踪显像技术可检测犬顿抑心肌在缺血及再灌注阶段心内、外膜下心肌二维应变变化。     

自动功能成像预测冠状动脉左前降支严重狭窄

目的 探讨应用基于二维斑点追踪显像（2D-STI）技术的自动功能成像（AFI）纵向应变预测可疑冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病（冠心病）患者冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）严重狭窄的价值。方法 将92例可疑冠心病患者根据冠状动脉造影（CAG）结果分为2组,A组（LAD狭窄<70%）49例,B组（LAD狭窄≥70%）43例。采集心尖左心室长轴、心尖四腔和心尖两腔心切面二维灰阶动态图像。采用AFI软件自动测量左心室18节段收缩期纵向应变（LS）、左心室收缩期整体纵向应变（GLS）及左前降支支配区域纵向应变（TLS）。比较2组间各常规超声参数和二维纵向应变参数差异,绘制各参数预测LAD严重狭窄的ROC曲线。结果 2组常规超声参数差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,B组GLS及TLS均明显低于A组（P均<0.001）,TLS和GLS预测LAD严重狭窄的曲线下面积（AUC）最大,分别为0.715和0.705,TLS和GLS预测LAD严重狭窄的截断值、敏感度、特异度分别为：－19.58%、63.3%、67.4%和－20.85%、74.4%、61.2%。结论 基于2D-STI技术的AFI测量心肌纵向应变参数可用于预测可疑冠心病患者LAD严重狭窄,GLS较TLS敏感度高。     

三维斑点追踪技术评价冠状动脉狭窄患者左心室局部和整体收缩功能

目的 探讨三维斑点追踪成像(3D-STI)技术早期检测冠状动脉狭窄患者左心室局部和整体收缩功能的价值.方法 收集46例冠状动脉狭窄(冠状动脉狭窄组)和33例可疑冠状动脉狭窄患者(对照组),经胸采集左心室全容积三维动态图像,测量左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)、心输出量(CO)、每搏量(SV)、左心室舒张末期质量(LVEDMass)、左心室收缩末期质量(LVESMass)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)及整体长轴应变(GPSL),获得左心室17个心肌节段的节段性面积应变值(AS)及整体面积应变均值(GAS);比较两组间及缺血和非缺血心肌节段上述指标差异,对GAS和LVEF进行相关性分析.结果 剔除图像不清晰病例,最终冠状动脉狭窄组41例,对照组30例.冠状动脉狭窄组GPSL和GAS均低于对照组 (P均<0.05).冠状动脉狭窄组缺血心肌节段AS较非缺血心肌节段和对照组心肌节段均明显减低(P均<0.01),冠状动脉狭窄组非缺血心肌节段和对照组心肌节段AS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).GAS与LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.720,P<0.01).结论 3D-STI可通过测量不同心肌节段面积应变早期评价冠状动脉狭窄患者心肌收缩功能的变化.     

实时三维斑点追踪显像技术检测犬顿抑心肌左心室舒张功能延迟恢复

目的 应用实时三维斑点追踪显像技术(3D-STI)检测犬顿抑心肌左心室舒张功能的延迟恢复。 方法 结扎12只成年杂种犬左冠状动脉前降支,15 min后行再灌注;分别于缺血前、缺血5 min和15 min、再灌注30 min、60 min、90 min及120 min采集心尖切面三维图像,检测缺血及非缺血心肌峰值纵向应变(LS_peak)、主动脉瓣关闭时的纵向应变、舒张前1/3时点纵向应变,根据公式计算应变显像舒张指数(SI-DI)。 结果 缺血5 min和15 min缺血心肌LS_peak和SI-DI显著降低,随再灌注时间延长而逐渐恢复;LS_peak于再灌注120 min时恢复正常,SI-DI于再灌注120 min时仍低于正常;缺血5 min和15 min非缺血节段心肌LS_peak和SI-DI升高,均于再灌注30 min恢复正常。 结论 应用3D-STI可评价犬顿抑心肌缺血及再灌注阶段左心室局部心肌舒张功能的延迟恢复。     

