Treatment of proximal humeral fractures by intramedullary Kirschner wires.

BACKGROUND: This study is a retrospective analysis of a case series of 41 proximal humeral fractures treated by multiple intramedullary Kirschner (K) wires. METHODS: Forty-one proximal humeral fractures in patients aged 17 to 62 years were treated by closed intramedullary K-wires. There were 18 patients with the 2-part fractures, 11 with the 3-part fractures and 12 with the 4-part fractures according to Neer's classification. Patients were placed supine on the table, under general anesthesia. The arm was held vertically up by transolecranon traction, and the C-arm was kept parallel to the ground and opposite to the affected arm. A cortical window was created approximately 1.5 cm proximal to the olecranon fossa, by splitting the triceps. Under fluoroscopic control, multiple K-wires were introduced retrograde into the medullary cavity to reach the humeral head across the fracture. The wire tips were kept divergent to provide rotational stability at the fracture site. Postoperatively, the limb was supported in an arm sling. The patients were evaluated for pain, range of motion, strength, anatomic restoration, function of the involved limb, and radiographic union of fracture. RESULTS: An objective evaluation of the results using Neer's criteria showed 92.7% excellent to satisfactory results. Three patients developed painful shoulder-one from the 3-part and two from the 4-part fracture group. One patient from the 4-part group developed avascular necrosis of the humeral head. CONCLUSION: This surgical technique is effective for proximal humeral fractures. It is recommended for routine management of the 2-part and the 3-part fractures. For the 4-part fractures, it can be used in selected, young and active patients. An endoprosthesis is advised for the old, osteoporotic patients.     

Schaft- und Kopffrakturen der Mittelhandknochen

Distal metacarpal fractures and fractures of the metacarpal shaft are often displaced and accompanied by rotational malposition of the fingers in question. After closed reduction and immobilization in a plaster cast fracture healing takes long time, and optimal fracture positions do not always result. From December 1997 to August 1999, 144 patients with a total of 166 fractures in the region of the shaft and the distal part of metacarpal bones underwent surgery in our hospital. Fractures of the metacarpal shaft were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with plates, screws or Kirschner wires. Fractures in the area of the distal metacarpal bones were treated by proximally inserted intramedullary Kirschner wires. Over defined time spans all patients underwent examinations of the range of movement of their finger joints and the strength of the hands. Clinical and radiological comparisons of each patient’s two hands were carried out. The results after healing were assessed according to the DASH score (disability of arm/shoulder/hand). Our observations in these patients show that intramedullary osteosynthesis with modelled Kirschner wires can give good and very good results in most ¶cases of distal metacarpal fractures. Bony healing of metacarpal shaft fractures was achieved in most cases.     

Intramedullary stabilization of humeral shaft fractures in patients with multiple trauma

Sixty-one patients with multiple injuries, which included sixty-three fractures of the humeral diaphysis, were treated by intramedullary stabilization of the fracture with Rush rods or Ender nails. Portals of entry allowing antegrade or retrograde insertion or insertion at the epicondyles were used. For most of the patients, closed intramedullary fixation of the fracture was performed within twenty-four hours of the injury. Adequate follow-up studies were obtained for fifty-six patients (fifty-eight fractures). Stabilization by antegrade insertion gave excellent results if the portal of entry did not violate the rotator cuff. Symptoms of impingement in the shoulder and pain associated with an incorrect position of the portal for antegrade insertion required early removal of the device. Each fracture that was treated with fixation through the epicondylar portal had a poor result, and this technique is not recommended. Retrograde insertion, with the portal of entry located proximal to the olecranon fossa, yielded excellent results. Care must be taken to prevent encroachment on the olecranon fossa, which can result in a block to extension of the elbow. The surgical technique of closed fixation by retrograde insertion is presented. Immediate closed intramedullary stabilization of the fractured humeral shaft resulted in a 94 per cent rate of union and a 62 per cent rate of excellent clinical results. This technique is particularly applicable to patients with multiple trauma, as it minimizes loss of blood and the risk to neurovascular structures while providing stability for mobilization and aggressive pulmonary physiotherapy. In our opinion, however, isolated fractures of the humeral shaft should be treated by non-operative methods.     

