利用人胎羊膜防肌腱粘连

利用人胎羊膜防肌腱粘连由合肥市第一人民医院骨科梅宝珊等人研究的《人羊膜植入防肌腱粘连的实验研究和临床应用》课题，最近通过合肥市科委组织的专家评审。肌腱损伤行手术修补后产生修补段肌腱与周围组织粘连，是影响术后肢体功能恢复的因素之一。防治肌腱粘连的方法和...     

脱细胞羊膜预防生物衍生肌腱修复鸡屈趾肌腱Ⅱ区缺损修复后的粘连

背景：羊膜有预防肌腱修复后粘连的作用,但存在一定的免疫排斥反应。 目的：探讨脱细胞羊膜对生物衍生肌腱修复鸡屈趾深肌腱Ⅱ区缺损修复后肌腱粘连的预防作用。 方法：分别以罗曼鸡右爪的第2,3,4趾将实验分成生物衍生肌腱组,生物衍生肌腱+脱细胞羊膜组以及自体肌腱组,建立屈趾深肌腱Ⅱ区1 cm缺损模型。以生物衍生肌腱桥接第2,3趾缺损,以自体肌腱桥接第4趾的肌腱缺损,在第3趾的生物衍生肌腱和上下吻合口周围包裹完整的脱细胞羊膜。 结果与结论：生物衍生肌腱组与自体肌腱组移植物为外源性愈合,生物衍生肌腱+脱细胞羊膜组羊膜有效地防止了成纤维细胞向修复区域内浸润,形成内源性愈合。肌腱粘连程度生物衍生肌腱+脱细胞羊膜组优于生物衍生肌腱组和自体肌腱组,生物衍生肌腱组和自体肌腱组相似,移植物周围的炎症反应生物衍生肌腱+脱细胞羊膜组>生物衍生肌腱组>自体肌腱组。证实脱细胞羊膜能通过机械性阻挡周围肉芽组织向修复区域内生长而防止外源性愈合造成的肌腱粘连。     

人羊膜、药物与生长因子预防肌腱损伤修复术后的粘连

文题释义： 肌腱损伤：肌腱的过度使用、退变和外伤,均会引起肌腱的急性或慢性损伤。造成急性肌腱损伤的原因主要有：挫伤、撕裂及拉力过载。拉力过载甚至导致肌腱实质的断裂或肌腱附着点的撕脱骨折。急性肌腱损伤多发生于运动量大的年轻人,或因外伤而发生。慢性肌腱损伤发生率随年龄的增大而增长,多由肌腱的炎症及变性造成。部分药物,如喹诺酮类也可造成肌腱损伤。 肌腱粘连：肌腱有内源性愈合和外源性愈合两种愈合机制。血液、组织液和淋巴液是肌腱的营养来源。肌腱发生损伤后,肌腱周围结构遭到破坏,使肌腱细胞得不到足够营养供应,增殖较慢,即内源性愈合不能迅速参与到肌腱修复当中。腱周炎性细胞大量聚集,并渗透到肌腱损伤部位,形成肉芽组织,最后机化形成瘢痕粘连肌腱,这就是外源性愈合。因此,要减少乃至完全预防肌腱粘连,重要的是对肌腱周围结构的重建,促进内源性愈合及抑制外源性愈合。 背景：关于肌腱损伤重建术后肌腱粘连已有大量研究,但目前尚不能做到肌腱的无粘连重建。 目的：侧重于人羊膜、药物、生长因子3个方面,综述预防肌腱粘连的研究进展。 方法：应用计算机检索万方、CNKI和Medline数据库中2000年1月到2019年4月期间收录的文章。英文检索词为“tendon injury,tendon adhesions,drug,human amniotic membrane,growth factor”,中文检索词为“肌腱损伤,肌腱粘连,生长因子,羊膜,药物”。选择文章内容与预防肌腱损伤后粘连相关,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章,最终纳入50篇文献进行结果分析。 结果与结论：羊膜及脱细胞羊膜用于预防肌腱粘连效果满意。药物可以从多方面产生作用,达到预防粘连的目的,当药物与缓释载体结合后效果更佳。多数生长因子既有促进肌腱愈合的作用,又有促使粘连组织形成的作用,通过干预生长因子在损伤局部的浓度,可以减少粘连组织的形成。 ORCID: 0000-0002-3708-1372(冯勇) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