实时三维斑点追踪成像技术评价无节段性室壁运动异常的不同程度冠状动脉病变患者的心肌应变

目的 探讨实时三维斑点追踪成像（RT3D-STI）技术评价不同程度冠状动脉病变患者左心室心肌应变的价值。方法 收集超声结果提示无节段性室壁运动异常（RWMA）的冠心病患者109例,并根据冠状动脉造影（CAG）结果分为：对照组（n=30）、单支病变组（n=34）、多支病变组（n=45）。应用RT3D-STI技术获得左心室整体纵向应变（GLS）、整体周向应变（GCS）、整体面积应变（GAS）、整体径向应变（GRS）及左心室射血分数（LVEF）等,比较各参数的组间差异,并分析不同应变参数间及其与LVEF的相关性。结果 随着冠状动脉病变程度的加重,GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS逐渐减低,单支病变组低于对照组（P均<0.05）,多支病变组低于单支病变组（P均<0.05）,GAS组间差异较显著。GLS、GCS、GAS与GRS相关系数分别为-0.874、-0.848、-0.906,GAS与GRS相关关系更为密切;GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS与LVEF的相关系数分别为-0.684、-0.657、-0.717、0.672,GAS与LVEF相关性最好。结论 RT3D-STI技术参数能够定量评价无节段性室壁运动异常的不同程度冠状动脉病变患者心肌应变,测量准确性及可重复性高,新参数GAS更具优势。     

三维斑点追踪收缩期峰值面积应变评估冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病左室收缩功能

目的应用三维斑点追踪成像(3D-STI)技术评价冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(以下简称冠心病)患者左室各节段及整体收缩功能。方法选取50例超声心动图检查未见明显节段性室壁运动异常但经冠状动脉造影检查确诊的冠心病患者为试验组,30例临床高度怀疑冠心病但二维超声心动图及冠状动脉造影均未见异常的患者为对照组。应用3D-STI技术、M型Teichholz法及二维双平面Simpson法分别测量并比较试验组患者的左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)及左室射血分数(LVEF)。应用3D-STI获得对照组和试验组各亚组(左前降支组、左回旋支组、右冠状动脉组及多支病变组)左室收缩期峰值环向应变(LS)、圆周应变(CS)、径向应变(RS)及面积应变(AS),以及左室17节段的时间-应变曲线及牛眼图,以冠状动脉造影结果为金标准,比较各组上述参数的差异。绘制各应变参数绝对值(GLS、GCS、GRS及GAS)诊断冠心病的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,并计算其诊断效能。结果对照组3D-STI、二维超声及M型超声三种方法测得的LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF比较,差异均无统计学意义;试验组三种方法测得的LVEDV、LVESV及LVEF比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。试验组各亚组经冠状动脉造影检出的缺血节段其相应的LS、CS、RS及AS与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。试验组GLS、GAS与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。ROC曲线分析表明GLS、GAS为诊断冠心病的最佳敏感指标,当GLS、GAS截断值分别为-15.5%、-26.5%时,其特异性分别为83%、93%,敏感性分别为82%、76%。结论 3D-STI技术能更好地评估冠心病节段病变及整体左室收缩功能,为临床及早诊断冠心病提供依据。     

超声二维应变成像观察冠心病患者缺血心肌收缩功能异常

目的 应用超声二维应变成像技术检测冠心病患者左心室缺血心肌在不同方向上收缩运动的变化特点。方法 收集接受冠状动脉造影检查患者83例,其中52例造影证实为冠心病(冠心病组),31例造影未见异常(对照组)。超声采集左心室短轴及心尖长轴切面的高频二维动态图像,应用二维应变分析软件测量左心室各节段心肌的收缩期纵向应变(LS)、径向应变(RS)、圆周应变(CS)和旋转角度(RA)。结果 二维应变技术对冠心病组缺血心肌的测量成功率为95.26%(402/422);缺血心肌的LS、RS显著低于对照组正常心肌(P＜0.05);除乳头肌水平前壁及后壁RA外,两组心肌CS、RA的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 二维应变技术所测LS、RS可敏感反映缺血所致局部心肌收缩功能异常;而CS、RA对于观察缺血心肌收缩功能损害不够敏感。     

