ent-Labdane diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculata

Six new ent-labdane diterpenoids, 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-14,19-dideoxyandrographolide (1), 14-deoxy-17-hydroxyandrographolide (2), 19-O-[beta-D-apiofuranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoyl]-3,14-dideoxyandrographolide (3), 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranosylandrographolide (4), 12S-hydroxyandrographolide (5), and andrographatoside (6), together with 17 known analogues, were isolated from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata. The structures of 1-6 were determined by spectroscopic data analysis. All compounds isolated were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against several bacterial and fungal strains.     

ent-Labdane diterpenoid lactone stereoisomers from Andrographis paniculata

Two pairs of ent-labdane diterpenoid lactone stereoisomers (1- 4) including three new compounds (1- 3) were isolated from the 85% EtOH extract of the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata. The structures of these compounds were identified as 7 R-hydroxy-14-deoxyandrographolide (1), 7 S-hydroxy-14-deoxyandrographolide (2), 12 S,13 S-hydroxyandrographolide (3), and 12 R,13 R-hydroxyandrographolide (4) by spectroscopic data analyses and calculated (13)C NMR data at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G* level using the GIAO method. The 12 S-configuration of 4 was revised to 12 R based on the spectroscopic data. The antiproliferative activities of the two pairs of stereoisomers and 14 other ent-labdane diterpenoid derivatives were determined in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Andrographolide (7) and isoandrographolide (12) exhibited higher antiproliferative activities than other ent-labdane diterpenoids with GI 50's of 9.33 and 6.30 microM, respectively.     

Choleretic action of andrographolide obtained from Andrographis paniculata in rats

Andrographolide, a diterpene, isolated from Andrographis paniculata exhibited a strong choleratic action when administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to albino rats. This substance induced an increase in bile flow together with a change in the physical properties of the bile secretion.     

穿心莲总内酯的NO抑制活性研究

目的：考察穿心莲总内酯对巨噬细胞释放一氧化氮的抑制作用。方法：以脂多糖（LPS）刺激小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7 建立体外炎症模型,采用Griess Reagent法检测细胞培养上清一氧化氮（NO）含量并计算抑制率,通过MTT法评价细胞毒性。结果：穿心莲总内酯在 5-50 μmol·L^-1浓度范围内对LPS诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7释放的NO具有明显的抑制作用,并呈现良好的剂量依赖关系,IC50分别为8.58 μmol·L^-1,11.52 μmol·L^-1,8.94 μmol·L^-1;其主要活性成分穿心莲内酯（5-60 μmol·L^-1）、脱水穿心莲内酯（5-100 μmol·L^-1）、新穿心莲内酯（5-100 μmol·L^-1）对LPS诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW 264.7释放的NO亦表现出抑制作用,并呈现良好的剂量依赖关系,其IC50分别为17.54 μmol·L^-1,49.54 μmol·L^-1,41.80 μmol·L^-1。结论：穿心莲总内酯的NO抑制作用优于三个单体,以上结果可为穿心莲总内酯的制剂开发及临床应用提供一定的理论基础及科学依据。     

穿心莲优良种质筛选研究

搜集穿心莲种质资源20份,进行种植试验和生物学鉴定、评价及药用成分含量测定,结果表明:各地种植的穿心莲种子纯度不一致、混杂严重,主要存在大叶型和小叶型两种生态类型;不同种质的穿心莲茎叶干重、药用成分含量均差异显著,大叶型的茎叶干重及药用成分含量均明显高于小叶型,说明大叶型穿心莲的产量、产值较小叶型穿心莲具有明显的优势;经过2年的试验,初步筛选出产量中上等、药用成分含量高的优良品系。     

Studies on psychopharmacological activity of Andrographis paniculata extract

Psychopharmacological studies were conducted on an extract of Andrographis paniculata herbs. The extract exhibited a significant alteration in behaviour pattern and a reduction in spontaneous motility. The extract also produced a prolongation of the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time and lowered the body temperature in different experimental animal models.     