新鲜羊膜与脱细胞羊膜修复腱鞘缺损预防肌腱粘连北大核心

背景:羊膜独有的结构可阻止某些物质通过,能保证包裹内组织正常营养供应,而且具有抗粘连、组织相容性好、炎性反应轻、纤维包裹少及可降解等特性。目的:比较新鲜羊膜及脱细胞羊膜修复腱鞘缺损,预防肌腱粘连和促进肌腱愈合的作用。方法:取60只雄性来亨鸡,制作双足第三足趾制备肌腱及腱鞘损伤模型,随机分为3组修复,新鲜羊膜组采用新鲜人羊膜修复腱鞘缺损,脱细胞羊膜组采用人脱细胞羊膜修复腱鞘缺损,对照组不做腱鞘修复。修复后进行第三足趾组织学观察及生物力学测试。结果与结论:①组织学观察:修复后2周,3组均存在充血水肿及炎症反应,新鲜羊膜组最轻,对照组最严重,3组水肿及炎症反应随时间延长逐渐减轻。修复12周,各组假鞘较修复后4周明显成熟,新鲜羊膜组及脱细胞羊膜组假鞘表面细胞致密层状排列整齐,表面光滑;对照组假鞘表面细胞排列紊乱,结构松散,可见表面纤维组织突出假鞘表面;②生物力学测试:脱细胞羊膜组、新鲜羊膜组修复后4,8,12周的肌腱滑动距离均大于对照组(P<0.05),前2组间比较差异无显著性意义;脱细胞羊膜组、新鲜羊膜组修复后4,8周的肌腱最大拉伸断裂强度高于对照组(P<0.05),且新鲜羊膜组高于脱细胞羊膜组(P<0.05),3组修复后12周的肌腱最大拉伸断裂强度无差异;③结果表明:新鲜羊膜和脱细胞羊膜均可用于重建腱鞘缺损,预防肌腱粘连,新鲜羊膜在促进早期肌腱愈合方面优于脱细胞羊膜。     

医用防肌腱粘连膜的研究进展

肌腱粘连是指肌腱损伤修复过程中周围组织的增生和侵入。早在1918年，BunneH就提出肌腱愈合的过程就是粘连形成的过程。在手外科领域中，肌腱问题占很大比例，损伤肌腱修复术后极易导致粘连，一定的粘连有利于断端获得血管输送血液的营养，同时还使肌腱周围增生结缔组织膜的成纤维细胞接触肌腱而发挥修复作用。但粘连过多又使修复后的肌腱功能受到限制，严重影响手的各种运动功能。因此，防止粘连成了手部肌腱外科的一个中心问题。     

链霉素缓释复合降解膜植入损伤肌腱局部腱周结缔组织的变化

背景：国内外学者曾用生物、非生物及药物等方法,诸如生物膜、透明质酸钠、纤维素密封胶等材料进行大量肌腱修复防粘连研究,但到目前为止尚未取得突破性进展。 目的：观察肌腱损伤局部植入链霉素复合降解膜后腱周结缔组织的增生。 方法：切断SD大鼠跟腱后,随机数字表法分为3组,分别在肌腱断端缝合处植入链霉素复合缓释降解膜、维生素C复合缓释降解膜、空白缓释降解膜。术后90 d行肌腱损伤局部组织学观察、羟脯氨酸含量和生物力学指标检测。 结果与结论：链霉素复合缓释降解膜组肌腱缝合处内部的成纤维细胞、胶原纤维均较其腱周围、维生素C复合缓释降解膜组、空白缓释降解膜组多;腱缝合处肌腱周围多为正常结构的疏松结缔组织,很少有增生的结缔组织长入肌腱内部;肌腱与周围组织分界清晰,最大抗拉强度、羟脯氨酸含量明显优于其他两组。表明链霉素复合缓释降解膜通过抑制腱周结缔组织增生,防止腱周结缔组织增生长入腱内,从而减轻或防止粘连形成。     

玻璃化冷冻保存组织工程肌腱植入大鼠体内的组织学变化

背景：应用玻璃化冷冻方法保存组织工程肌腱具有可行性和应用前景,有待进一步研究。 目的：探讨应用玻璃化冷冻保存组织工程肌腱体内植入对大鼠跟腱缺损修复的影响。 方法：选用成年SD大鼠64只,于大鼠跟腱中段制备5 mm肌腱缺损模型,随机摸球法均分为2组,分别植入玻璃化冷冻保存组织工程肌腱和新鲜非冷冻保存组织工程肌腱。植入后2,4,6,8周,观察植入肌腱材料及周围组织的大体形态和组织学变化。 结果与结论：两组肌腱材料体内植入后的大体形态和组织学反应无明显差异。植入后2,4周,植入的肌腱材料发生降解,材料中间及周围有大量炎性细胞浸润和纤维结缔组织增生。植入后6,8周,大量新生胶原纤维组织长入并替代降解的植入材料,形态和排列方式趋近于正常肌腱组织,大鼠跟腱缺损基本修复。结果表明玻璃化冷冻保存组织工程肌腱体内植入可修复大鼠跟腱缺损。     

