糖尿病专科护士工作模式的探讨

介绍2名糖尿病专科护士在1年多的时间里做好专科护士和护士长工作的经验.成立糖尿病联络护士小组并进行专科知识培训,开设糖尿病专科护理门诊,开展全院专科护理会诊、义诊,社区教育等;同时完成护士长的管理和学科带头人的工作.专科护士合理安排好时间,能同时胜任这两个角色的工作.     

专科护士的使用及管理

报道了对4名专科护士使用与管理的体会.专科护士常态下的工作重点定位于危重症及专科疑难病人个案护理管理、护理查房的组织和落实、各层级护理人员的培训及护理学科带头人的培养.至今已完成个案护理429例,护理查房192例,护理会诊127例,制定指引41项,教学培训78次.而在应急状态下用好专科护士对解决临床疑难护理问题和提高病人、医护人员的认同度有着重要的作用.从管理上,卫生行政部门政策层面上的前瞻性,为专科护士的培养、使用和管理创造了良好的大环境;医院护理管理体制的改革和调整,为专科护士的使用提供了机遇和平台;护理部应以界定专科护士使用方法、工作目标和管理方法为切入点.狠抓落实."有位才能有为".为专科护士搭台铺路;"有为才能有位",让专科护士成才成长;护士长的胸怀和包容、科主任的支持为专科护士作用的发挥奠定了基础.     

综合医院心理联络专业护理小组的构建与实施

目的 探索综合医院心理联络专业护理小组的构建、培训和临床运行方法。方法 借力我院精神卫生研究所和临床医学心理中心这一平台组建心理联络专业护理小组,规范培训内容和培训方法,指导心理联络护士在临床开展心理联络护理工作。结果 形成了心理联络专业护理小组组建的规范架构、系统的培训内容和方法。心理联络专业护理小组在临床顺利开展工作,并且在提高护士对患者心理问题的觉察、识别和处理能力,护士和患者的满意度均取得了一定的成绩。结论 为综合医院提升护士心理护理能力,改善护士工作满意度和患者就医体验,组建心理联络专业护理小组是一种行之有效的方法,值得推广。     

专科护士模式下临床科室慢性伤口护理联络护士培训班通知

专科护士常常承担同行和患者的咨询者、指导者等角色,为患者提供专业化的护理服务。为了对各专科疾病患者提供高质量的服务,需在医院各科室设立专科护理联络护士,建立专科护士工作人员网络。《护理学报》已于2009年7月举办了国家级继续医学教育项目——专科护士模式下临床科室慢性伤口护理联络护士培训班,参会学员普遍反映该项目内容科学、实用,对临床专科护士开展工作及进行联络护士培训有较好的指导作用。     

糖尿病联络小组的建立与实践

总结糖尿病联络小组人员组成、体系架构和工作内容,包括通过专科护理会诊、糖尿病专科知识培训、护理门诊、定期院内督导等方式,在全院范围内开展各项糖尿病护理治疗健康教育活动.通过糖尿病联络护理小组的建立,在一定程度上提高了全院护理人员的糖尿病知识,规范了糖尿病患者的护理,提高了糖尿病的健康教育水平,为专科护士的发展提供了平台.     

糖尿病专科护士以临床需求为导向的工作实践与效果

目的探讨专科护士依据临床需求为导向的工作实践。方法对糖尿病专科护士进行糖尿病知识与技能的培训,由其负责培训联络护士,并对糖尿病患者进行健康教育,建立糖尿病专科护理门诊及护理会诊制度,比较实施前后糖尿病相关知识与操作技能、糖尿病专科护理质量及非糖尿病专科患者对糖尿病健康教育的满意度等。结果糖尿病专科护士工作量增加,糖尿病专科护士及联络护士护理质量提高,患者和医生的满意度提高等。结论依据临床需求进行专科护士的临床实践效果好,有利于提升糖尿病专科护士的专业价值感,充分调动主观能动性,提高护理质量。     

我院开设专科护理门诊的实践与成效

目的探讨开设专科护理门诊的做法和成效。方法于2010年5月开设健康教育咨询门诊、经外周置入中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheters,PICC)护理门诊和伤口护理门诊,7名专科护士以护理门诊为平台,每周利用1~2个半天时间开展专科护理工作。结果专科护理门诊开设以来,完成专科健康教育咨询244例次,PICC疑难置管28例次,导管维护118例次,各类伤口换药177例次,院内护理会诊22例次,家庭现场示教2例,接受院内护士培训86人次,接受院外进修护士培训2名。患者及家属对专科护士服务态度和技术水平的满意率达98%。结论开设专科护理门诊可以满足患者多元化的需求,有利于提高专科、专病护理的水平,推动护理学科专业化发展,最终造福于患者。     

老年病专科护士临床实践的体会

专科护士是在护理专业化进程中形成和发展起来的高级临床护理工作者.2005年8月起,在以护理部主任为组长的专科护士质量委员会的支持与督导下,笔者所在医院的4个专科成立了以专科护士为组长的工作小组,8名专科护士在原来工作岗位上,同时兼职参与专科护士工作.主要介绍了老年病专科护士的临床工作内容、方法和服务对象,通过笔者自己以兼职、全职两种不同模式工作实践,比较全职与兼职两种工作方式和工作业绩.认为兼职专科护士主要履行专业护士职责,专科护士角色受到限制;全职专科护士能全面扮演专科护士角色、发挥功能.     

三甲医院培训院内糖尿病专科护士的模式与方法

目的 建立大型三甲医院院内糖尿病专科护士培训模式与方法 ,定位于国家（省级）糖尿病专科护士与糖尿病护理小组联络护士不同,创新专科护士培养新模式,为专科人才队伍建设提供一种全新的方法 与思路.方法 2013年华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院启动分批次医院内糖尿病专科护士培训项目,首批报名36人,经考核后确定21人,开展了为期8周全脱产理论与临床实践培训,培训计划与考核方案由糖尿病专科护理小组制定.结果 培训过程中,考勤率为98.5%,理论和专科操作成绩合格率分别为90.48%和100.00%.培训后,2014年全院非内分泌专科开展糖尿病个体化教育1100余次;组织医护讲座23次;编写糖尿病专科护理指南1本;组织病区专项质控12次;开展糖尿病患者小讲座60余次;完善科室间糖尿病护理会诊流程,护理会诊大于70余人次;2014年发表糖尿病相关论文5篇;成功申报相关课题2项;组织糖尿病患教活动4场;申报并开展延伸服务项目11项.结论 该模式能为医院培养具备专科护士素养、全面掌握糖尿病相关知识、为全院各病区住院高血糖患者实施规范护理及健康教育的专科护理人员,促进了全院糖尿病专科护理水平与科研能力的提高.     

专科护士模式下临床科室慢性伤口护理联络护士培训班通知

专科护士常常承担同行和患者的咨询者、指导者等角色,为患者提供专业化的护理服务。为了实现对全院专科疾病提供高质量的服务,需在医院各科室设立专科护理联络护士,建立专科护士工作人员网络。目前,临床实践工作中尚无系统培训联络护士的规范、经验可循。因此,《护理学报》拟于2009年7月在广州南方医院举办国家级继续医学教育项目——专科护士模式下临床科室慢性伤口护理联络护士培训班【项目编号为2009-14-05109（国）】,届时将邀请造口治疗师授课,欢迎报名学习。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.