闭合复位克氏针内固定治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨闭合复位内外侧3针交叉固定治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法对195例GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折患者行闭合复位后,C臂机监视下先在肱骨髁外侧用2枚克氏针平行或交叉固定,再伸直肘关节到50°,保护尺神经下用1枚克氏针在内侧交叉固定,术后长臂石膏托固定于肘关节伸直70°制动3周。结果 195例均获随访,时间5~35个月。出现医源性尺神经损伤2例,肘内翻畸形需截骨矫形1例,肘部前侧局限性骨化4例。按Flynn标准评定疗效:优180例,良8例,一般6例,差1例,优良率为96.4%。结论闭合复位内外侧3针交叉固定治疗GartlandⅢ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折可有效减少医源性尺神经损伤,降低肘内翻畸形发生率,疗效满意。     

逆行穿带锁髓内针治疗新鲜肱骨干骨折

目的 总结使用逆行穿带锁髓内针治疗肱骨干骨折的临床经验以提高肱骨干骨折的治疗水平。方法 1999年2月－2000年6月使用逆行穿带锁髓内针的方法治疗肱骨干新鲜骨折32例,骨折均为闭合型,手术采用从鹰嘴窝上向近端逆行穿针法。结果 32例3个月时全部骨性愈合,肩肘关节活动恢复95％以上。1例出现术后桡神经麻痹。结论 逆行穿针避免了对肩袖的干扰,髓内针能有效地稳定骨折,软组织进一步破坏小,肩肘关节功能恢复快。     

Closed retrograde multiple intramedullary Kirschner wires fixation for humeral shaft fractures with the limb flexed over an articulated support

Objective

To evaluate the results of multiple closed intramedullary Kirschner wiring via a supracondylar entry point for humeral shaft fractures.

Patients and methods

The charts of 37 patients with humeral shaft fractures treated with the Hackethal''s technique between January 2007 and December 2011 were reviewed retrospectively. The operation was performed with the patient lying in supine (n = 22) or lateral (n = 15) position. The elbow was flexed over an articulated support with the arm kept in a vertical position. Thirty-three patients were available for final evaluation with a mean follow-up delay of 14 (range, 6–24) months. We were concerned about fracture union, range of motion of the shoulder and the elbow, and complications. Final evaluation used the criteria by Qidwai.

Results

Bone union rate was 94%. Restriction of ranges of motion of the shoulder more than 20° was noticed in two patients due to protruding wires. Three patients developed limitation of elbow extension owing to backing out of the wires. The overall results were excellent (n = 26; 79%), good (n = 4; 12%), and poor (n = 3; 9%).

Conclusion

Closed Hackethal''s technique using K-wires gives satisfactory results in terms of bone union and elbow and shoulder function in selected humeral shaft fractures. The articulated support precludes the transolecranon traction.     

双切口克氏针及外侧可吸收张力带内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折

目的：探讨双侧克氏针结合外侧可吸收张力带内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法：2006年至2010年采用双侧切口切开,交叉克氏针并可吸收张力带内固定治疗82例儿童肱骨髁上骨折,男53例,女29例;年龄5～12岁,平均7岁。根据骨折临床愈合后肘关节屈伸功能及肘部提携角结果,按Flynn评定标准综合评定疗效。结果：82例均获随访,时间0.5年,肘关节屈伸活动受限（2.8±3.7）°,提携角（12.7±2.2）°。依据疗效评定标准,优80例,良2例。结论：采用双侧切口交叉克氏针并可吸收张力带内固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折,能早期进行肘关节功能锻炼,具有创伤小、固定牢固、恢复快的特点,是目前手术治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折较理想的方法。     

逆行置入交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的　总结临床采用逆行置入交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的经验。方法　采用 AO的专用钻头在鹰嘴窝上约 2 cm处钻孔 ,确定和准备进针入点 ,由肘向肩逆行置入 AO的非扩髓交锁髓内钉的方法治疗闭合性肱骨干骨折 15例。结果　 15例骨折在 3个月内全部骨性愈合 (8～ 12周 ) ,15例肩关节活动度于术后 3个月时已达正常对侧的 95 % ,肘关节活动度达正常的 85 %。有 2例病人肘关节活动度伸直较健侧相差 2 0°,拔钉后功能锻炼 1个月后恢复良好。结论　逆行置入交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折 ,避免了对肩袖的干扰 ,固定牢靠 ,肩肘关节功能恢复快 ,二期拆除内固定简便 ,是治疗肱骨干骨折的有效方法     

顺行旋入式髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折疗效观察

目的总结顺行旋入式髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法24例肱骨干骨折患者采用顺行旋入式自锁髓内钉固定。结果24例均获随访,平均18．6个月,所有患者骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间23．0（21．4—24．7）周。肩关节Constant评分平均82．7（76．9—88．6）分;肘关节Mayo评分平均91．3（89．6—93．1）分;Neer评分：优19例,良5例。结论顺行旋入式髓内钓。固定手术操作简单、时间短、损伤小、术中并发症少、骨折愈合快,适合稳定性骨折和断端非缺损性粉碎性骨折,尤其适用于开放性肱骨干骨折手术。     

