老年人血液透析时急性心血管并发症47人次临床分析及体会

临床资料 1.一般资料 年龄60～88岁,男33例,女27例。病种:急性肾功能衰竭8例,慢性肾功能衰竭52例,其中慢性肾小球肾炎23例,慢性肾盂肾炎5例,糖尿病肾病11例,原发性高血压5例,多囊肾4例,前列腺肥大肾后性尿毒症3例,骨髓瘤肾病1例。化验:血肌酐在620—1408umol/L之间。血尿素氮在21～60mmol/L之间。 2.透析方法 采用德国费神尤斯4008B及4008S型血液透析机,碳酸盐透析,肝素钠抗凝,血流量180～200ml/min,透析液流量500ml/min每次     

39例尿毒症诱导期血液透析的护理

自1994年以来，我们共对39例终末期尿毒症患者进行了238次诱导期血液透析治疗。现将护理体会报告如下：1临床资料1．1一般资料本组男25例，女14例；平均年龄53岁。原发病：慢性肾小球肾炎21例，糖尿病肾病3例，慢性肾盂肾炎9例，高尿酸症肾病6例。透析前平均BUN：20．5mmd／L.Scr：889umd／L,Ccr：＜12ml／min。1．2透析方式碳酸氢盐透析18例，醋酸盐透析21例；11例采用内瘘，28例采用深静脉置管。首剂肝素量4～8mg；维持量每小时1～3mg。血流量为每分钟140～180ml，透析时间2～4h。透析频率每1～2天1次。2结果发生低血压36例次，发才率…     

左旋卡尼汀(雷卡)改善男性尿毒症患者性功能疗效观察

左旋卡尼汀 (雷卡 )能改善患者体内肉碱缺乏 ,能显著改善男性尿毒症患者的性功能 ,报告如下。1　资料与方法1.1　一般资料　 11例维持血液透析的男性患者 ,每周透析 2～ 3次 ,每次 4 .5～ 5h ,年龄 2 7～ 4 5岁 ,维持血液透析时间 14～ 37个月 ,基础疾病中 9例为慢性肾小球肾炎     

不同尿量间歇性血液透近患者高钠透析后透析间期体重的比较

1　对象和方法1.1　对象　选择在我院血透室治疗的间歇性血液透析 (IHD)10例 ,男 5例 ,女 5例 ,平均 6 1(30～ 77)岁 ,平均透析年限 2 .1(0 .3～ 9) a。其尿毒症原发病为多囊肾 1例 ,糖尿病肾病 5例 ,原发性慢性肾小球肾炎 3例 ,梗阻性肾病 1例。根据 2 4 h尿量分成两组 ,少尿组为 2 4 h尿量 <4 0 0 ml5例 ,其原发病分别为糖尿病肾病 2例 ,原发性慢性肾小球肾炎 2例 ,梗阻性肾病 1例 ;非少尿组为 2 4 h尿量≥ 4 0 0 ml 5例 ,其原发病为糖尿病肾病 3例 ,原发性慢性肾小球肾炎 1例 ,多囊肾 1例。1.2　方法　 (1)透析方法 :所有患者由 Nippro…     

重组人促红素与复方α-酮酸联用纠正维持性血透患者低白蛋白血症的临床观察

我们通过联合应用重组人促红素(EPO)与复方α-酮酸纠正维持性血透患者低白蛋白血症,其临床疗效总结如下。1对象和方法1.1对象选择透析时间>6个月,病情稳定的因各种原因导致的慢性肾功能衰竭的尿毒症患者20例,男12例,女8例,年龄≤60岁11例,60~70岁9例。原发病因为慢性肾小球肾炎9例,糖尿病肾病3例,高血压肾病2例,多囊肾2例,急进性肾炎1例,原因不明3例。所有患者均采用动静脉内瘘或直接穿刺法进行血液透析,透析频率为每周2~3次,每次4 h,血流量180~220 ml/min。透析用水为反渗水,透析液缓冲碱为碳酸氢盐(天津瑞鹏器械制剂厂生产),透析液流量…     

