急性冠脉综合征的心电图与冠状动脉病变相关性分析

目的 探讨急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）者的心电图（ECG）改变与冠脉病变部位的关系。方法 对137例临床初诊为ACS的心电图与冠状动脉造影（CAG）结果进行回顾性分析。结果 137例ACS者中,冠脉存在有意义狭窄者125例,未明显狭窄病变12例,多支血管病变多于单支病变,以中、重度血管病变为主;前壁急性心肌梗IL（AMI）以前降支（LAD）病变或合并多支血管病变为主,下壁AMI以右冠状动脉（RCA）合并多支血管病变为主,下壁AMI伴胸前导联ST段压低时提示合并LAD病变。结论 ECG对冠脉多支病变诊断符合率低,但与相应冠脉有关联,能为ACS治疗干预和进一步CAG提供依据。     

右冠状动脉狭窄程度对左冠状动脉狭窄患者左室射血分数的影响

目的研究右冠状动脉不同程度狭窄对左冠状动脉狭窄患者左室射血分数（LVEF）的影响。方法根据左冠状动脉病变部位不同,将1 000例左冠状动脉狭窄患者分为左前降支（LAD）狭窄,左回旋支（LCX）狭窄,左主干（LM）狭窄,左前降支+左回旋支（LAD+LCX）狭窄4个系列。每个系列再根据右冠状动脉（RCA）病变程度不同分为RCA正常组（直径狭窄<50%）、RCA非闭塞组（99%>直径狭窄≥50%）和RCA闭塞组（直径狭窄≥99%）,比较分析3组间LVEF的差异。结果在LAD,LCX,LM,LAD+LCX狭窄时,与RCA正常组LVEF相比,RCA非闭塞组LVEF分别下降0.9%,0.3%,3.4%和2.8%;RCA闭塞组LVEF分别下降10.9%,3.7%,6.5%和5.2%。LAD狭窄时,RCA非闭塞组和RCA闭塞组之间LVEF有统计学差异（P<0.01）。结论右冠状动脉病变可在左冠状动脉狭窄的基础上使左室射血分数进一步下降;当左冠状动脉狭窄为闭塞性病变时,影响更为明显。     

心电图检查在急性心肌梗死靶血管定位中的应用

目的 观察心电图（ECG）检查在急性心肌梗死（AMI）靶血管定位中的应用.方法 将经明确诊断为AMI的274例患者按ECG的ST段抬高与否分为急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI） 186例与急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死（NSTEMI）88例,计数两组病例中ECG与冠脉造影（GAG）阳性病例数,比较ECG定位与CAG检查结果,比较两组CAG结果,并进行统计学分析.结果 274例患者中,CAG阳性者267例,其中ECG有改变者245例,CAG阴性者7例,其中ECG有改变者5例.ECG诊断AMI的检出阳性率为89.4％,敏感性为90.3％,特异性为42.9％.ECG定位梗死部位为广泛前壁39例,经CAG检查病变部位为左前降支（LAD）6例、右冠脉（RCA） ＋LAD5例、LAD＋左回旋支（LCX）13例、RCA ＋LCX2例、多支病变13例;EGG定位梗死部位为正前壁46例,经CAG检查病变部位为LAD 12例、RCA＋ LAD 1例、LAD＋ LCX 13例、多支病变20例;ECG定位梗死部位为前侧壁34例,经CAG检查病变部位为RCA2例、LAD14例、LCX3例、RCA ＋LAD 2例、LAD ＋LCX 5例、多支病变8例;ECG定位梗死部位为前间壁13例,经CAG检查正常2例、病变部位为LAD2例、LCX2例、RCA＋ LAD 2例、LAD ＋LCX 1例、多支病变4例;ECG定位梗死部位为下壁51例,经GAG检查正常2例、病变部位为RCA 16例、LCX6例、RCA ＋LAD 7例、RCA ＋LCX4例、多支病变16例;ECG定位梗死部位为下侧壁45例,经GAG检查病变部位为RCA6例、LCX9例、RCA ＋LAD 6例、RCA ＋LCX 6例、多支病变18例.与NSTEMI组比较,STEMI组单支病变比例高（P＜0.05）,侧支循环及慢性钙化闭塞性病变比例低（P＜0.01）.结论 ECG对于AMI靶血管的判断具有较好的提示作用,可用于初步判断AMI病变的靶血管.     