两种方法治疗大龄儿童肱骨外科颈骨折的疗效比较

目的观察大龄儿童移位型肱骨外科颈骨折经闭合复位逆向弹性髓内针内固定以及克氏针内固定两种不同手术方法的临床疗效对比。 方法回顾性分析十堰市人民医院创伤骨科从2016年5月至2018年12月2.5年间符合纳入标准的手术内固定治疗的儿童及青少年移位型肱骨外科颈骨折45例患者，按照内固定方法分为两组：逆向弹性髓内针内固定23例(弹性髓内针组)；闭合复位克氏针内固定22例(克氏针组)。采用t检验或卡方检验分析骨折愈合时间，肩关节功能评分、并发症个数及优良率。 结果所有病例骨折均达到良好愈合，骨折愈合时间为(8.0±2.1)周。术后6周两组功能评分弹性髓内针组优于克氏针组(t＝5.295，P<0.05)；术后3个月功能评分无明显差异(P>0.05)。88.9%患者肩关节功能均达到了优良效果，两组优良率无明显差异(X²＝0，P>0.05)。弹性髓内针组有1例出现桡神经挫伤，2例出现弹性髓内针穿出；4例出现复位再丢失。但克氏针内固定组出现了克氏针松动、脱落4例；骨折复位丢失3例；无血管神经损伤并发症。 结论采用逆向弹性髓内针及克氏针内固定治疗儿童移位型肱骨外科颈骨折，都是微创、有效的治疗方法，值得临床推广运用。术者应选择熟悉的手术方法避免并发症。     

Simultaneous Ipsilateral Fracture of the Elbow, Forearm and Wrist in a Child

Abstract The simultaneous occurrence of ipsilateral humeral supracondylar, forearm and wrist fractures is an uncommon injury. This fracture pattern is very difficult to treat, but no detailed cases were found in the English literature. A case of this unusual combination in a teenager is reported, successfully managed by open reduction and Kirschner wire (K–wire) fixation of the elbow fracture with open reduction of the forearm fractures and fixation with long intramedullary K–wires.     

闭合复位经皮克氏针交叉固定治疗儿童GartlandⅡ型肱骨髁上骨折

目的探讨闭合复位经皮克氏针交叉固定治疗儿童GartlandⅡ型肱骨髁上骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我科自2015年7月至2018年5月收治的36例儿童肱骨髁上骨折的病例资料,按照Gartland分型均为Ⅱ型骨折,其中ⅡA型16例,ⅡB型20例,均为闭合性骨折;男19例,女17例;平均年龄5.8(3~12)岁。所有病例均行闭合复位经皮内外侧交叉克氏针固定,术后长臂管型石膏固定3周,拆除石膏后进行肘关节屈伸功能锻炼。术后采用Flynn肘关节评分标准评定临床疗效。结果手术时间平均32(20~45)min。本组36例患儿无一例出现医源性尺神经损伤、Volkmann挛缩或肘内翻畸形,其中1例出现针道轻度感染,拔出克氏针后口服头孢类抗生素后痊愈。平均随访13.2(12~24)个月,末次随访按照Flynn临床功能评定标准评定临床疗效:优29例,良6例,可1例,优良率97.2%。结论闭合复位经皮内外侧交叉克氏针固定是治疗GartlandⅡ型儿童肱骨髁上骨折的有效方法,早期复位固定可有效减少单纯石膏固定引起的骨折移位、肘内翻畸形等并发症的发生,有利于肘关节的功能恢复。     

Intramedullary fixation using multiple Kirschner wires for forearm fractures: a developing country perspective

