门静脉高压状态下门体分流的超声分型及分流量与肝性脑病的关系

门静脉高压门体分流性肝性脑病,常为肝硬化患者致死原因之一,本研究旨在探讨门静脉高压状态下门体分流的超声分型及分流量与肝性脑病的关系,为临床提供诊断、治疗依据。一、资料与方法1.对象:2000年5月至2005年5月我院住院肝硬化患者分为门体分流组和无分流组。分流组:667例存在自发性     

门静脉压力梯度预测TIPS术后高危人群肝性脑病的研究

经颈静脉肝内门-体分流术（TIPS）能有效地降低门静脉压力以及缓解门静脉高压相关的临床并发症。但是肝性脑病（HE）仍是TIPS术后主要并发症。有研究表明年龄> 65岁、肝功能Child-Pugh C级患者是发生TIPS术后HE的高危人群,且早期TIPS治疗能使这部分高危患者生存获益。对60例年龄>65岁和肝功能Chil...     

不同方式门静脉左支分流术用于小儿肝外门静脉高压的对照研究

目的探讨不同方式门静脉左支分流术在小儿肝外门静脉高压(EPH-PVT)中的治疗价值。方法选取2013年2月至2018年2月收治的EPH-PVT患儿60例,根据手术方式将其分成A组32例,B组28例。其中A组行移植门静脉系统血管间置、门静脉主干-门静脉左支分流术(iPV-LPV),B组行胃冠状静脉-门静脉左支分流术(CV-LPV)。比较两组患儿围手术期指标,分别在术前及术后2、6周检测两组患者肝动脉、门静脉血流量的变化,并于术前、术后6周采血测定血清蛋白S、蛋白C、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(ATⅢ)水平,记录并发症发生率。结果 A组手术时间、术后下床活动时间及住院时间分别为(174.32±43.65) min、(46.24±5.19) h、(8.64±1.15) d,均小于B组的(207.15±53.76) min、(49.25±6.42) h、(9.42±1.38) h(P0.05)。A组术后2周、6周的肝动脉血流量分别为(524.31±68.27) mL/min、(536.57±73.15) mL/min,高于B组的(458.82±71.38) mL/min、(462.43±79.61) mL/min,且A组术后2周、6周的门静脉血流量分别为(1108.32±116.25) mL/min、(1115.31±109.75) mL/min,低于B组的(1221.63±107.04) mL/min、(1208.18±105.42) mL/min,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组术后6周血清蛋白S、蛋白C水平分别为(2.48±0.13)μg/mL、(5.12±0.63)μg/mL,均高于B组的(2.36±0.17)μg/mL、(4.68±0.59)μg/mL(P0.05)。A组并发症发生率为6.25%,与B组的14.28%比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与CV-LPV术相比,iPV-LPV术能促进患儿术后身体机能恢复,进一步改善肝动脉、门静脉血流量,从而上调血清蛋白S、蛋白C水平,手术安全性高。     

经皮经肝肝内门体分流术后肝性脑病发病机制及其预防

随着经皮经肝肝内门体分流技术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt,TIPS)的不断应用,其在食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血和顽固性腹水的治疗方面,取得了突破性进展.然而,TIPS术后支架的狭窄闭塞和反复高发的肝性脑病(hepatic encephalopathy,HE)或称为分流性脑病(portal-systemic encephalopathy,PSE)成为困扰TIPS技术发展的两大难题,前者在近期带膜(血管)支架的大量应用后,得到极大的改善;后者始终未得到根本的解决,我们参阅了国内外的最新资料,在此进一步阐述TIPS术后另一难题-肝性脑病的发生情况.     

经颈静脉途径肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术术后肝性脑病原因分析

经颈静脉途径肝内门腔静脉内支架分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）是治疗门静脉高压症静脉曲张破裂出血的介入新技术，由于其创伤性较外科分流术小、技术成功率高（９０％～１００％）、降低门静脉压力及控制静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效较可靠，因而受到临床医学界重视。当前对这一技术的...     

