直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术

全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)也称直肠周围系膜切除术(complete circumferential mesorectal ex—cision),由Heald等(1982年)首先提出并描述。经过20年的临床实践证明应用TME操作显著降低直肠癌术后盆腔内局部复发率、提高生存率、增加保肛率及降低性功能障碍和排尿功能障碍并发症发病率,从而提高生活质量。目前TME正成为一种标准的直肠癌根治手术方式被越来越多的临床医生所接受。1直肠系膜的概念 在盆腔腹膜返折以上的直肠有腹膜覆盖,腹膜返折以下     

直肠癌扩大根治术中几个原则问题的探讨

目的探讨在低位直肠癌治疗中直肠系膜全切除(TME)原则和侧方淋巴结清扫的意义.方法回顾分析哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院1981年9月～1995年10月782例经扩大根治术的大肠癌病人的资料.术中遵循TME原则及扩大淋巴结清除的方法清除直肠癌上方、侧方及部分下方淋巴结.应用常规病理学的方法观察其侧方淋巴转移的规律并以直接方法统计侧方转移阳性病例的生存率.结果(1)侧方淋巴转移是腹膜返折以下直肠癌的转移途径,约占该部位直肠癌的12.5%;(2)侧方淋巴转移易发生在低分化腺癌及粘液腺癌.肉眼类型中的有浸润倾向者,侧方淋巴转移与浸润深度有关;(3)侧方转移者的五年生存率为42.2%.结论腹膜返折以下的进展期直肠癌应该在TME的同时行侧方淋巴清除,如此可以避免转移淋巴结及系膜组织的残留,提高生存率.     

低位直肠癌淋巴结转移的分析

目的:探讨腹膜返折以下直肠癌淋巴结转移的规律及其临床价值.方法:对行侧方淋巴结清扫的182例低位直肠癌病人进行回顾性分析.结果:腹膜返折以下直肠癌存在侧方淋巴结转移,转移率为16%,低分化腺癌及粘液腺癌侧方淋巴结转移率高.结论:侧方淋巴结转移是腹膜返折以下直肠癌淋巴转移的重要途径,低位进展期直肠癌应在上方淋巴结清扫的同时行侧方淋巴结清扫.     

直肠系膜全切除术的合理实施

目的 从直肠癌术后局部复发形式探讨直肠系膜全切除(TME)的合理实施及临床意义。方法 分析207例局部复发直肠癌患者的复发形式、治疗情况及治疗效果。结果 吻合口复发71例,直肠系膜复发65例,会阴部复发50例,淋巴结复发59例,多部位复发89例,其他部位少见。第1次行前切除术(AR)的8l例患者中,改行腹会阴联合切除术(APR)者58例;第1次行APR者102例,改行会阴部肿块切除者38例;行全盆及后盆器官切除者15例,补充行淋巴结清除者18例。手术切除率为66．2％(137／207),其中根治性切除率为46．0％(63／137)。172例有完整随访资料的患者中,病灶切除者的5年生存率为23．4％(32／137)．根治切除者的5年生存率为34．9％(22／63)。结论 从局部复发形式来看,TME是中低位直肠癌手术必须遵循的原则,复发患者只要全身条件允许,应再行手术治疗。     

低位直肠癌淋巴结转移的分析

目的:探讨腹膜返折以下直肠癌淋巴结转移的规律及其临床价值。方法:对行侧方淋巴结清扫的 182例低位直肠癌病人进行回顾性分析。结果:腹膜返折以下直肠癌存在侧方淋巴结转移,转移率为16％,低分化腺癌及粘液腺癌侧方淋巴结转移率高。结论:侧方淋巴结转移是腹膜返折以下直肠癌淋巴转移的重要途径,低位进展期直肠癌应在上方淋巴结清扫的同时行侧方淋巴结清扫。     

低位直肠癌不同切除范围的疗效分析

目的:探讨低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除与侧方淋巴结清扫对局部复发率、生存率和术后生存质量的影响.方法:对426例低位直肠癌行根治性切除,其中241例行全直肠系膜切除,185例全直肠系膜切除+侧方淋巴结清扫.结果:无手术死亡病例,两组在性别、年龄、肿瘤肠壁的浸润深度、组织学类型等方面差异无显著意义.全直肠系膜切除组排尿功能障碍占5.8%,性功能障碍占13.2%;而侧方淋巴结清扫组分别是51.9%和51.9%(P＜0.05).局部复发率,全直肠系膜切除组DukesC期为23.5%,而侧方淋巴结清扫组为12.0%(P＜0.05),5年生存率两组差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:低位直肠癌行侧方淋巴结清扫能降低术后局部复发率,但对术后生存质量有影响.     