体内移植羊膜对家兔肌腱损伤模型肌腱愈合的影响

研究的目的在于观察羊膜体内移植对肌腱损伤修复的影响。60 只跟腱损伤家兔动物模型采用同体对照动物实验方法,大体观察伤口愈合、肌腱粘连及肌腱肥大情况,并分别于术后第 2、4、6 周等3个时间点取跟腱,HE染色观察损伤区域炎细胞浸润和成纤维细胞数量,免疫组化染色观察胶原纤维排列塑形状况,拉伸试验测定肌腱弹性模量。另取 4 只家兔不做肌腱切断术作为正常对照,在第 0周 测定肌腱弹性模量。全部实验动物皮肤切口在术后 1 周 内基本愈合,未发生伤口感染情况。羊膜实验组跟腱粘连动物数量和肌腱断裂区域肥大程度低于阴性对照组(P<0.05)。术后第 2 周,两组动物炎症反应均达到最高值,但羊膜实验组炎细胞（包括中性粒细胞和单核细胞）浸润数量低于阴性对照组(P<0.05)。两组实验动物样本中成纤维细胞数量和胶原纤维积累数量无明显差异（P >0.05）,但羊膜实验组成纤维细胞和胶原纤维排列更具有序性,尤其是在术后第 6 周,明显好于阴性对照组。术后第 2 周和第4 周,羊膜实验组肌腱弹性模量均优于阴性对照组(P <0.05)。羊膜具有促进肌腱早期愈合和抗炎、抗粘连作用。     

可吸收表皮生长因子复合膜防止肌腱粘连的研究

背景：采用液态分子生物材料作为屏障预防肌腱粘连发生,存在药物降解快、流失量大、屏障作用不理想等问题,因此研究者们越来越多的倾向于膜态屏障材料的研制开发。同时发现肌腱损伤后,腱细胞在多种内源性的生长因子作用下增殖分化,促进了肌腱的内源性愈合,但究竟哪一种因子是肌腱愈合的特异性因子,也是学者们研究的焦点之一。 目的：观察表皮生长因子复合胶原膜在预防鞘管区肌腱粘连、促进肌腱内源性愈合中的作用。 方法：将30只10月龄雄性leghorn公鸡随机分为3组,每组10只。将每只鸡的左足第三趾造成挤压撕脱伤模型,用改良Kessler缝合法缝接。断端分别包裹复合有表皮生长因子的胶原膜、单纯的胶原膜以及断端不加任何处理。术后4周,对标本进行大体观察、生物力学测试、光镜、电镜等观察。 结果与结论：表皮生长因子胶原膜组肌腱粘连程度较轻,腱缝合段内的胶原纤维数量多,以粗大的Ⅰ型胶原为主;成纤维细胞数量少,腱细胞成熟。单纯胶原膜组肌腱粘连较轻,但腱缝合段内的胶原纤维数量少,排列稀疏,以纤细的Ⅲ型胶原为主;空白对照组肌腱与周围组织粘连重,腱缝合段内的胶原纤维数量较多,排列紊乱,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原交错排列。结果表明表皮生长因子来促进肌腱的内源性愈合,可降解胶原膜修复腱鞘可阻止肌腱的外源性愈合,从而达到防止肌腱粘连的目的。     

损伤肌腱再生修复过程中胶原纤维的形成与降解

在跟腱缺损的动物模型中植入人发角蛋白(human hair keratin，HHK)人工腱进行修复，观察HHK人工腱诱导自体腱形成过程中胶原纤维的形成与降解。实验发现：在HHK人工腱植入后1周，肌腱的断端有新生腱细胞(成腱细胞)；第3周，人发之间的组织中成腱细胞增多，顺着人发的方向生长，成行排列，且与损伤肌腱的长轴平行，有时可见细胞分裂相，     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.     

On the origin of the corticotectal projections in the cat

Summary Stereotaxic injection of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus produced retrograde labelling of layer V pyramides in the Clare Bishop area and the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus, in area 17,18 and 19. Single labelled cells were also found scattered in the splenial, the suprasplenial, the lateral and the suprasylvian gyri. In the cruciate sulcus no labelled cells were observed. Autoradiographically, the lateral bank of the suprasylvian sulcus was also shown to give rise to fibres to the superior colliculus.