家兔实验性上颌窦炎黏膜病理及超微结构变化

目的：探讨家兔实验性上颌窦炎黏膜随病程的迁延而出现的常规和超微病理变化,并根据病理变化初步估计急,慢性上颌窦炎的时间分界。方法：将制成上颌窦炎模型的30只新西兰大白兔按制模时间的长短分成不同组别,分别观察不同时间上颁窦黏膜的病理和超微结构变化。结果：制模3周内以急性炎症表现为主,3周后以慢性炎症表现为主。随病程迁延上皮层纤毛脱落增加、杯状细胞增生、鳞状上皮组织转化、上皮坏死,固有层腺体组织转化、减少、纤维化。结论：上颌窦炎黏膜的病理变化随病程延长而加重,急、慢性上颌窦炎以制模后3周为界。     

慢性鼻窦炎对咽鼓管咽口黏膜上皮超微结构的影响

目的探讨慢性鼻窦炎对咽鼓管咽口黏膜上皮超微结构的影响,进一步反映对中耳、咽鼓管功能的影响。方法取6例慢性鼻窦炎患者和4例健康人咽鼓管咽口的组织做透射电镜标本,对比观察两类组织黏膜上皮的超微结构。结果①健康人咽鼓管咽口黏膜上皮为假复层纤毛柱状上皮,可见亮颗粒分泌细胞,各类细胞可见表面活性物质样板层体。②慢性鼻窦炎咽鼓管咽口可出现部分假复层纤毛柱状上皮脱落,细胞的纤毛、微绒毛倒伏、脱落,胞质泡状系统融合、扩张、溶解,分泌颗粒、杯状细胞增多。细胞间隙增大,有瘢痕,有炎症细胞浸润。表面活性物质样板层体减少、消失。结论正常咽鼓管咽口黏膜上皮为假复层纤毛柱状上皮,慢性鼻窦炎可引起咽鼓管咽口上皮、上皮各类细胞的超微结构发生改变,表面活性物质样板层体减少、消失。     

慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉鼻内镜手术后筛窦黏膜转归的组织形态学观察

目的：了解鼻内镜手术后修复各阶段筛窦黏膜的组织学转归情况,探讨术后筛窦黏膜转归过程的组织形态学规律,为完善治疗,提高手术治愈率提供科学的依据。方法：12例慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者,鼻内镜手术后复查时分别在术后恢复的3个阶段取筛窦黏膜进行光镜观察,3例2、3阶段的样本同时进行电镜观察,了解黏膜的恢复情况。结果：6个月以内上皮化10例,未上皮化2例。光镜检查术腔清洁阶段主要见大范围上皮缺失,黏膜缺损,黏膜水肿,炎性细胞浸润。黏膜转归竞争阶段主要见上皮细胞增生,炎性细胞浸润,固有层内纤维化,黏膜下腺体可增生、减少或缺失。上皮化阶段大部分固有坯为致密结缔组织取代。可见不典型腺体。电镜下黏膜转归竞争阶段见纤毛缺失,或仅见微绒毛,可见再生的鳞状细胞。细胞间隙增宽,连接松散。上皮化完成阶段TEM下纤毛密集,可见“9＋2”微管结构。结论：鼻内镜术后筛寞黏膜叮以再乍,鼻内镜术后筛窦黏膜的再生修复过程伴随炎症的消退和组织增生。     

慢性上颌窦炎置管药物冲洗治疗前后窦腔粘膜纤毛的电镜观察

目的：观察慢性上颌窦炎置管药物冲洗后的治疗效果，利用扫描电镜观察窦腔粘膜纤毛变化。方法：经cT诊断慢性上颌窦炎27例，在鼻内镜下经下鼻道行上颌窦钻孔后置硅胶管，定期用甲硝唑加庆大霉素反复冲洗窦腔3个月，治疗前后取窦腔粘膜行扫描电镜观察。结果：27例中25例治愈，电镜观察结果显示：治疗前窦腔粘膜细胞间隙扩大，纤毛大部分脱落缺失，治疗后纤毛再生，数目增多，恢复正常形态。结论：慢性上颌窦炎行置管加药物冲洗可获得一定疗效，利用扫描电镜观察可见窦腔粘膜纤毛恢复正常。     