同步新辅助放化疗联合全直肠系膜切除术治疗中低位局部进展期直肠癌的临床研究

目的:探讨同步新辅助放化疗联合全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)治疗中低位局部进展期直肠癌的疗效及安全性。方法:2009年9月-2011年2月30例中低位局部进展期直肠癌患者[Ⅱ期(T3-4N0M0)14例,Ⅲ期(T1-4N1-2M0)16例]接受了术前同步新辅助放化疗(术前放疗总剂量为45～50Gy,1.8Gy/次;化疗方案为FOLFOX4,化疗2个周期)。同步新辅助放化疗结束后4～6周行手术治疗,遵循TME原则。结果:全部患者均完成同步新辅助放化疗,CR5例、PR18例、SD7例,有23例(76.7%)患者的临床TNM分期下降。同步新辅助放化疗结束后4～6周,除1例CR患者拒绝手术外,29例患者均行手术治疗,其中23例行低位或超低位前切除术(Dixon术),6例行腹会阴联合切除术(Miles术),保肛率为80.0%(24/30)。无一例发生围手术期死亡,术后并发症的总发生率为20.7%(6/29)。结论:同步新辅助放化疗联合TME治疗中低位局部进展期直肠癌安全而有效,可以降低肿瘤分期、提高肿瘤切除率和保肛率,改善患者的生活质量。     

腹腔镜与开腹低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术的临床对照研究

目的 随机对照研究探讨腹腔镜下低位直肠癌TME的可行性及短期治疗效果.方法 将69例Duke分期A或B期的低位直肠癌患者随机分为2组,分别行腹腔镜和常规开腹TME手术,比较两组患者围手术期情况、术后并发症以及术后复发和转移情况.结果 腹腔镜组平均手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠功能恢复时间分别为(110.8±31.34)h、(84.41±28.41)ml、(2.59±0.99)d,而开腹手术组分别为(133.94±21.01)h、(143.94±34.18)ml、(4.0±1.06)d,差异有统计学意义.淋巴结清扫数目以及术后并发症发生率两组问无显著性差异.腹腔镜手术组保肛率明显高于开腹手术组(85.7%vs.61.8%,P＜0.05).中位随访39.5年,腹腔镜与开腹手术组局部复发分别2例、1例,远处转移分别2例、3例,差异无统计学意义.结论 腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除术治疗低位直肠癌安全可行,短期疗效确切.     

低位直肠癌不同切除范围的疗效分析

目的:探讨低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除与侧方淋巴结清扫对局部复发率、生存率和术后生存质量的影响。方法:对426例低位直肠癌行根治性切除,其中241例行全直肠系膜切除,185例全直肠系膜切除 侧方淋巴结清扫。结果:无手术死亡病例,两组在性别、年龄、肿瘤肠壁的浸润深度、组织学类型等方面差异无显著意义。全直肠系膜切除组排尿功能障碍占5.8%,性功能障碍占13.2%;而侧方淋巴结清扫组分别是51.9%和51.9%(P<0.05)。局部复发率,全直肠系膜切除组DukesC期为23.5%,而侧方淋巴结清扫组为12.0%(P<0.05),5年生存率两组差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:低位直肠癌行侧方淋巴结清扫能降低术后局部复发率,但对术后生存质量有影响。     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术临床应用(附27例报告)

目的研究直肠癌患者行全直肠系膜切除术(TME)的临床疗效。方法对27例行TME术式的直肠癌患者的临床资料进行分析。结果27例均获根治性切除，15例行吻合器吻合，术后发生吻合口瘘2例。术后辅助化疗及放疗，近期无局部复发病例。结论TME是降低直肠癌术后局部复发率，提高生活质量的有效措施。直肠癌根治性手术中采用TME手术方法是非常重要的。     