20例尿毒症肺临床分析

尿毒症肺是慢性肾功能衰竭患者发展至尿毒症期常见的肺部并发症。 1999年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 5月 ,我院收住尿毒症患者 4 6例 ,其中合并有尿毒症肺 2 0例 ,分析如下。1　临床资料1.1　病例选择　 4 6例患者均符合尿毒症诊断标准 :血肌酐>70 7μmol/L ,肾小球滤过率 <10ml/min。其中 2 0例(4 3.5 % )符合 1977年北戴河肾病会议“尿毒症肺”的诊断标准 ,男性 15例 ,女性 5例 ,年龄 18～ 78岁 ,中位年龄 4 1.9岁。原发病 :肾小球肾炎 11例 ,高血压肾硬化 5例 ,糖尿病肾病 2例 ,狼疮肾炎 1例 ,慢性肾盂肾炎 1例。1.2　临床表现　咳嗽及咳白痰 16…     

慢性肾小球肾炎导致的慢性肾功能衰竭延误诊治的原因分析

慢性肾小球肾炎 (chronic glomerulonephritis,CGN)一直是导致尿毒症的首位病因。国内文献报道分别为 6 4.5 % [1 ] 和73.2 % [2 ] 。因此 ,要延缓慢性肾功能衰竭的进展 ,减少尿毒症的发生率 ,必须重视 CGN的早期诊断和治疗。我们对 1994年4月～ 2 0 0 0年 9月间住院或维持性血液透析的 189例 CGN患者作了详细的调查研究 ,发现延误诊治率高达 80 .4%。现将我们的分析结果报告如下。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　本组患者均经过综合分析病史、结合尿液、肾功能及双肾彩色超声波检查确诊为慢性肾小球肾炎 (慢性肾功能衰竭尿毒症期 )。其中延…     

碳酸氢盐透析的临床应用

我院血透室自1995年1月改醋酸盐透析（AHD）为碳酸氢盐血液透析（BHD）以来，病人对血液透析耐受性明显增加，并发症明显减少。报告如下。1临床资料1．1病例选择8例维持血透病人中男6例，女2例；平均年龄43．5（27～60）岁。平均透析时间为40个月。1．2病因慢性肾小球肾炎6例，慢性肾盂肾炎1例，高血压肾病1例。1．3方法采用B．BraunD型血透机、YT－Cu透析器（面积为1．2m）。透析液流量500ml／min，血流量180～300ml／min。对8例患者1994年2月～1995年2月用醋酸盐透析532人次，1995年2月～1996年2月改用碳酸氢盐透析532人次。H种透析…     

血液透析治疗尿毒症性心包炎的体会

尿毒症性心包炎是慢性肾功衰的严重并发症之一 ,一旦出现需紧急处理。随着透析疗法的开展 ,尿毒症性心包炎的死亡率现已明显下降 ,但透析相关性心包炎并不少见。我们对 12例尿毒症性心包炎进行血液透析治疗 ,同时观察心包炎出现时及经血透后ＢｕＮ、ＳＣｒ、Ｈｂ等指标的变化 ,现汇报如下 :1　临床资料本组病例男 4例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 2 6～6 2岁 ,平均 41 0 8± 12 7岁 ,抽取我院同期慢性肾功衰并发尿毒症性心包炎保守治疗的患者 12例作为对照组 ,男 6例 ,女 6例 ,年龄 2 4～ 6 3岁 ,平均40 17± 13 38岁。原发疾病 :治疗组慢性肾炎 10例 ,…     

神经垂体素在血液透析慢性低血压患者中的应用及护理

目的 观察神经垂体素对血液透析慢性低血压患者的血压维持作用,并总结其护理.方法 选取尿毒症血液透析慢性低血压患者20例,神经垂体素12 U加入生理盐水100 ml中,于血液透析开始时以0.06～0.08 U/min的速度从透析管路静脉端输人.测定每例患者用药前连续2次透析治疗和每次用药的透析治疗过程中患者血压,心率、血流量,超滤情况变化,透析治疗前后测定患者肝功能、血常规、行心电图检查.有6例次用药的透析前后应用心脏彩超测定患者心输出量(CO).结果 36例次透析治疗中,透析2 h的SBP及MAP显著高于透析前,血流量显著高于用药前,能较好地完成超滤,但CO下降显著.1例患者出现腹痛.结论 在血液透析中以0.06～0.08 U/min的速度输注神经垂体素,可升高慢性低血压患者透析中MAP,不良反应少,但不适于在冠心病、急性心力衰竭及低血容量等情况下使用.     