16层螺旋CT冠脉成像在冠心病诊断中的价值

对42例疑似诊断冠心病患者（162支血管）同时行进行16层螺旋CT冠脉成像（MSCT）与冠脉造影（CAG）检查,结果分别发现狭窄冠状动脉52支和58支;以CAG检查为“金标准”,MSCT诊断冠状动脉狭窄的敏感性为82．7％,特异性为100％,阳性推测值92．3％,阴性推测值94．5％。认为在控制心率的情况下,MSCT检查可作为诊断冠心病的一种无创筛选检查方法。     

运动平板心电图阳性与冠脉造影价值的比较研究

目的分析无创性的运动平板心电图对冠心病的诊断价值。方法选择41例拟诊冠心病患者行运动平板心电图检查阳性,再行冠状动脉各分支造影后做对比分析及评价。结果运动平板实验对各病变血管的阳性预测性率,左前降支（LAD）为71.4%,左旋支（LCX）为54.3%,右冠状动脉（RCA）为60.0%,左主干（LM）为100%。运动平板对各病变血管的诊断准确性比较,左前降支（LAD）为72.6%,左旋支（LCX）为60.7%,右冠状动脉（RCA）为68.1%,左主干（LM）为2.8%。结论运动平板实验作为无创性检查冠心病方法,在不同部位血管支病变其诊断意义不同,应结合其他实验综合分析。     

心电图正常的冠状动脉造影阳性病例分析

目的探讨心电图正常的冠心病病人冠状动脉造影特点.方法有典型的心前区疼痛病史而心电图正常的病人进行诊断性冠状动脉造影,收集冠状动脉造影阳性（冠状动脉狭窄直径≥50%）的完整冠心病病例共88例,其中合并有高血压病40例,糖尿病36例,进行分析.结果88例病人冠状动脉造影共累及病变数487处.其中左主干（LM）13例13处,左前降支（LAD）74例150处,左回旋支（LCX）59例106处,右冠状动脉（RCA）63例112处,对角支49例56处,间隔支1例1处,钝缘支15例15处,锐缘支4例4处,左室后支6例7处,后降支18例22处,中间支1例1处,左前降支心肌桥2例2处（其中1例心肌桥收缩期100%闭塞）;88例病人中100%闭塞病变18例（占20.5%）,存在侧支循环22例（占25%）;单支病变14例（占15.9%）,以左前降支为多,占78.6%（11/14）,双支病变28例（占31.8%）,左前降支＋右冠状动脉相对多,占46.4%（13/28）,三支病变33例（其中1例为LCX合并RCA及中间支）,占37.5%（33/88）,且多合并有高血压病及糖尿病.左主干病变13例,占14.8%（13/88）,其中左主干合并单支病变3例（占3.4%）,左主干合并双支病变4例（占4.5%）,左主干合并三支病变6例（占6.8%）.结论冠心病患者心电图正常的原因：病灶小、局限;病变狭窄程度轻;狭窄病变供血的心肌存在良好的侧支循环;冠状动脉存在广泛病变;心电图伪改善.因此,心电图与冠状动脉造影的不一致性提醒临床医师不应根据体表心电图无缺血改变而除外冠心病诊断.     

MSCT冠状动脉成像在冠状动脉旁路移植术后的应用

目的探讨64排MSCT冠状动脉成像在冠状动脉旁路移植术后的应用价值。方法分析行冠状动脉旁路移植术后于我院2012年3月至2014年2月期间行64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像的患者35例。用评分的方法来客观评估冠状动脉桥血管吻合口及桥血管本身管腔狭窄的情况。对于中、重度狭窄的患者进一步行DSA检查,并与MSCT评估结果进行比较。结果35例患者共移植87支桥血管,其中评为2分的桥血管55支、评为1分的桥血管21支、评为0分的桥血管11支,桥血管通畅率为63．2％。评为1分的21支桥血管,经DSA检查18支桥血管评为1分、3支桥血管评为2分,正确率为85．7％;11支评为0分的桥血管经DSA检查均评为0分,正确率为100％。结论MSCT能够很好地显示冠状动脉旁路移植术后桥血管及其吻合口的狭窄及其程度,具有重要的实用价值。     

冠状动脉CTA、超敏C反应蛋白在急性冠脉综合征患者诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)冠状动脉成像(冠脉CTA)联合超敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)在急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者诊断中的应用价值。方法对80例临床诊断急性心肌梗死患者分别进行冠脉CTA、冠状动脉血管造影(CAG)检查,以CAG检查结果与冠脉CTA检查结果相比较,并采用免疫比浊法检查不同狭窄程度患者的血清hsCRP水平。结果采用CAG、冠脉CTA均检出320支血管,其中冠脉CTA检出无狭窄68支、轻度狭窄152支、中度狭窄68支、重度狭窄32支,CAG检出无狭窄74支、轻度狭窄160支、中度狭窄59支、重度狭窄27支,冠脉CTA与CAG检出结果分别比较差异均不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。冠脉CTA检出狭窄血管252支、其检出左主干、左前降支、回旋支、右冠状动脉的狭窄率与CAG检出结果分别比较差异均不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。冠脉CTA检出软斑块215个(85.32%)与CAG检出的206个(81.75%)比较差异均不具有统计学意义(P0.05)。三支及以上冠脉血管病变组的hsCRP水平显著的高于单支病变、双支病变组(P0.05),双支病变组hsCRP水平显著的高于单支病变(P0.05)。结论冠脉CTA诊断ACS患者的诊断结果与CAG的结果高度一致,但具有无创的优点,同时联合hsCRP进行判断具有更高的临床应用价值。     