Extent of lymph node dissection in rectal carcinoma

Basing on 170 specimens of advanced rectal cancers radically resected, metastatic rule and extent of lymph node dissection were studied in order to guide future surgical treatment. In 170 cases, 77 had lymph node metastases. The lymph node metastatic rate was 45.3% and metastatic degree was 8.9% (527/5 912). Metastasis of the rectal cancer, according to the lymphatic anatomy, can be divided into upward, lateral and downward drain. Because the rectal cancer at any site can lead to the upward metastasis, the upward lymph node dissection, up to the base of inferior mesenteric artery (the third line of lymph nodes), must be done in all rectal cases, otherwise, 10% of patients would have residual cancer. In view of the lateral metastasis occurring only in rectal cancers under the peritoneal reflection, for which lateral lymph node dissection is necessary or one eighth of patients would have residual lesion. Generally, no lateral lymph node dissection is needed in cancers above the peritoneal reflection. Pathologic factor influencing the lymphatic metastasis is the form of tumor growth, such as poorly differentiated and mucoid adenocarcinomas aggressively growing deeply and extensively resulting in a higher lymph node metastatic rate, for which lymph node dissection must be performed.     

直肠癌侧方淋巴结清扫和全直肠系膜切除

目前全直肠系膜切除（TME）原则已经是直肠癌手术的基本原则之一。很多学者把TME作为金标准,但不可将TME和侧方淋巴结清扫混为一谈。不可以因为TME而废除淋巴结清扫,也不可以因行淋巴结清扫而不行TME,只有二者同时进行才可达到根治肿瘤的目的。     

肠系膜下动脉低、高位结扎对直肠癌手术效果及患者生命质量的影响

目的探讨肠系膜下动脉(IMA)低、高位结扎对直肠癌手术效果及患者生命质量的影响。方法按随机数字表法将90例直肠癌患者分为两组,各45例。两组患者均行腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除(TME)联合淋巴结清扫术治疗,术中低位组行IMA低位结扎,高位组行IMA高位结扎。对比两组手术效果、排便功能、生命质量、并发症情况。结果对比两组淋巴结清扫数量、手术用时、住院时间、术中失血量无统计学差异(P>0.05);高位组肛门排气时间长于低位组,排便功能评分低于低位组,有统计学差异(P<0.05);对比两组术后生命质量评分、吻合口瘘、泌尿感染、尿潴留发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,高位组吻合口瘘发生率高,有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论直肠癌患者行IMA低、高位结扎疗效和生命质量相当,前者能缩短术后肛门排气时间,减少吻合口瘘发生率,后者对患者排便功能影响小,临床可根据患者实际情况合理选择术式。     

Controversy about treatment of colorectal cancer in view of surgeon--lymph node dissection for colorectal surgery (lateral lymph node dissection and TME)

Lateral lymph node dissection is technique for reducing local recurrence rate after resection of rectal cancer. In this study, we will report a decade experience for lateral lymph node dissection of rectal cancer in 491 cases. Lateral lymph node metastases occurred in 15.4% of rectal cancer which was below peritoneal reflection and through muscularis propria into non-peritoneal. It is a problem that it has never been well designed study of lateral lymph node dissection for rectal cancer. On the other hand, TME has also contributed reducing local recurrence rate. But, distant margin for resection of rectal cancer is controversial.     

Low rectal cancer: a call for a change of approach in abdominoperineal resection.

PURPOSE: Despite the major improvements that have been made due to total mesorectal excision (TME), low rectal cancer still remains a challenge. METHODS: By investigating a prospective randomized rectal cancer trial in which surgeons had undergone training in TME the factors responsible for the poor outcome were determined and a new method for assessing the quality of surgery was tested. RESULTS: Survival differed greatly between abdominoperineal resection (APR) and anterior resection (AR; 38.5% v 57.6%, P = .008). Low rectal carcinomas have a higher frequency of circumferential margin involvement (26.5% v 12.6%, P < .001). More positive margins were present in the patients operated with APR (30.4%) compared to AR (10.7%, P = .002). Furthermore, more perforations were present in these specimens (13.7% v 2.5%, P < .001). The plane of resection lies within the sphincteric muscle, the submucosa or lumen in more than 1/3 of the APR cases, and in the remainder lay on the sphincteric muscles. CONCLUSION: We systematically described and investigated the pathologic properties of low rectal cancer in general, and APR in particular, in a prospective randomized trial including surgeons who had been trained in TME. The poor prognosis of the patients with an APR is ascribed to the resection plane of the operation leading to a high frequency of margin involvement by tumor and perforation with this current surgical technique. The clinical results of this operation could be greatly improved by adopting different surgical techniques and possibly greater use of radiochemotherapy.     