Safety and efficacy of Endovascular Management of high-grade blunt renal injury

ObjectivesTo provide data on the safety and efficacy of renal arterial embolization (RAE) in patients with high-grade blunt renal injury.Materials and methodsFifteen patients with high-grade blunt renal injury (AAST grades IV-V) admitted to our hospital from July 2014 to December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed in this study. Their clinical success rate and complications were investigated accordingly.ResultsFifteen patients with high-grade blunt renal injury, 13 men and 2 women with an average age of 41.6 years, including 11 hemodynamically unstable patients and 4 stable patients, were treated with RAE. Among these patients, 73.3% (11 of 15) had grade IV, and 26.7% (4 of 15) had grade V injuries, while 53.3% (8 of 15) patients had concomitant injuries. One patient received main RAE and 14 patients received selective RAE. The clinical success rate after the first embolization was 93.3% (14 of 15). RAE was repeated and was successfully performed in one patient with sustained hematuria. No significant difference in creatinine levels was found before and after embolization. During the follow-up period of 2–82 months, two patients required tube drainage due to urine leaks, one patient developed renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy, and one patient developed secondary hypertension.ConclusionsRAE can provide a high success rate of hemostasis for both hemodynamically stable and unstable patients with high-grade blunt renal injury, and only minor complications are observed with this procedure.     

Polymyxin B nephrotoxicity and efficacy against nosocomial infections caused by multiresistant gram-negative bacteria

Reported rates of nephrotoxicity associated with the systemic use of polymyxins have varied widely. The emergence of infections due to multiresistant gram-negative bacteria has necessitated the use of systemic polymyxin B once again for the treatment of such infections. We retrospectively investigated the rate of nephrotoxicity in patients receiving polymyxin B parenterally for the treatment of infections caused by multiresistant gram-negative bacteria from October 1999 to September 2000. Demographic and clinical information was obtained for 60 patients. Outcome measures of interest were renal toxicity and clinical and microbiologic efficacy. Renal failure developed in 14% of the patients, all of whom had normal baseline renal function. Development of renal failure was independent of the daily and cumulative doses of polymyxin B and the length of treatment but was significantly associated with older age (76 versus 59 years, P = 0.02). The overall mortality was 20%, but it increased to 57% in those who developed renal failure. The organism was cleared in 88% of the patients from whom repeat specimens were obtained. The use of polymyxin B to treat multiresistant gram-negative infections was highly effective and associated with a lower rate of nephrotoxicity than previously described.     

Therapy of diffuse suppurative peritonitis with continuous peritoneal lavage

Peritonitis is a severe illness with a high mortality rate and different treatment modalities. Over a time period of 12 years 510 patients with peritonitis treated with continuous peritoneal lavage (CPL) were retrospectively analyzed. 315 of 510 patients with a mean age of 57.4 and a mean APACHE-II-Score of 10.2 on admission had a diffuse four quadrant peritonitis. 195 had a local and diffuse peritonitis due to perforation of the appendix. 232 of 315 patients with diffuse peritonitis (73.7%) had a secondary peritonitis, mostly due to organ perforation. The most frequent comorbidities were congestive heart failure (36.8%), pulmonary diseases (26%), diabetes mellitus (18.7%), chronic renal failure (16.8%), chronic liver diseases (9.5%) and a history of alcohol abuse (12.4%). On admission 18.7% had pulmonary insufficiency, 18.4% renal failure, 14.3% congestive heart failure and 13.3% hepatic insufficiency. 14% had one organ-, 6.7% two organ-, 2.5% three organ- and 5% four organ failure. The mean duration of lavage was 5.1 days with a fluid amount of 8-24 l/day. 81.3% of all patients could be treated successfully. 46 patients were reoperated due to persistent peritonitis. The mortality rate of the primarily treated patients was 15.6% compared to 37.0% of patients who had to be reoperated. The mortality rate of all patients was 18.7%. The prognosis of the clinical outcome was significantly influenced by preexisting organ failure and by the duration of the peritonitis on admission. Our results on CPL for diffuse peritonitis are in accordance with results from other treatment modalities; a direct comparison was not possible due to the different patient groups.     

