医疗大数据时代下的Meta分析

循证医学在大数据时代迎来了绝佳的发展机遇。Meta分析作为循证医学的高级别证据,其写作方法应为临床医师熟练掌握。完成一篇高质量的Meta分析需要全面了解其方法流程,根据研究的临床问题选择合适的分析类型,从构建临床问题到数据分析撰写,皆需遵循国际通用的规范和指南要求。精准选题,严守规范,用心琢磨,方能为临床决策提供高级别的医学证据。     

循证医学与循证护理

循证医学 ( evidence- based medicine,EBM)又叫求证医学和实证医学 ,是近年来发展起来的新型临床学科 ,循证医学就是遵循最佳证据的临床医学。著名临床流行病学教授 Sackett DL 认为循证医学的中心思想是 :临床医师在对病人作出诊断、治疗等决策时 ,应该运用最新、最有力的科学研究证据。科学的证据来源于医学基础研究和以病人为中心的临床试验。循证医学强调临床医师面对病人时 ,应认真询问和采集病史并仔细体检 ,针对发现需要解决的临床问题 ,进行有效的文献检索 ,通过对文献的真实性和可靠性的评价 ,将最合适的诊断方法、最安全、有…     

循证医学在肾内科住院医师培训中的应用

循证医学的思想核心是任何医疗决策的制定应遵循和应用科学证据，用科学的证据来指导临床实践。本文介绍如何以循证医学的理念贯穿肾内科住院医生培训过程，通过“临床问题为中心的自学训练（Problem-based self-directed learning program,PBL）”的方法，训练肾脏科住院医生适应医学发展的要求，主动地自我完善，使其在今后的生涯中能够成为一名合格的医师,规范医疗实践行为奠定基础。     

以循证医学思想为契机加强临床流行病学教学

循证医学是21世纪医疗实践的新理念,是提高医疗水平的重要方法和手段之一.循证医学的核心是遵循证据,临床流行病学是评价最好证据的理论和方法学基础.在全科医学教育中,开展和加强临床流行病学教学是实现循证医学的重要手段.     

外科医师与循证医学

循证医学是寻求证据和应用证据的医学,提倡将现有的最佳证据应用于诊治病人的决策中.循证医学有别于传统临床医学的经验推理方法,可以帮助临床医生科学地选择诊治措施和总结临床经验,从而提高实际工作能力,因此,外科医师同样需要循证医学.与其它学科相比,循证医学在外科领域的引入、应用和发展相对滞后.     

提高护士文献信息检索技能以适应循证环境

循证医学和循证护理的开展临床上已形成了"遵循证据"的行医环境,然而循证护理的开展关键是证据及其质量,其核心是证据的有效性、可靠性、临床适用性等进行系统评价[1].     

关注新要求和新发展的空间

随着科学技术的飞速发展,给医学检验领域提出了新的要求,也提供了新的发展空间,值得我们医学检验工作者特别关注。如： 1 循证医学的发展,给医学检验提出了新的要求！： 循证医学 Evidence－based Medicine（EBM）就是遵循证据的医学。它要求任何临床的诊治决策,必须建立在当前最好的研究证据与临床专业知识和患者的价值相结合的基础上。遵循证据是循证医学的本质所在,而证据则是循证医学的基石。临床研究者和应用者尽可能提供和应用当前最可靠的临床研究证据是循证医学的关键。 1．1 循证医学中的证据：主要指临床人体研究的证据…     

循证医学及其临床应用

近年来在世界范围兴起了一种新的医学模式———循证医学。有人称它是 2 1世纪医学史上的一场革命 ,它的推广应用可与人类基因组计划媲美。循证医学强调的是临床医师应尽最大可能捕捉到最为可靠的事实证据来解决各种各样的临床问题。怎样才能“捕捉到最为可靠的事实证据” ?无疑这是我们 2 1世纪的临床医师所面临的一场新的挑战。本文对循证医学的概念及其临床应用作一简单的介绍。1　循证医学的概念循证医学 (Ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅ -ｂａｓｅｄｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ ,ＥＢＭ )简单地说 ,是以证据为基础的医学[1] 。它的精髓是 ,提倡在临床经验和已…     

网络上的循证医学信息资源

循证医学(evidence—based medicine，EBM)即遵循证据的医学。循证医学的创始人之一David Sackett教授将循证医学定义为“慎重、准确和明智地应用现有的最佳研究依据，同时结合临床医生的个人专业技能和多年临床经验，考虑患者的权利、价值和期望，将三者完美地结合以制定出患者的治疗措施”。其核心思想是，在临床医疗实践中，对患者的医疗决策都应尽量以客观的科学研究结果为证据。循证医学的基石来自于临床研究的证据，循证医学的实践过程离不开科学研究证据的搜集和评价。     

在妇产科临床教学中引入循证医学理念

循证医学(evidence-based medicine,EBM)即遵循科学证据的医学。Sackett将其定义为“慎重、准确和明智地应用当前所能获得的最佳研究证据,同时结合临床外科医生的个人专业技能,考虑病人的价值和愿望,将三者完美地结合,制定出患者的治疗方案”[1-2]。其要求临床医师将专业技能、     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.