肝性脑病的基础与临床研究进展

肝性脑病是肝病患者常见的并发症和死亡原因,近年来对于肝性脑病的研究无论在发病机制、临床诊断还是治疗方面均取得了很大进展,本文对此各方面内容进行综述以期对广大肝病工作者有所帮助。     

乳果糖治疗亚临床肝性脑病的临床研究

目的 前瞻性对比乳果糖长、短程治疗对亚临床肝性脑病(SHE)的效果及其对SHE病程的影响。方法 经智力测验(数字连接试验和数字符号试验之一异常)诊断的SHE 64例随机分入对照组(21例)、短程组(21例)和长程组(22例),后2组分别服乳果糖达8周和24周。治疗前以及治疗后每间隔8周行血氨、智力测验和体感诱发电位(SEP)等检查,共随访24周。结果 每组各有20例完成追踪。与对照组和治疗前相比,长程组血氨和智力测验显著改善(P＜0．05—0．01)且SEP的N50波潜伏期稳定不变,短程组治疗到第8周也有改善(P＜0．05),但停药后又逐渐恶化。对照组的血氨、智力测验和N50波潜伏期逐渐恶化,在16周时后2项与治疗前差异有显著性(P＜0．05—0．01);而长程组血氨持续降低,其肝性脑病(HE)患病率(5％)显著低于短程组(30％)和对照组(40％)(P＜0．05)。结论 乳果糖维持治疗能够降低血氨、改善智力测验结果并可能防止SEP的恶化,最终降低HE的患病率。     

Targeted puncture of left branch of intrahepatic portal vein in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt to reduce hepatic encephalopathy

BACKGROUND Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) is currently used for the treatment of complications of portal hypertension. The incidence of hepatic encephalopathy(HE) remains a problem in TIPS placement. It has been reported that the right branch mainly receives superior mesenteric venous blood while the left branch mainly receives blood from the splenic vein. We hypothesized that targeted puncture of the left portal vein would divert the non-nutritive blood from the splenic vein into the TIPS shunt; therefore, targeted puncture of the left branch of the intrahepatic portal vein during TIPS may reduce the risk of HE.AIM To evaluate the influence of targeted puncture of left branch of portal vein in TIPS on HE.METHODS A retrospective analysis of 1244 patients with portal-hypertension-related complications of refractory ascites or variceal bleeding who underwent TIPS from January 2000 to January 2013 was performed. Patients were divided into group A(targeting left branch of portal vein, n = 937) and group B(targeting right branch of portal vein, n = 307). TIPS-related HE and clinical outcomes were analyzed.RESULTS The symptoms of ascites and variceal bleeding disappeared within a short time.By the endpoint of follow-up, recurrent bleeding and ascites did not differ significantly between groups A and B(P = 0.278, P = 0.561, respectively).Incidence of HE differed significantly between groups A and B at 1 mo(14.94% vs36.80%, χ~2 = 4.839, P = 0.028), 3 mo(12.48% vs 34.20%, χ~2 = 5.054, P = 0.025), 6 mo(10.03% vs 32.24%, χ~2 = 6.560, P = 0.010), 9 mo(9.17% vs 31.27%, χ~2 = 5.357, P =0.021), and 12 mo(8.21% vs 28.01, χ~2 = 3.848, P = 0.051). There were no significant differences between groups A and B at 3 years(6.61% vs 7.16%, χ~2 = 1.204, P =0.272) and 5 years(5.01% vs 6.18%, χ~2 = 0.072, P = 0.562). The total survival rate did not differ between groups A and B(χ~2 = 0.226, P = 0.634, log-rank test).CONCLUSION Targeted puncture of the left branch of the intrahepatic portal vein during TIPS may reduce the risk of HE but has no direct influence on prognosis of portalhypertension-related complications.     