A combined diabetes renal clinic improves risk factor management and progression of renal disease in a district general hospital

Aims  Aggressive management of vascular risk factors reduces the rate of progression to end-stage renal failure in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The aim of our audit was to clarify whether improvements in patient care could be demonstrated within a short time period after establishing a combined diabetes renal clinic in a district general hospital.
Methods  A retrospective analysis of weight, glycaemic control, blood pressure control, rate of decline in renal function and appropriate use of medications for vascular risk management for patients in a district general hospital was performed before and after attendance at a combined diabetes renal clinic.
Results  Data were complete for 45 patients. There was no significant change in weight from 14 months before attending the combined clinic, referral to the clinic and after 14 months of mean follow-up. An improvement in mean systolic blood pressure was achieved at the combined diabetes renal clinic (from 147 to 134 mmHg with an average fall of 16.5 mmHg, P  < 0.01). The mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) improved from 8.6% to 8% ( P  = 0.002). The rate of decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate of 1.16 mL min⁻¹ per month prior to referral improved to 0.21 mL min⁻¹ per month on attending the combined clinic ( P  = 0.002).
Conclusions  Vascular risk factor management was improved and decline in renal function slowed in patients with diabetic nephropathy within a short period of establishing a combined diabetes renal clinic in a district general hospital.     

肝移植后肾功能损害58例相关因素分析

回顾性分析解放军107中心医院肝胆外科58例肝移植患者围手术期肾功能的变化情况,以探讨肝移植患者围手术期肾功能损害的相关因素及治疗、预防经验.58例患者中男48例,女10例,年龄14～65岁,平均38岁.其中终末期良性肝病40例,肝脏恶性肿瘤18例.肝肾联合移植2例,二次肝移植2例.全部患者中,移植前肌肝超过正常值者40例,50例患者术前己应用利尿药物.移植后死亡8例,总生存率86%,10例患者肌酐持续增高,尿量进行性减少,给予连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗.其中2例在连续性肾脏替代疗法治疗过程中肾功能逐渐恢复正常,2例患者肾功能逐渐恢复正常后因合并肝功能衰竭、严重肺部感染而死亡,另6例患者因肾功能损害进一步加重,分别合并肺部感染、心功能衰竭、腹腔感染而死亡.可见,肾脏功能损害的有效处理及预防对于肝移植手术成功率具有重要意义.     

体外循环术后急性肾功能衰竭的高危因素分析

工目的：探讨急性肾功能衰竭的高危因素及防治方法。方法：对21例体外循环心脏术后急性肾功能衰竭患者及对照组进行研究。结果：高龄,术前心、肾功能情况及体外循环时间的长短等均为易发因素。经过治疗,肾功能均有所改善,其中6例腹膜透析,1例血液透析。15例康复出院,6例死亡,死亡率28.6％。结论：分析表明,降低急性肾衰的发生率及死亡率主要在于对术前高危因素的重视及术中术后积极的防治措施。     

5-Fluorocytosine kinetics in patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous hemofiltration

The pharmacokinetic disposition of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) was studied in 7 patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous hemofiltration (CH). CH was performed with a high-flux membrane and the average filtration rate (FR) was 16.3 ml/min. Following an intravenous loading dose of 2,500 mg, 5-FC concentrations were measured in plasma and ultrafiltrate. The half-lives of 5-FC were markedly prolonged in all patients, ranging from 15.9 to 37.2 h and longer half-lives corresponded to lower FR. The clearance of 5-FC averaged 97.5% of the FR. Within 48 h, 29-35% of the administered dose was recovered in the ultrafiltrate of 3 patients. The volume of distribution ranged from 0.772 to 0.982 l/kg. We found a linear relationship between the elimination rate constant and the FR, and based on these data, a dosage schedule is proposed regarding the use of 5-FC in patients treated with CH.     