PURPOSE: To evaluate treatment results of intramedullary fixation using multiple Kirschner wires for diaphyseal forearm fractures. METHODS: Between January 2001 and January 2004, 184 patients (122 men and 62 women) with 288 displaced diaphyseal forearm fractures underwent intramedullary fixation using multiple Kirschner wires. The wires were inserted by opening the fracture site because radiographic facility for closed pinning was unavailable. The time to union, functional recovery, and the complication rates were assessed. RESULTS: 11 patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 173 whose data was analysed. In 167 (97%) of the patients the fractures united, and in 14 (8%) of them union was delayed. The mean time to union for closed fractures was 13 (range, 7-16) weeks and for open fractures it was 15 (range, 12-22) weeks. The mean time in cast was 6 (range, 3-14) weeks. In all, 34/173 (20%) had complications: superficial infection (n=13), deep infection (n=4), cross-union between bones (n=4), open fracture 'needing' a skin graft (n=2), radial nerve palsy (n=3), paraesthesia (n=1), and non-union (n=7). Among the 173 analysed patients, the infection rate was 10% and the non-union rate was 4%. 130 (75%) of the patients had the wires removed; no re-fracture occurred after wire removal. Based on the Anderson criteria, 47 (27%) of the patients attained excellent, 78 (45%) satisfactory, and 39 (23%) unsatisfactory results. In 9 (5%) of the patients, union failed (7 plain non-union and 2 due to chronic osteomyelitis). CONCLUSION: Kirschner wires are much cheaper than plates and screws, and require minimal expertise for insertion and removal. They remain acceptable for stabilising displaced diaphyseal forearm fractures in developing countries.     

HUCKSTEP INTRAMEDULLARY NAILING FOR NON-UNION OF HUMERAL SHAFT FRACTURES

Background : Various techniques of internal fixation for non-union of humeral shaft fractures have been attempted, leading to union rates of between 50 and 90% with persisting non-union causing pain and disability. Some of these techniques have led to shoulder and elbow dysfunction. Methods : Eight patients treated with Huckstep nail fixation for humeral shaft non-union were reviewed and the rate of union was determined. Elbow and shoulder function were assessed as well as the presence of pain or disability. Results : Union was achieved in seven of the eight patients (87.5%). Four patients had occasional mild pain after union. All patients achieved good arm function. Average shoulder abduction was 157° and flexion 151° excluding one patient with antecedent advanced osteoarthrosis of the gleno-humeral joint. No patient experienced any permanent neurological deficit. Conclusions : Huckstep nail fixation achieved union rates comparable to or higher than the other techniques of internal fixation for non-union of humeral shaft fractures. Unlike the various methods of closed nailing, Huckstep nail fixation is not associated with shoulder and elbow dysfunction. It should be considered as a therapeutic option in humeral shaft fracture and non-union, especially where the fracture site needs to be opened.     

The application of open intramedullary fixation in the treatment of pediatric radial and ulnar shaft fractures

OBJECTIVES: This retrospective review evaluates the efficiency of standard intramedullary Kirschner wires for the treatment of unstable diaphyseal forearm fractures in children. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Large teaching and research hospital in Turkey. PATIENTS: Thirty-one patients with diaphyseal forearm fractures were treated by surgical method between 1988 and 1998. The mean age was 12.3 years (range 7 to 17 years). The mean follow-up period was 4.2 years (1 to 6.2 years). INTERVENTION: The method of treatment of each forearm fracture was open reduction and intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation using a mini-incision. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Fracture union, growth disturbance of the forearm, and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: Union was obtained in all cases except two (6.4 percent). No forearm inequality was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Intramedullary fixation is a useful technique for unstable shaft fractures of the forearm in children that can not be treated by closed manipulation.     

弹性髓内钉在儿童肱骨干骨折治疗中的应用

目的探讨弹性髓内钉治疗儿童肱骨干骨折的临床效果。方法对37例肱骨干骨折(经手法复位不满意或手法复位石膏固定后再移位)患儿采取闭合复位、小切口弹性髓内钉内固定治疗。除2例因手法复位失败采用有限切开复位外,其余均采用闭合复位。分别于术后3、6、12个月对患儿肩、肘关节功能进行评分。结果 37例均获随访,时间6～24个月,2例因钉尾过长或折弯致肱骨进针点疼痛和钉尾刺激反应,拔钉后症状消失。骨折全部骨性愈合,愈合时间3～6个月。均无感染、短缩、旋转畸形以及骨骺、神经损伤等并发症发生。采用Constant和Murley肩关节评分系统、Mayo肘关节功能评分系统评价疗效,术后12个月疗效:优20例,良15例,可2例,优良率为94.59%。结论弹性髓内钉内固定治疗儿童肱骨干骨折创伤小,可早期活动,愈合快,并发症少。     

Posteromedial dislocation of the elbow with lateral condyle fracture in children

Posteromedial dislocation of the elbow in children is an extremely rare injury. The current study describes four boys with posteromedial dislocation of the elbow associated with a displaced fracture of the lateral humeral condyle. The patients ranged in age from 6 to 12 years (average age, 9 years 6 months). Closed reduction of the elbow dislocation and open reduction of the lateral humeral condyle fracture with fixation by Kirschner wires by a lateral approach was done in each patient. This was followed by 4 weeks immobilization wearing a long-arm cast. There were three excellent results and one good result. Healing and return of normal function occurred in all but one patient who had minor loss of full extension. Average duration of followup was 7 years 6 months (range, 3-13 years). Dislocation of the elbow associated with a displaced fracture of the lateral humeral condyle can be treated by closed reduction of the elbow dislocation and open anatomic reduction and fixation of the lateral condyle fracture with good results.     