放射治疗后鼻窦炎黏膜组织形态学改变

目的了解鼻咽癌放射治疗后鼻窦炎患者筛窦黏膜的组织形态学结构。方法在光镜下观察15例鼻咽癌放疗后并发鼻窦炎患者的筛窦黏膜上皮层、基底层、固有层和小血管的组织形态学结构。结果鼻咽癌放疗后鼻窦炎患者的筛窦黏膜上皮明显脱落、萎缩,纤毛消失,细胞黏液化生,间质中广泛水肿、血管扩张,腺体大小不一、部分萎缩,炎性细胞浸润量少。结论鼻咽癌放疗后鼻窦炎患者的筛窦黏膜损伤严重,而放射性鼻窦炎的命名是否成立,有待于进一步研究。     

窦口鼻道复合体粘膜纤毛的超微结构观察

为观察慢性鼻窦炎患者窦口鼻道复合体粘膜纤毛的超微结构表现，报道我科１９９４年１０月￣１９９５年１月收治施行内窥镜鼻窦手术的３５例（５５侧）患者的临床资料及术后复查情况。主要对１０例（１０侧）全组鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者上颌窦自然口附近的粘膜纤毛进行扫描及透射电镜观察，表现为：①纤毛排列紊乱或缺失；②纤毛微管结构紊乱；③纤毛膨胀，胞浆膨出；④纤毛长短不一，有短纤毛。结合文献认为这些超微结构改变是炎症刺激所     

鼻用糖皮质激素治疗兔急性细菌性上颌窦炎的组织病理学及超微结构观察

目的探讨鼻用糖皮质激素喷雾剂布地奈德（budesonide）对兔急性细菌性上颌窦炎的黏膜组织病理学及超微结构的影响。方法健康成年新西兰白兔48只,采用鼻腔置入Merocel高分子膨胀海绵并注入肺炎链球菌建立急性细菌性上颌窦炎模型,10d后取出鼻腔膨胀海绵,随机分成抗生素治疗组（A组）、抗生素加鼻用激素治疗组（B组）、鼻用激素治疗组（C组）及对照组（D组）,每组各12只。分别于治疗2周及4周后每组各处死6只动物,行上颌窦黏膜组织病理学及超微结构观察。结果组织病理学观察结果示治疗2周及4周后A、B组上颌窦黏膜纤毛缺失及上皮层溃疡形成均轻于C、D组,尤其是B组上颌窦黏膜炎性细胞浸润明显轻于C、D组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;A组上颌窦黏膜病理定性分析示炎性细胞浸润轻于C、D组,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。A、B两组之间上颌窦黏膜炎性细胞浸润在治疗2周后差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,治疗4周后,B组上颌窦黏膜炎性细胞浸润明显轻于A组（P〈0.05）。透射电镜观察示A、B两组兔上颌窦黏膜超微结构改变具有相似性。结论鼻用糖皮质激素治疗急性细菌性上颌窦炎,能减轻上颌窦黏膜的炎性细胞浸润,但尚不能作为取代抗生素的单一治疗。抗菌合并抗炎治疗会取得更好的疗效。     

家兔急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜病理改变

目的 观察家兔实验性鼻源性急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜超微结构及黏液纤毛传输功能的改变.方法 健康成年雄性新西兰白兔15只,随机分为实验组(10只)和空白对照组(5只).将3 mm×5 mm×25 mm大小Merocel(R)高分子膨胀海绵置入实验组兔右侧鼻腔,并向高分子膨胀海绵中注射植入1 mlⅢ型肺炎链球菌悬液.2周后,用印度墨汁法测定上颌窦黏液纤毛传输速度.然后处死动物,取右上颌窦黏膜通过透射电镜观察其超微结构改变.结果 实验组家兔上颌窦黏液纤毛传输速度明显低于空白对照组,有极显著统计学差异(P＜0.01).实验组上颌窦黏膜在透射电镜下观察到纤毛变性、脱落,排列紊乱,可见复合纤毛、微管动力臂缺陷、胞质突起、内质网扩张、线粒体肿胀、胞浆水肿及黏膜下层淋巴细胞浸润等超微的结构改变.结论 急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜超微结构明显改变,黏液纤毛传输速度减慢,结构改变导致功能下降.     