扩大淋巴结清扫范围对低位直肠癌预后的影响

目的：探讨扩大淋巴结清扫范围对低位直肠癌术后恢复、局部复发率、生存率和生存质量的影响。方法：回顾性分析我院３２７例低位直肠癌行根治性切除的病例资料,其中１７１例行全直肠系膜切除（ＴＭＥ）,１５６例全直肠系膜切除＋Ｃ区（侧方）淋巴结清扫（ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ）。结果：无手术死亡病例,两组在性别、年龄、肿瘤临床分期、组织学类型等方面差异无显著意义。ＴＭＥ组围手术期住院时间为（１０.９±１.８）天,低于ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组（１４.０±２.０）天;住院费用ＴＥＭ组为（１.５２±０.１１）万元,低于ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组（２.０１±０.１５）万元（p＜０.０５）;两组在总体局部复发率上无统计学差异,但Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ、Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｃ期ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组局部复发率明显下降,两组差异有显著性（p＜０.０５）;总体５年生存率ＴＭＥ组为５３.２％,而ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组为５７.１％,两组无显著差异（p＞０.０５）,亚组分析显示Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ期ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ组５年生存率高于ＴＭＥ组（p＜０.０５）;两组在生活质量方面无差异（p＞０.０５）。结论：Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ａ和Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｃ期低位直肠癌行根治术且ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ术增加患者手术创伤,住院时间延长,但不提高５年生存率;Ｄｕｋｅｓ’Ｂ期直肠癌行根治术且ＴＭＥ＋Ｃ术虽然延长住院时间,但可改善患者５年生存率。     

对Ⅲ期低位直肠癌行择区扩大淋巴结清扫的临床意义

背景与目的：目前对于Ⅲ期低位直肠癌的淋巴结清扫范围存在争议：日本学者多主张行择区扩大清扫双侧髂总、髂内、髂外和闭孔淋巴结脂肪组织;欧美学者则多主张行全直肠系膜切除术,辅以新辅助治疗。本研究旨在探讨对Ⅲ期低位直肠癌行择区扩大淋巴结清扫的临床意义。方法：对31例Ⅲ期低位直肠癌的病例(术前影像学分期,术后经病理证实)行择区扩大淋巴结清扫,即顺序清扫双侧髂总、髂内、髂外和闭孔淋巴结脂肪组织,尽量保留盆腔自主神经,除非神经受到肿瘤浸润,并与35例行传统根治术的低位直肠癌的病例进行比较。结果：行择区扩大淋巴结清扫组内有5例侧方淋巴结阳性(低分化腺癌4例、黏液细胞癌1例,较高、中分化腺癌有明显差异)。行择区扩大淋巴结清扫组在性功能障碍、排尿困难发生率及手术时间上与行传统根治术组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),行择区扩大淋巴结清扫组在吻合口瘘和手术失血量上与行传统根治术组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但择区扩大淋巴结清扫组在盆腔复发率及5年生存率上优于传统根治术组。结论：对Ⅲ期低位直肠癌行择区扩大淋巴结清扫对降低盆腔复发、提高生存率有临床意义。     

Urinary dysfunction after rectal cancer surgery: Results from a randomized trial comparing mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or III lower rectal cancer (Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study,JCOG0212)

Background

Postoperative urinary dysfunction is a major complication of rectal cancer surgery. A randomized controlled trial (JCOG0212) concluded that the noninferiority of mesorectal excision alone to mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection was not confirmed in terms of relapse-free survival.

Total mesorectal excision and pelvic node dissection for rectal cancer: an appraisal

Total mesorectal excision has revolutionized the surgical treatment of rectal cancer since its introduction in the 1980s. The rationale, technique, and outcomes of total mesorectal excision in rectal cancer are explored. Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection is used by the Japanese in selected patients and has remained a controversial approach in the management of rectal cancer. The technique, controversies, and outcomes are summarized.