Shunting branch of portal vein and stent position predict survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

AIM:To evaluate the effect of the shunting branch of the portal vein(PV)(left or right)and the initial stent position(optimal or suboptimal)of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS).METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed 307 consecu5tive cirrhotic patients who underwent TIPS placement for variceal bleeding from March 2001 to July 2010 at our center.The left PV was used in 221 patients and the right PV in the remaining 86 patients.And,224 and83 patients have optimal stent position and sub-optimal stent positions,respectively.The patients were followed until October 2011 or their death.Hepatic encephalopathy,shunt dysfunction,and survival were evaluated as outcomes.The difference between the groups was compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis.A Cox regression model was employed to evaluate the predictors.RESULTS:Among the patients who underwent TIPS to the left PV,the risk of hepatic encephalopathy(P=0.002)and mortality were lower(P<0.001)compared to those to the right PV.Patients who underwent TIPS with optimal initial stent position had a higher primary patency(P<0.001)and better survival(P=0.006)than those with suboptimal initial stent position.The shunting branch of the portal vein and the initial stent position were independent predictors of hepatic encephalopathy and shunt dysfunction after TIPS,respectively.And,both were independent predictors of survival.CONCLUSION:TIPS placed to the left portal vein with optimal stent position may reduce the risk of hepatic encephalopathy and improve the primary patency rates,thereby prolonging survival.     

Parallel transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for controlling portal hypertension complications in cirrhotic patients

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of a second parallel transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to reduce portal venous pressure and control complications of portal hypertension.METHODS: From January 2011 to December 2012, 10 cirrhotic patients were treated for complications of portal hypertension. The demographic data, operative data, postoperative recovery data, hemodynamic data, and complications were analyzed.RESULTS: Ten patients underwent a primary and parallel TIPS. Technical success rate was 100% with no technical complications. The mean duration of the first operation was 89.20 ± 29.46 min and the second operation was 57.0 ± 12.99 min. The mean portal system pressure decreased from 54.80 ± 4.16 mmHg to 39.0 ± 3.20 mmHg after the primary TIPS and from 44.40 ± 3.95 mmHg to 26.10 ± 4.07 mmHg after the parallel TIPS creation. The mean portosystemic pressure gradient decreased from 43.80 ± 6.18 mmHg to 31.90 ± 2.85 mmHg after the primary TIPS and from 35.60 ± 2.72 mmHg to 15.30 ± 3.27 mmHg after the parallel TIPS creation. Clinical improvement was seen in all patients after the parallel TIPS creation. One patient suffered from transient grade I hepatic encephalopathy (HE) after the primary TIPS and four patients experienced transient grade I-II after the parallel TIPS procedure. Mean hospital stay after the first and second operations were 15.0 ± 3.71 d and 16.90 ± 5.11 d (P = 0.014), respectively. After a mean 14.0 ± 3.13 mo follow-up, ascites and bleeding were well controlled and no stenosis of the stents was found.CONCLUSION: Parallel TIPS is an effective approach for controlling portal hypertension complications.     

Portal vein aneurysm associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: A case report

A 65-year-old woman with Budd-Chiari syndrome(BCS) presented with right upper quadrant pain.A computed tomography(CT) scan showed a saccular aneurysm located at the extrahepatic portal vein main branch measuring 3.2 cm in height and 2.5 cm × 2.4 cm in diameter.The aneurysm was thought to be associatedwith BCS as there was no preceding history of trauma and it had not been present on Doppler ultrasound examination performed 3 years previously.Because of increasing pain and concern for complications due to aneurysm size, the decision was made to relieve the hepatic venous outflow obstruction.Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) was created without complications.She had complete resolution of her abdominal pain within 2 d and remained asymptomatic after 1 year of follow-up.CT scans obtained after TIPS showed that the aneurysm had decreased in size to 2.4 cm in height and 2.0 cm × 1.9 cm in diameter at 3 mo, and had further decreased to 1.9 cm in height and 1.6 cm × 1.5 cm in diameter at 1 year.     