慢性上颌窦炎置管药物冲洗治疗前后窦腔粘膜纤毛的电镜观察

目的:观察慢性上颌窦炎置管药物冲洗后的治疗效果,利用扫描电镜观察窦腔粘膜纤毛变化。方法:经CT诊断慢性上颌窦炎27例,在鼻内镜下经下鼻道行上颌窦钻孔后置硅胶管,定期用甲硝唑加庆大霉素反复冲洗窦腔3个月,治疗前后取窦腔粘膜行扫描电镜观察。结果;27例中25例治愈,电镜观察结果显示:治疗前窦腔粘膜细胞间隙扩大,纤毛大部分脱落缺失,治疗后纤毛再生,数目增多,恢复正常形态。结论:慢性上颌窦炎行置管加药物冲洗可获得一定疗效,利用扫描电镜观察可见窦腔粘膜纤毛恢复正常。     

下鼻甲黏膜病理及超微结构观察

目的探讨慢性鼻炎下鼻甲黏膜组织病理及超微结构特征性改变。方法收集38例慢性鼻炎病例标本,其中慢性单纯性鼻炎12例;慢性肥厚性鼻炎26例,其中6例行下鼻甲手术。每例患者分别切取下鼻甲黏膜2块依次送病理及超微结构检查。结果病理及超微结构显示下鼻甲黏膜上皮不同程度脱落、间质炎细胞浸润、纤毛结构不同程度缺损等共同特点。慢性单纯性鼻炎间质腺体增生,血管扩张,炎细胞浸润,伴急性炎症者可见中性粒细胞;慢性肥厚性鼻炎间质以淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润为主,黏膜上皮脱落化生,间质纤维增生;下鼻甲黏膜下手术患者纤毛结构保护较好。结论慢性单纯性鼻炎和慢性肥厚性鼻炎有不同特征性组织病理及超微结构所见,下鼻甲黏膜下手术是治疗慢性肥厚性鼻炎理想手术方式。     

Evaluation of ultrastructural changes in paranasal sinus mucosa after functional endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

The purpose of this study was to compare the preoperative and postoperative ultrastructural changes of paranasal sinus mucosa in patients treated with functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Twelve patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis were involved. The ethmoid sinus mucosa was sampled during the operation and approximately 6 months after the operation. The ciliated epithelium of sinus mucosa was evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. The samples were taken at the Otolaryngology Department of Istanbul University School of Medicine. Electron microscopic study was performed at the Histology and Embryology Department of the same University. Preoperatively, ciliated epithelial cells of the sinus mucosa of the patients showed degenerated ultrastructure with decreased number of cilia, cytoplasmic protrusions, cisternal dilatations of endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial swellings. Remnants of degenerated cells and cellular separations at cell junctions were evident in the diseased epithelium. Goblet cells were frequent along the epithelial lining. Postoperatively, normal architecture and ultrastructure of the ciliated epithelium was restored. These observations showed that unlike other surgical operations, paranasal sinus mucosa can regenerate and the ciliated epithelium can return to normal after functional endoscopic sinus surgergy.     

Expression of mucin genes in chronic ethmoiditis

We have investigated the profiles of MUC genes expressed in chronic ethmoiditis mucosa and normal ethmoid mucosa using RT-PCR, and the morphology of chronic ethmoiditis by a combination of light and electron microscope was observed. In the light- and electron-microscopic studies, chronic ethmoiditis mucosa revealed increased numbers of goblet cells with higher production of mucus in comparison to normal ethmoid mucosa. RT-PCR of cDNAs from three normal ethmoid mucosa revealed the same pattern of mucin gene expression, such as MUC5AC and MUC8. However, RT-PCR of cDNAs from eight chronic ethmoiditis mucosa showed the expression of two MUC1, six MUC4, eight MUC5AC, five MUC5B, seven MUC7, and eight MUC8. MUC2 and MUC6 were not detected. These results suggest that MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC7, and MUC8 are major mucins in the ethmoid mucosa and are up-regulated by chronic inflammation.     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎细菌生物膜形态观察

