胸廓出口综合征的诊疗体会

目的探讨胸廓出口综合征(TOS)的诊断和手术治疗。方法我院自1997-2003年诊断和手术治疗胸廓出口综合征23例24侧，诊断为臂丛上千型TOS2例，下千型17例18侧，全臂丛型1例，血管型2例，混合型1例。手术切除颈肋及过长的横突，同时作臂丛神经外膜松解术。术中发现23例有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经，均切断前斜角肌，松解臂丛神经及受压的锁骨下血管，如果发现中、小斜角肌压迫臂丛神经血管，则予切断。术后当天行颈肩部活动。结果按Ross的疗效评定标准评定疗效，本组优10例11例，良9例，可2例，差2例，优良率83.33％。结论胸廓出口综合征应早期手术探查，彻底松解臂丛神经血管。     

胸廓出口综合征手术治疗中对前中小斜角肌的处理

目的随访35例胸廓出口综合征手术治疗的疗效。方法手术治疗35例37侧胸廓出口综合征患者,其中上干型5例,下干型28例30侧,全臂丛型2例。X线片示颈肋1例,第七颈椎横突过长3例。手术切除增长的骨组织和颈肋,术中发现35例均有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经,均作前、中、小前斜角肌切断术。术后随访1年～3年6个月。结果术后症状明显改善26例27侧,部分改善5例6侧,无效4例。结论斜角肌是引起臂丛神经血管受压征的主要因素,手术探查时应常规切断前、中斜角肌及小斜角肌。     

臂丛神经血管受压症的手术治疗

我们于1992～2001年共手术治疗臂丛神经血管受压症64例,并对其中50例进行2～5年随访,现报道如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料本组64例,女性49例,男性15例;年龄16～47岁,平均26岁。其中骨性畸形21例,包括颈肋13例,第七颈椎横突过长6例,锁骨畸形1例,第一肋骨畸形1例;软组织异常43例,包括斜角肌先天性束带10例,斜角肌挛缩28例,锁骨下肌或颈部异常肌肉6例。临床分型:臂丛神经下干受压型45例,全臂丛受压型14例,臂丛神经上干受压型5例。1.2手术方法斜角肌切断术:适用于无骨性压迫、Adson's试验阳性、术中发现有典型斜角肌束带或挛缩者;颈肋切除术或…     

小切口治疗臂丛神经血管受压征

目的研究小于5cm的臂丛神经血管受压征的手术切口。方法对11例患者用该切口,成功地切断了前、中小斜角肌的腱性部分,手术时间为1h左右。该切口为最终用内窥镜治疗臂丛神经血管受压征打下了基础。结果10例的近期疗效良好,感觉有明显改善,肌力增加;1例颈部疼痛不适同术前。结论采用5cm及小于5cm的臂丛神经血管受压征切口,可切断前、中小斜角肌,达到手术治疗臂丛神经血管受压征的目的。     

小斜角肌的应用解剖

目的：探讨小斜角肌与臂丛神经的解剖关系，为临床治疗臂丛神经血管受压征提供解剖学依据。方法：观察２４具成人固定尸体中小斜角肌的形态及其与臂丛、血管的关系。２具成人新鲜尸体作Ｍａｓｓｏｎ染色，了解小斜角肌腱性组织成分。结果：４８侧尸体中，４２侧有小斜角肌，出现率为８７．５％，其止点的主要成分为腱性结构，臂丛神经下干从其止点上方跨过。结论：小斜角肌存在广泛，是引起臂丛神经血管受压征的因素之一。在臂丛神经血管受压征的手术中，应在切断前、中斜角肌时，同时切断小斜角肌     