心脏MR T2* mapping技术定量评价2型糖尿病患者左心室心肌改变

目的 探讨心脏MR T2^* mapping技术定量评价2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者心肌改变的临床价值。方法 对54例T2DM患者（T2DM组）及43名健康志愿者（正常对照组）采用T2^* mapping技术行心脏MR检查。测量并比较2组间左心室各节段心肌及各支冠状动脉供血区心肌T2^*值的差异。结果 T2DM组左心室第6、15、16节段T2^*值低于正常对照组（P均<0.05）,2组间其余各节段心肌T2^*值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。T2DM组冠状动脉左回旋支（LCX）供血区心肌T2^*值低于正常对照组（P=0.035）,2组间左前降支（LAD）及右冠状动脉（RCA）供血区心肌T2^*值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 T2^* mapping技术可用于定量评价T2DM患者左心室心肌改变,有助于早期发现糖尿病心肌病。     

二维斑点追踪技术评价急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后冠状动脉侧支循环对左心室功能的影响

目的 采用二维斑点追踪成像(STE)技术评价急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后冠状动脉侧支循环(CCC)对左心室功能的影响。方法 选择接受急诊PCI的AMI患者51例,根据冠状动脉造影结果将患者分为有侧支循环组(CCC组)和无侧支循环组(N-CCC组)。再根据冠状动脉闭塞情况及室壁运动评分将患者左心室18节段心肌分为正常心肌组、缺血心肌组和梗死心肌组。患者分别在PCI术后72 h及1个月接受超声检查,检测并比较左心室心肌整体收缩、舒张功能及心肌纵向应变(LS)和应变率(LSR)。结果 与术后72 h比较,1个月时CCC组和N-CCC组缺血及梗死心肌的LS均增大(P<0.01)。术后72 h,CCC组缺血心肌LSR-s大于N-CCC组(P<0.05)。术后1个月,CCC组缺血及梗死心肌LS均大于N-CCC组(P<0.05),且恶性心律失常发生率低于N-CCC组(P<0.05)。结论 CCC可显著改善AMI患者PCI术后72 h缺血心肌和术后1个月缺血、梗死心肌的收缩功能及左心室整体舒张功能。     

三维斑点追踪技术联合SYNTAX评分评价复杂冠状动脉疾病

目的 观察三维斑点追踪（3D-STI）技术联合冠状动脉SYNTAX评分（SS）评价复杂冠状动脉疾病（CAD）患者左心室心肌功能的价值。方法 根据SS将78例CAD患者分为低分亚组（SS<23，n=26）、中分亚组（23 ≤ SS<33，n=25）及高分亚组（SS ≥ 33，n=27），应用3D-STI技术获取左心室整体纵向、径向、圆周、三维应变（GLS、GRS、GCS、G3DS）及各节段纵向、径向、圆周、三维应变（LS、RS、CS、3DS），计算平均基底段、中间段和心尖段LS、RS、CS、3DS，并进行组间比较。结果 ①低分、中分、高分亚组GLS、GRS、GCS和G3DS均呈减小趋势（P均<0.05），基底段LS、3DS，中间段和心尖段LS、RS、CS和3DS均呈减小趋势（P均<0.05）；②ROC曲线分析示GLS、GCS、GRS和G3DS对不同程度CAD有一定检测价值，以G3DS及GLS的AUC最大；③复杂CAD患者GLS、GRS、GCS和G3DS与冠状动脉SS均呈负相关（r=-0.548、-0.366、-0.411、-0.556，P均<0.05）；④重复性检验示3D-STI参数在观察者内及观察者间测量均有良好一致性。结论 3D-STI技术可在一定程度上反映复杂CAD患者冠状动脉病变程度，联合SS对于诊断CAD和指导治疗有一定意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.