Combined transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and other interventions for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal hypertension

AIM: To evaluate combination transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) and other interventions for hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and portal hypertension.METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-one patients with HCC and portal hypertension underwent TIPS combined with other interventional treatments(transarterial chemoembolization/transarterial embolization,radiofrequency ablation,hepatic arterio-portal fistulas embolization,and splenic artery embolization) from January 1997 to January 2010 at Beijing Shijitan Hospital. Two hundred and nine patients(121 male and 88 female,aged 25-69 years,mean 48.3 ± 12.5 years) with complete clinical data were recruited. We evaluated the safety of the procedure(procedurerelated death and serious complications),change of portal vein pressure before and after TIPS,symptom relief [e.g.,ascites,hydrothorax,esophageal gastricfundus variceal bleeding(EGVB)],cumulative rates of survival,and distributary channel restenosis. The characteristics of the patients surviving ≥ 5 and 5 years were also analyzed.RESULTS: The portosystemic pressure was decreased from 29.0 ± 4.1 mm Hg before TIPS to 18.1 ± 2.9 mm Hg after TIPS(t = 69.32,P 0.05). Portosystemic pressure was decreased and portal hypertension symptoms were ameliorated. During the 5 year followup,the total recurrence rate of resistant ascites or hydrothorax was 7.2%(15/209); 36.8%(77/209) for EGVB; and 39.2%(82/209) for hepatic encephalopathy. The cumulative rates of distributary channel restenosis at 1,2,3,4,and 5 years were 17.2%(36/209),29.7%(62/209),36.8%(77/209),45.5%(95/209) and 58.4%(122/209),respectively. No procedure-related deaths and serious complications(e.g.,abdominal bleeding,hepatic failure,and distant metastasis) occurred. Moreover,Child-Pugh score,portal vein tumor thrombosis,lesion diameter,hepatic arterio-portal fistulas,HCC diagnosed before or after TIPS,stent type,hepatic encephalopathy,and type of other interventional treatments were related to 5 year survival after comparing patient characteristics.CONCLUSION: TIPS combined with other interventional treatments seems to be safe and efficacious in patients with HCC and portal hypertension.     

Influence of different portal vein branches on hepatic encephalopathy during intrahepatic portal shunt via jugular vein

This letter is regarding the study titled ‘Targeted puncture of left branch of intrahepatic portal vein in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) to reduce hepatic encephalopathy’. Prior to the approval of TIPS dedicated stents (Viatorr stents) in China in October 2015, Fluency covered stents were typically used. As Fluency covered stents have a strong support force and axial elastic tension, a ‘cap’ may form if the stent is located too low at the end of the hepatic vein or too short at the end of the portal vein during surgery, leading to stent dysfunction. Since the blood shunted by the stent is from the main trunk of the portal vein, the correlation between the incidence of postoperative hepatic encephalopathy and the location of the puncture target (left or right portal vein branch) is worth discussion. Notably, no studies in China or foreign countries have proven the occurrence of left and right blood stratification after the accumulation of splenic vein and mesenteric blood flow in the main trunk of the portal vein in patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后早期肝性脑病的危险因素

目的 研究经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)术后早期肝性脑病(HE)的危险因素,并观察术后HE与患者长期生存情况的相关性.方法 收集2003年1月-2008年12月接受TIPS治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血或顽固性腹水的患者.对术后3个月内有HE(术后早期HE组)和术后3个月内无HE(无术后早期HE组)的两组患者的临床特征进行单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析,并对两组患者的生存情况进行分析比较.结果 共收集190例患者资料,中位随访时间为30.5个月(四分位间距为30个月).术前血清纤维蛋白酶原(OR=0.414,P=0.023)及Child-Pugh评分(OR=1.744,P=0.024)与术后早期HE相关.并且术后早期HE组患者与无术后早期HE组患者的3年累积生存率分别为44.9%(95%可信区间为53.5%～36.3%)和79.5%(95%可信区间为83.2%～75.7%).结论 TIPS术前高Child-Pugh评分及低血清纤维蛋白酶原的患者术后3个月内发生HE的可能性大.发生术后早期HE的患者比不发生术后早期HE患者长期累积生存率低.