臂丛神经血管受压征的临床分析

目的对臂丛神经血管受压征的不同临床表现与病因进行分析。方法对３６例臂丛神经血管受压征,术前均作颈椎正位片、肌电图及特殊试验检查。根据其症状及体征分为上干型、下干型、全臂丛型和不典型型四组。手术中证实了各型的病理基础并作了相应处理。结果２８例典型下干、全臂丛型是由斜角肌挛缩、第七颈椎横突过长、胸小肌间隙和锁骨下间隙变小等综合因素引起。８例上干、不典型型是由前、中斜角肌起点纤维嵌压引起。３６例术后随访２年半,按张高孟的评定标准：优级２１例;良级７例;可级５例;差级３例;总优良率为７７．９％。结论根据不同类型臂丛神经血管受压征的病因可为手术方案的设计提供依据。     

小斜角肌神经面的应用解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：探讨小斜角肌神经面的形态特点及其临床意义，方法：对64侧成人尸体的小斜角肌特别是小斜角肌神经面的形态进行了大体观察，结果：小斜角肌的出现率为84．4％。其神经面（小斜角肌和臂丛下干接触的界面）可以分为6种类型：Ⅰ型全部为腱性者最多占37％，Ⅱ型其中央为腱性，两端为肌性；Ⅲ型的下1／2为腱性，上1／2为肌性；Ⅳ型的内侧1／2为腱性，外侧1／2为肌性；V型的外侧为腱性，内侧为肌性；VI型全部为肌性，结论：腱性或部分腱性的小斜角肌神经面是臂丛神经受压的因素之一，神经面不同形态的腱性结构，在手术视野内常易被误认为是异常的束带。     

39例臂丛神经血管受压征分析

本文分析１９８６年７月～１９９０年８月手术治疗的３９例臂丛神经血管受压征，女３２例，男７例，平均年龄３１．５４岁（１２～５６岁），２０～４０岁有３０例。平均随访时间２８．６４个月。体检示前臂内侧感觉改变的有３３例，是确诊的重要依据。手内在肌萎缩和环、小指感觉改变占８０％，说明Ｃ＿８Ｔ＿１是常见受压神经。颈椎Ｘ线片示颈肋或Ｃ＿７横突过长者２８例。术中见神经血管受到前、后方异常结构的钳夹是卡压的主要原因。尽管四种血管试验阳性率都在５０％以下，但阳性Ａｄｓｏｎ试验与术中见锁骨下动脉抬高的关系在统计学上有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。８例出现桡侧三指麻痛，是Ｃ＿７受压的表现，提示中、下于受压型。本组以斜角肌、束带切断和颈肋或横突切除为主要术式，优良率７９．４９％。     

切断前中小斜角肌治疗胸廓出口综合征的远期疗效

目的 远期随访切断前中斜角肌治疗胸廓出口综合征（thoracic outlet syndrome，TOS）的疗效。方法对31例32侧胸廓出口综合征患者术后的疗效作远期随访。其中上干型4例，下干型26例27侧，全臂丛型1例。X线片示颈肋1例。第七颈椎横突过长2例。均行手术治疗。术中发现31例均有纤维束带压迫臂丛神经，作前、中、小前斜角肌切断术；3例骨异常者同时切除增长的骨组织和颈肋。术后随访4年8个月-8年3个月．平均为5年4个月。以症状、体征有无复发以及是否恢复原工作为随访主要观察项目。疗效按胸廓出口综合征评定标准评定。结果 术后症状明显改善15例16侧，部分改善6例，无效10例。优良率为68．7％。结论 该组病例远期疗效的优良率为68．7％，因此，胸廓出口综合征的治疗方法仍是个有待于进一步研究的临床课题。     

手术治疗臂丛神经血管受压征106例

目的观察不同类型臂丛神经血管受压征手术后的疗效，探讨手术指征和手术时机的选择。方法对106例诊断为各型臂丛神经血管受压征的患者，均施行臂丛神经松解手术治疗，术后跟踪随访2年以上，以观察临床疗效。结果99例患者术后随访2年，优75例，良11例，可8例，差5例，优良率86.8％。结论对于临床确诊为臂丛神经血管受压征的患者应早期手术治疗，疗效可靠。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.