连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过对多脏器功能障碍综合征APACHEⅡ积分及C反应蛋白的影响

目的观察连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗多器官功能衰竭（MODS）患者中APACHEⅡ积分、c反应蛋白水平、临床疗效及治疗中并发症的情况。方法选择2003年1月至2007年12月在本中心接受CVVH治疗的34例MODS患者,年龄19—91岁,平均（64±19）岁,APACHEⅡ积分为24．6±3．4,观察CVVH疗效及治疗过程中患者血压、心率、体温、呼吸等生命体征变化,监测其肝、肾功能,同时观察CVVH治疗中并发症情况。结果34例患者中存活时间超过14d的有25例（73．6％）,最终存活10例（29．4％）,全部患者均存在肾功能衰竭,经CVVH治疗后明显好转。存活组年龄[（61±20）岁]明显低于死亡组[（72±16）岁],P〈0．05,同时呼吸衰竭、凝血功能紊乱及心功能衰竭的发生率均明显低于死亡组。所有患者对CVVH治疗均耐受良好,治疗过程中血压、心率平稳,血流动力学稳定,存活组患者APACHEⅡ积分在治疗过程中明显下降,8例并发出血患者均因自身凝血功能紊乱所致出血。结论CVVH治疗用于MODS患者的救治安全可靠,并发症少,可有效缓解患者病情,保护脏器功能,是MODS患者救治中重要的治疗手段之一。治疗过程中患者耐受良好,血流动力学稳定,APACHEⅡ积分及C反应蛋白水平下降,两者的动态变化趋势有助于判断MODS患者的预后。     

后腹腔镜肾部分切除术个体化方案在小肾癌治疗中的应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术(RLPN)个体化方案治疗小肾癌的可行性、安全性。方法回顾性分析2012年6月-2016年6月收治的98例实行RLPN治疗的小肾癌患者,男57例,女41例,年龄28~75岁,平均52岁,肿瘤位于左肾46例,右肾52例,直径0.8~4.5 cm,平均3.1 cm。87例(A组)小肾癌采用标准阻断肾动脉的状态下实施肾部分切除;7例(B组)外突性生长的小肾癌采用术中游离肾动脉,套橡皮条备用,试行不阻断肾动脉零缺血的状态下实施肾部分切除;4例(C组)影像学检查提示内生性小肾癌,采用腔内超声术中精确探查定位肾动脉阻断下实施肾部分切除。从术中情况、术后随访结果等分析其可行性、安全性。结果 A组87例中2例转开放手术,1例切缘阳性,改腹腔镜下肾根治性切除术,术中出血量30~350 ml,平均93 ml,手术时间70~245 min,平均127 min,术中热缺血时间20~42 min,平均26 min。B组7例外突性生长的肾癌,6例未阻断肾动脉,1例出血明显,切除肿瘤过程中,再阻断肾动脉15 min,完成肾部分切除术,出血量160~380 ml,平均220 ml,手术时间85~215 min,平均143 min。C组4例中内生性小肾癌全部手术过程顺利,出血量35~250 ml,平均85 ml,手术时间110~235 min,平均175 min,术中热缺血时间25~40 min,平均28 min。随访6~48个月,中位时间26个月,1例(肾门处3.0 cm透明细胞癌)术后18个月发现局部复发及肺部转移,予索拉非尼分子靶向治疗。结论 RLPN个体化方案治疗小肾癌安全、有效,但尚需增加例数和长期随访观察明确其远期疗效。