Abstract：

Objective To identify the risk factors of early post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and the long-time survival of patients with or without early post-TIPS HE. Methods Consecutive cirrhotic patients who underwent TIPS for variceal rebleeding or refractory ascites in our center from January 2003 to December 2008 were included in this study. More than 60 clinical characteristics were enrolled in univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis to define the risk factors of HE in 3 months after TIPS procedure (early post-TIPS HE). The long-time survival of patients with or without early post-TIPS HE was compared by Cox regression with several covariates. Results According to our inclusion criteria, 190 patients were included. The median follow-up was 30.5 months. Lower serum concentration of fibrinogen and higher Child-Pugh score were the independent risk factors for suffering early post-TIPS HE. Patients without early post-TIPS HE after TIPS showed better prognosis than those with early post-TIPS HE after TIPS (P = 0.044). Conclusion Patients with lower serum fibrinogen and higher Child-Pugh score before TIPS might be more probably attacked by early post-TIPS HE which indicated worse long-term survival.     

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术预防门静脉海绵样变食管胃底静脉曲张再出血的临床应用

目的初步评估经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)用于预防门静脉海绵样变(CTPV)患者食管静脉曲张再出血的可行性、有效性和安全性。方法选取2011年1月至2016年12月在山东省立医院住院,诊断为CTPV且合并食管静脉曲张出血史,行TIPS预防再出血的患者67例,纳入回顾性分析并随访。总结技术成功率、并发症发生率、再出血、支架通畅、肝性脑病及生存情况。结果在67例CTPV患者中,56例(83.6%)患者成功行TIPS术。单独通过颈静脉入路15例,经颈静脉联合经皮经肝入路33例,经颈静脉联合经皮经脾入路8例。TIPS术后平均门-体静脉压力梯度,从(28.09±7.28)mmHg降至(17.53±6.12)mmHg(P<0.01)。平均随访(23.91±12.35)个月,累计无出血率87.0%,支架通畅率81.5%,肝性脑性发生率27.8%,累计生存率88.9%。11例未成功行TIPS术的患者中死亡4例,再次出血4例。结论TIPS用于预防门静脉海绵样变性患者食管静脉曲张再出血,是一种安全、可行、有效的方法。     

Outcomes of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt through the left branch vs. the right branch of the portal vein in advanced cirrhosis: a randomized trial

Background/Aims: The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is technically divided into TIPS through the left branch of the portal vein (TIPS‐LBPV) and TIPS through the right branch of the portal vein (TIPS‐RBPV). In order to compare their advantages and disadvantages, this randomized, controlled trial was designed to investigate their outcomes in advanced cirrhotic patients. Methods: Seventy‐two patients were randomly placed into TIPS‐LBPV (36 patients) and TIPS‐RBPV (36 patients, with four failures) groups, and they were prospectively followed for 2 years after TIPS implantation. Results: Patients who underwent the two different kinds of TIPS were balanced during recruitment for this study. The incidences of overall encephalopathy and de novo encephalopathy in the TIPS‐LBPV group were significantly lower than that of the TIPS‐RBPV group during follow‐up (P=0.036 and 0.012 respectively). The incidences of rebleeding or re‐intervention and improvement of ascites were similar between groups (P>0.05). Patients undergoing TIPS‐RBPV required more rehospitalization and incurred more costs than those who underwent TIPS‐LBPV (P=0.030 and 0.039 respectively). There was no significant difference between the two groups in survival based on a survival curve constructed according to the Kaplan–Meier method (P>0.05). Conclusion: Patients undergoing TIPS‐LBPV had a lower incidence of encephalopathy, less rehospitalization and lower costs after TIPS implantation compared with patients undergoing TIPS‐RBPV.