广东等五省穿心莲药材中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量比较

目的通过比较不同产地穿心莲药材中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯含量,寻找穿心莲药材最适宜的栽培地区。方法收集全国5个省9个不同产地25个穿心莲样品,按2010版《中国药典》一部穿心莲项下方法进行检测与分析。结果不同产地及批次穿心莲样品中总内酯的含量在1.03%~6.98%之间;穿心莲不同部位总内酯的含量:叶在3.43%~6.98%之间,茎在0.93%~1.33%之间,全草在1.99%~4.41%之间;不同采集方式穿心莲样品总内酯含量:自采样品含量在3.20%~4.41%之间,产地供应商提供的样品含量在1.99%~3.36%之间。结论穿心莲不同产地、不同采集方式及不同部位的含量均存在着显著差异,选择适宜的产地建立基地、适时采收及加工对穿心莲药材的质量控制意义重大。     

Cytotoxic constituents from Andrographis paniculata induce cell cycle arrest in jurkat cells

Herbal medicines are now attracting attention as potential sources of anticancer agents. Andrographis paniculata is a traditionally used anticancer herb in Indian and Chinese herbal medicine. Phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of this herb resulted in the isolation of 14 compounds including flavonoids and labdane diterpenoids. This is the first isolation of compound 6 from a natural source, and the aerial parts of A. paniculata are a rich source for the molecule andrographolide (9, 1.375%, w/w). The structures of the isolated compounds were established by means of spectral data. The cytotoxic activities of these isolates were evaluated against Jurkat, PC-3, HepG2 and Colon 205 tumor cells, and normal cells PBMCs. The bioactivity assays showed that metabolites 1-4 and 6-8 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against Jurkat, PC-3 and Colon 205 cell lines, where compound 6 had IC(50) values of 0.05, 0.07 and 0.05 mm, respectively. Further, among these effective compounds, 3 and 6 selectively blocked the cell cycle progression at G0/G1, while 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8 blocked the same at G2/M phase of the Jurkat cell line. This is the first cell cycle analysis for the above mentioned isolates on the Jurkat cells. Therefore, these plant-derived compounds may play a role in the prevention and/or management of cancer.     

微切助互作技术辅助提取穿心莲内酯的工艺研究

目的研究微切助互作技术辅助提取穿心莲内酯的最佳工艺。方法以穿心莲内酯提取率为考察指标,通过单因素及正交实验考察微切助互作技术辅助提取穿心莲内酯的主要影响因素,确定最佳工艺条件;采用高效液相色谱法测定穿心莲内酯含量。结果最佳工艺条件为:Na2CO3助剂用量3%(W/W),研磨时间为45 min(物料粒度D95≤44μm),水作溶剂,料液比为1∶60(g∶ml)。该工艺条件下,穿心莲内酯提取率比热回流法提高23.2%。结论微切助互作技术辅助提取具有提取率高、时间短、无需加热、乙醇用量少等特点,是提取穿心莲内酯的一种有效方法。     

Anti-malarial activity of some xanthones isolated from the roots of Andrographis paniculata

Four xanthones were isolated from the roots of Andrographis paniculata using a combination of column and thin-layer chromatographic methods. They were characterized as (i) 1,8-di-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-xanthone, (ii) 4,8-dihydroxy-2,7-dimethoxy-xanthone, (iii) 1,2-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone and (iv) 3,7,8-trimethoxy-1-hydroxy xanthone by IR, MS and NMR spectroscopic methods. In vitro study revealed that compound 1,2-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone possessed substantial anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with its IC(50) value of 4 microg ml(-1). Xanthones bearing hydroxyl group at 2 position demonstrated most potent activity while xanthones with hydroxyl group at 1,4 or 8 position possessed very low activity. In vivo anti-malarial sensitivity test of this compound on Swiss Albino mice with Plasmodium berghei infection using Peters' 4-day test gave substantial reduction (62%) in parasitaemia after treating the mice with 30 mg kg(-1) dose. In vitro cytotoxicity against mammalian cells revealed that 1,2-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone is non-cytotoxic with its IC(50) > 32 microg ml(-1).     