目的 观察慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者,鼻内镜所取钩突、筛泡或上颌窦黏膜样本是否存在细菌牛物膜及其形态特征.方法 本实验共取鼻内镜术中黏膜样本12份,实验组为慢性鼻.鼻窦炎鼻内镜手术患者6例,对照组为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征鼻内镜手术患者6例.样本用标准的扫描电镜方法 处理.实验组详细记录患者的年龄、性别、症状、鼻窦CT、鼻内镜检查和变应原皮肤点刺试验结果 .结果 扫描电镜下见慢性鼻一鼻窦炎患者鼻腔鼻窦黏膜纤毛缺失、倒伏、排列紊乱,实验组中5例可见不同形成阶段、各种形态的细菌生物膜,1例可见丝状真菌样结构.实验组细菌生物膜出现率为83.3%.对照组6例均未观察到细菌生物膜.结论 慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻腔鼻窦黏膜纤毛有不同程度的损伤,黏膜表面存在处于生命周期不同阶段的细菌牛物膜.     

难治性慢性鼻窦炎的相关因素探讨

目的 慢性鼻窦炎的难治性在于发病因素的复杂性,本研究拟探讨细菌生物膜、变态反应、主要炎性细胞因子与难治性慢性鼻窦炎的相关性.方法 采用视觉模拟量表评分和鼻内镜检查评分的方法 ,从340例首次接受内镜鼻窦手术和规范药物治疗1年以上的慢性鼻窦炎患者中,选择19例治疗无效者、6例临床治愈者分别作为实验组和对照组,通过电镜扫描、酶联免疫吸附法分别检测两组病例筛窦黏膜表面细菌生物膜的形成和筛窦黏膜组织中特异性IgE、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-8的含量,统计分析比较组间差异.数据分析用SPSS13.0统计软件处理.结果 ①筛窦黏膜表而细菌生物膜:实验组有19例除上皮细胞结构破坏、纤毛脱落等病变以外,全部发现细菌生物膜形成,而对照组6例上皮细胞结构完整,纤毛整齐,未发现细菌生物膜形成,组间细菌生物膜检出率差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01).②特异性IgE:实验组有9例筛窦黏膜组织检测到特异性IgE,而对照组6例均未检测到特异性IgE,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).③IL:实验组仪有2例标本中检测到IL-8含量升高,实验组和对照组其他病例4种IL含量均在王常参考值以下而无法检出.实验组检测到IL的病例数分别为:IL-4 7例、IL-5 14例、IL-6 15例、IL-8 12例,对照组检测到的病例数分别为:IL-4 1例、IL-5 5例、IL-6 5例、IL-8 5例,组间检出率差异无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).结论 细菌生物膜、变应性炎性反应是导致难治性慢性鼻窦炎的重要相关因素之一.     

慢性鼻窦炎患者钩突组织的超微结构观察

运用扫描电镜和秀射电镜１６例慢性鼻窦炎患者钩突组织的超微结构状态２。结果发现，粘膜上皮细胞呈３种主要改变；纤毛大多倒伏，断裂，排列混乱；细胞是隙明显增宽，可见鳞状上皮经生；胞浆内内质网及线粒体中度到重度扩张。     

The effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic sinusitis

The saccharin test was used to measure mucociliary clearance in 50 patients with symptoms of chronic sinusitis. Samples of the nasal mucosa were also examined under transmission electron microscopy before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Before surgery, the mean saccharin clearance (ST) was 37.0 ± 15.7 min, with nasal mucosa exhibiting ciliary loss as well as other ultrastructural changes. Three months after surgery, the mean ST had improved to 20.3 ± 7.5 min and significant regeneration of cilia was observed. It was therefore concluded that FESS had successfully corrected mucociliary dysfunction in these patients. Received: 22 July 1997 / Accepted: 23 March 1998     

Mucociliary activity and ultrastructural abnormalities of regenerated sinus mucosa in rabbits