手法闭合复位结合外固定架治疗儿童肱骨干骨折的临床观察

目的 :探讨闭合复位微创治疗儿童肱骨干骨折的临床疗效。方法 :2011年7月至2015年4月采用手法闭合复位结合外固定架固定治疗39例儿童肱骨干骨折,男27例,女12例;年龄3~14岁,平均8.6岁;受伤至治疗时间2 h~7 d,平均2.7 d;其中上段骨折6例,中段骨折21例,下段骨折12例。所有患儿为闭合性损伤,损伤后出现疼痛、肿胀、局部畸形及活动受限等症状,X线检查提示肱骨干骨折。采用肩关节功能Neer评分及肘关节功能HSS评分记录并对比分析治疗前后肩肘关节疼痛、功能、活动度。结果:39例患者均获随访,时间6~12个月,平均8.6个月。术后2例出现针道浅表感染,经换药愈合;其他病例针孔愈合良好。治疗前后肩关节Neer各项评分和总分比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),治疗前后肘关节HHS疼痛、功能及总分比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。末次随访患者肩关节功能Neer评分为88.82±2.50,其中优29例,良9例,可1例;肘关节功能HSS评分为91.51±5.09,其中优秀30例,良好7例,一般2例。结论:手法闭合复位结合外固定架治疗儿童肱骨干骨折,具有创伤小、复位效果确切、固定可靠、利于肩肘关节早期功能锻炼等优点,此疗法可作为临床上治疗儿童肱骨干骨折的方法之一。     

Ender nailing of acute fractures of the humerus. A study of closed fixation by intramedullary nails without reaming

A prospective study of closed intramedullary fixation of fractures of the shaft of the humerus, using Ender nails, was performed over a six-year period. Eighty-nine fractures in eighty-eight patients were treated with no immobilization postoperatively. Three patients were lost to follow-up. Eighty-five of the remaining eighty-six fractures healed, the average time to clinical union being 7.2 weeks. Non-union of one fracture occurred and there were no infections or malunions. Six of the nine preoperative and two postoperative radial-nerve palsies were lesions in continuity and healed spontaneously. The remaining three radial nerves that had been severed by a missile needed further attention. One of the nails backed out in eight patients, requiring revision in five. The average lack of complete extension of the elbow was 4 degrees and flexion of the elbow was 132 degrees. Abduction of the shoulder averaged 91 degrees; external rotation, 54 degrees; and internal rotation, 68 degrees. We conclude that closed intramedullary Ender nailing can be performed safely and effectively in selected fractures of the humeral shaft. However, only fractures that are recalcitrant to closed reduction and immobilization or fractures in the non-compliant patient should be considered for this form of operative treatment.     

External fixation with or without supplementary intramedullary Kirschner wires in the treatment of distal radial fractures.

OBJECTIVES: To determine radiographic outcomes in the fracture of distal radius treated by close reduction and external fixation, with or without supplementary intramedullary Kirschner wires.. METHODS: At the Orthopedic Department of National Taiwan University Hospital, we carried out a retrospective study of distal radial fractures treated with close reduction and external fixation. A consecutive series of 20 fractures were treated (from March 1995 to June 1998) with external fixation only; later (from January 1999 to December 2001), 36 distal radius fractures were treated with external fixation supplemented with intramedullary wires. The fractures were evaluated via good-quality posteroanterior and lateral radiographs. In both groups, the radial height, radial inclination and volar tilting were measured on initial (preoperative) and immediate postoperative radiographs and on others taken immediately after the removal of external fixation. Overall results were based on objective radiographic and functional data as well as on subjective assessments with demerit-point scoring. Data were analyzed with a 2-tailed t test. RESULTS: Radial height and radial inclination improved significantly immediately after surgery, but volar tilting of distal-radius deformity was little improved by treatment with external fixation alone. When external fixation was supplemented with intramedullary Kirschner wires, improvement in all 3 measurements was statistically significant. Clinical examination likewise found significantly better functional results in patients treated with the Kirschner wires. CONCLUSION: External fixation is a popular method too reduce osseous deformity of the distal radius, but can not assure maintenance of the reduction. Supplementing external fixation with intramedullary Kirschner wires can improve retention of fracture reduction during healing, resulting in better functional results.