穿心莲联用TMP抗菌作用的实验研究

目的：探讨增强中药穿心莲抗菌作用强度的方法。方法：采用琼脂稀释法进行抗菌作用研究。结果：TMP与穿心莲联用对实验6种细菌均有明显的抗菌增效作用。结论：TMP可作为中药穿心莲的抗菌增效剂。     

Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Its Associate Urease by Labdane Diterpenoids Isolated from Andrographis paniculata

The present study was carried out to evaluate anti‐Helicobacter pylori and its associated urease activity of labdane diterpenoids isolated from Andrographis paniculata. A molecular docking analysis was performed by using ArgusLab 4.0.1 software. The results obtained indicate that compound A possesses strong inhibition to H. pylori, 28 ± 2.98 (minimum inhibitory concentration, 9 µg/mL), and its urease, 85.54 ± 2.62% (IC₅₀, 20.2 µg/mL). Compounds B, C, and D also showed moderate inhibition to H. pylori and its urease. The obtained results were in agreement with the molecular docking analysis of compounds. The phytochemicals under investigation were found to be promising antibacterial agents. Moreover, the isolated compounds can be considered as a resource for searching novel anti‐H. pylori agents possessing urease inhibition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Andropanolide and isoandrographolide, minor diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculata: structure and X-ray crystallographic analysis

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Andrographis paniculata has led to the isolation of a new labdane type diterpenoid, andropanolide (1), along with seven known diterpenoids including isoandrographolide (2), previously reported as a rearrangement product of andrographolide. The structures and stereochemistry of compounds 1 and 2 were established by X-ray crystallographic analysis.     

In vitro antiprotozoal activity of some xanthones isolated from the roots of Andrographis paniculata

Four xanthones isolated from the roots of Andrographis paniculata were tested in vitro for antiprotozoal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum. Compound TDR13011 (1,2-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone) showed good activity against T. b. brucei and L. infantum with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.6 microg/ml and 8 microg/ml respectively. Xanthones from the roots of Andrographis paniculata exhibited promising anti-protozoal activity and these compounds could be chemically modified to obtain a more potent product.     

Analysis on Isozyme and Diterpene Lactones Variability during Ontogenesis of Andrographis paniculata

Objective To understand the relationship between isozyme activities and diterpene lactone biosynthesis of Andrographis paniculata. Methods Plants were collected during ontogeny from seeding to seed maturity, and separated into leaves and stems for determination. Morphological and yield parameters were used to describe plant growing states. Isozyme changes were tested by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. HPLC was used to develop the fingerprints as well as to determine the diterpene lactone content. Results Significant increases were observed in the activities of isozymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase(AST), malate dehydrogenase(MDH), peroxidase(POD), and catalase(CAT), around the early stage of bud in leaves, and the activities of these four kinds of isozymes increased gradually as time progressed in stems. The content changes of diterpene lactones in leaves and stem were various. In the leaves, andrographolide(1) was recorded the highest [(23.63 ± 1.06) mg/g] at the early stage of bud, whereas deoxyandrographolide(2) was the lowest [(6.78 ± 0.27) mg/g] at this period and it reached the highest level at the seeding stage [(26.05 ± 1.04) mg/g]. Dehydroandrographolide(3) and neoandrographolide(4) fluctuated during growing stages. Meanwhile, the HPLC fingerprint showed that the content changes of two unknown compounds were related to that of dehydroandrographolide in leaves. In stems, andrographolide had increased gradually until the bud stage [(8.26 ± 0.33)mg/g], and other three diterpene lactones showed a trend of fluctuation. The yield of total diterpene lactones in aerial part reached the highest at the first flowering stage(806.71 mg/plant). Conclusion These results lay the foundation for the future research on the relationship of isozymes and diterpene lactones, and for determining the most favorable time for harvesting A. paniculata.     