The purpose of this study was to observe histologic findings in the regenerated maxillary sinus mucosa and restoration of ciliary activity by measuring the speed of mucociliary transport after complete surgical removal of the maxillary sinus mucosa. The maxillary sinuses of 32 rabbits were opened anteriorly and one side of the sinus mucosa of each animal was completely removed. In 16 animals, the natural ostia were widened, and, in another 16 animals, the natural ostia were left undisturbed. The contralateral, sham-operated sinus was used as a control for each animal. The animals of each group were reanesthetized and the maxillary sinuses were reopened at planned intervals. The speed of mucociliary transport toward the maxillary ostium, determined by India ink particle movement, was reduced to 6.4 mm/min, whereas it was 10.8 mm/min in the control side. Beating cilia were observed in 16% by dark-field microscopy, in contrast to 66% in the control sinus. Pseudostratified columnar epithelia without cilia were present in 12%, with the remaining consisting of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia (88%). Light microscopic examination showed increase in submucosal fibrotic proliferation, decrease in submucosal glands, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Under transmission electron microscopy, abnormal cilia such as compound cilia or edematous cilia were frequently found in the regenerated specimens. These observations suggest that mucociliary clearance of the regenerated sinus mucosa may be significantly diminished compared with that of the original mucosa.     

Effects of alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus on the ciliary activity and ultrastructure of human nasal ciliated epithelial cells

OBJECTIVE: The in vitro effects of staphylococcal alpha-toxin on ciliary activity were investigated at different concentrations and exposure times. STUDY DESIGN: Ciliated epithelial cells of the sphenoid sinus were taken from patients operated on for pituitary tumors. Video-computerized analysis technique and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the effects of the toxin on ciliary activity. METHODS: Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured in four different concentrations of alpha-toxin including 0.1, 1, 10, and 50 microg/mL. CBF was measured at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after administration of the toxin. To observe reversibility of the reduced ciliary activity, after 24-hour incubation in the media containing 10 microg/mL of alpha-toxin, the media were replaced with alpha-toxin-free media. The tissues were also processed for transmission electron microscopy to observe ultrastructural changes of the epithelial cells. RESULTS: CBF increased significantly at 2-hour incubation and then decreased significantly after 12-hour incubation in 10 microg/mL of alpha-toxin (P< .05, repeated-measures ANOVA). The transmission electron microscopic findings showed mitochondrial swelling and a slight protrusion of the plasma membrane of the cilia. In toxin-free media, loss of ciliary activity was not recovered. CONCLUSIONS: CBF increased at first, but with increasing incubation time ciliary movements decreased gradually and stopped eventually. This loss of CBF may be an irreversible change associated with ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria and the plasma membrane of the cilia.     

Ultrastructural ciliary changes of maxillary sinus mucosa following functional endoscopic sinus surgery: an image analysis quantitative study

This was a study of the effect of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) on the ciliary regeneration of maxillary sinus mucosa in patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis, using objective quantitative methods. Twenty specimens from the mucosa of both the superolateral wall and the ostium of the maxillary sinus were sampled during FESS and then six to 12 months later. They were light examined first by light microscopy and then by scanning electron microscopy in combination with image analysis software in order to study the cilia under higher magnification and to calculate proportion of the field that was ciliated. Samples were taken and studied at Cairo University hospital. This study showed that the maxillary sinus mucosa in chronic sinusitis is capable of regeneration and could return towards normal with the improvement of ventilation and drainage of the maxillary sinus following FESS. There were no significant changes in the degree of glandular hyperplasia, goblet cells or pathological glands after surgery.     

实验性急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜超微结构观察

目的:观察家兔急性鼻窦炎上颌窦黏膜超微结构的动态改变。方法:25只家兔随机分为实验组(20只)和空白对照组(5只),先建立急性鼻窦炎鼻源性模型。建模后第1、2、3、4周每周随机选取实验组家兔5只处死,解剖并从右上颌窦腔取0.3 cm×0.3 cm大小新鲜黏膜组织用透射电镜观察其超微结构。对照组在第1周开始实验。结果:透射电镜观察,对照组家兔上颌窦黏膜纤毛排列整齐,无丢失,上皮细胞内线粒体无肿胀,内质网未见扩张;实验组家兔上颌窦黏膜纤毛变性,排列紊乱,部分纤毛丢失,出现复合纤毛、胞质突起、内质扩张、线粒体肿胀及黏膜下淋巴细胞浸润伴成纤维细胞增生等病理改变,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组家兔第1～4周,复合纤毛数量逐渐增多,第3、4周与第1周比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。内质网扩张和线粒体肿胀程度在第2周最明显,第4周后逐渐减轻,第2周与第4周比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:窦口阻塞及细菌感染导致上颌窦黏膜超微结构改变,是急性鼻窦炎病理演变过程的一个重要环节。