薄层扫描法测定穿心莲中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量

采用薄层扫描法测定了 15批穿心莲商品药材中穿心莲内酯、脱水穿心莲内酯的含量 ,并进行了比较。结果脱水穿心莲内酯高于穿心莲内酯的占 2 6 .7% ,穿心莲内酯高于脱水穿心莲内酯的占 5 3.3% ,两者含量差异在±10 %以内的占 2 0 .0 %。     

穿心莲药材的色谱指纹图谱

目的：建立穿心莲药材的HPLC／UV色谱指纹图谱，并对不同产地的药材进行比较。方法：应用Shimadzu VP-ODS柱，0.1％甲酸乙腈与0.2％甲酸进行梯度洗脱，流速为1.0ml／min，检测波长254nm，柱温为室温。结果：得到分离度、重现性均较好的穿心莲药材HPLC／UV指纹图谱，标示了9个共有峰。应用HPLC／MS技术对其7个主要色谱峰进行了初步归属，并对不同产地药材的色谱指纹图谱进行了相似度评价。结论：穿心莲药材指纹图谱的建立，为其质量控制提供了依据。     

Mechanisms of cardiovascular activity of Andrographis paniculata in the anaesthetized rat

The cardiovascular activities of crude water extract (WE) of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (Acanthaceae), its three semi-purified ethyl acetate (FA), n-butanol (FB) and aqueous (FC) fractions, as well as andrographolide, a major plant constituent, were elucidated in anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for the very first time. FA and andrographolide, which possesses multiple pharmacological activities, elicited no drop in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), while WE, FB and FC produced a significant fall in MAP in a dose-dependent manner without significant decrease in heart rate. The ED₅₀ values for WE, FB and FC were 11.4, 5.0 and 8.6 mg/kg, respectively. These suggested that the hypotensive substance(s) of the crude water extract was concentrated in FB. Pharmacological antagonist studies were consequently only tested in FB (5 mg/kg). The hypotensive action of FB was not mediated through effects on the β-adrenoceptor, muscarinic cholinergic receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme, for it was not affected by propranolol, atropine and captopril, respectively. However, it seems to work via α-adrenoceptors, autonomic ganglion and histaminergic receptors, since the hypotensive effect of FB was negated or attenuated in the presence of phentolamine, hexamethonium as well as pyrilamine and cimetidine.     

穿心莲不同种质材料中总黄酮的含量研究

目的:探讨穿心莲不同种质材料中总黄酮的含量情况,为穿心莲的合理开发利用提供依据。方法:以芦丁为对照品,采用紫外可见分光光度法测定总黄酮的含量。结果:准确测定了不同种质材料中总黄酮的含量,其中广州产穿心莲根、茎、叶、种子中总黄酮的含量分别为2.33、3.03、8.14、0.48 mg/g。结论:穿心莲不同种质材料中均含有黄酮类成分,叶中的总黄酮含量最高。     

Protective activity of andrographolide and arabinogalactan proteins from Andrographis paniculata Nees. against ethanol-induced toxicity in mice

To find out the active principles against ethanol-induced toxicity in mice, Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Ap) was chosen and isolated andrographolide (ANDRO) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). ANDRO was detected by HPTLC, FTIR and quantified by HPLC (10mg/g of Ap powder). AGPs was detected by beta-glucosyl Yariv staining of SDS-PAGE gel, FTIR and quantified by single radial gel diffusion assay with beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent (0.5mg/g Ap powder). The mice are pretreated intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with different doses (62.5, 125, 250, and 500mg/kg) of body weight of mice] of ANDRO and AGPs for 7 days and then ethanol (7.5g/kg of body weight) was injected, i.p. Besides, silymarin was used as standard hepatoprotective agent for comparative study with ANDRO and AGPs. The ameliorative activity of ANDRO and AGP against hepatic renal alcohol toxicity was measured by assessing GOT, GPT, ACP, ALP and LP levels in liver and kidney. It has been observed that pretreatment of mice with ANDRO and AGPs at 500mg/kg of body weight and 125mg/kg of body weight respectively could able to minimize the toxicity in compare to ethanol treated group as revealed by the different enzymatic assay in liver and kidney tissues and the results were comparable with silymarin. Hence, out of several ill-defined compounds present in Ap, ANDRO and AGPs are the potential bioactive compounds responsible for protection against ethanol-induced toxicity.