药物洗脱球囊在冠状动脉特殊病变介入治疗中的应用分析

目的分析药物洗脱球囊（DEB）在再狭窄病变、支架内闭塞病变、分叉病变及小血管病变中的应用情况。方法根据冠状动脉造影结果选择不同型号的DEB,严格按照DEB使用要求进行操作。结果 DEB在支架内再狭窄病变中应用26例（27处病变）,使用28个DEB,其中左主干（LM）1个、左前降支（LAD）12个、右冠状动脉（RCA）12个、回旋支（LCX）1个、钝缘支（OM）2个,出现1例冠状动脉夹层,给予裸金属支架置入;DEB在分叉病变中应用27例（28处病变）,使用28个DEB,其中LM至LCX开口6个、LM至LAD开口1个、LAD与第一对角支（D1）开口17个、LCX至OM 2个、RCA至左心室后支（PL）2个;DEB在小血管病变中应用13例（13处病变）,使用13个DEB,其中LCX 6个、LAD 3个、D1 2个、OM 1个、PL 1个;DEB在支架内闭塞病变中应用10例（10处病变）,使用12个DEB,其中LAD 8个、LCX 2个、OM 1个、中间支1个。术中及术后未见并发症发生,随访至今未发生主要不良心血管事件（MACE）。结论 DEB在再狭窄病变、支架内闭塞病变、分叉病变及小血管病变介入治疗过程中是安全的。     

不同手术策略对冠状动脉搭桥术后桥血管病变的影响

目的：分析冠状动脉搭桥术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）后桥血管病变特点并探讨不同手术策略对桥血管病变的影响。方法：收集我院CABG术后因再发心肌缺血于2014年10月至2016年10月再次入院行冠状动脉造影（coronary angiography,CAG）共126例患者的临床资料,其中桥血管病变（桥血管造影显示狭窄≥75%或出现“线样征”）80例,自体冠状动脉病变加重（未搭桥冠状动脉狭窄从＜75%加重到≥75%）46例,对80例桥血管病变患者的259支桥血管及其吻合口进行评估,单支桥140支,序贯桥119支,平均3.2支/人,其中左乳内动脉桥72支,左桡动脉桥8支,右桡动脉桥3支,大隐静脉桥176支。结果：（1）桥血管病变患者80例,构成比63.5%,自体冠状动脉病变加重患者46例,构成比36.5%;（2）靶血管直径≥1.5mm与直径＜1.5mm的桥血管病变率分别为22.9%,42.9%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;（3）单支桥、序贯桥病变率分别为25.0%,28.6%,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：桥血管病变是CABG术后患者再发心肌缺血的主要原因,术中尽可能选择直径1.5mm以上的靶血管吻合,采用序贯吻合技术不增加桥血管病变率。     

The diameter of coronary artery is enlarged in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

Background Dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) is a primary cardiomyopathy characterized by the enlargement of left ventricle or biventricular and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, without any obvious stenosis of coronary arteries. However, it remains unclear that whether the diameter of coronary artery is different from those of normal population, because few studies directly assessed the diameter of the coronary artery in patients with DCM. The study aimed to evaluate the diameter of coronary arteries in DCM patients and its influence on prognosis for DCM patients. Methods Fifty-seven DCM patients and fifty-nine patients presenting with atypical chest pain and normal coronary angiography were enrolled in the study. A coronary angiography image analysis system was used to measure the diameters at 5 mm from the opening of the left main coronary artery(LM), left anterior descending(LAD) and left circumflex coronary(LCX) arteries, and the right coronary artery(RCA) of both groups. Follow-up study through telephone over a period of 2 years was performed. Spearman rank correlation and logistic regression were used to evaluate the correlations of the diameter of coronary arteries with the risk of nonfatal heart failure event. Results Diameters of the LM, LAD, LCX, and RCA in DCM group were significantly larger than those of the control group(P 0.001). During a follow-up of 2 years, the nonfatal heart failure event occurred in 9 patients of DCM group, but not in control group. Spearman rank correlation analysis showed diameters of the LM, LAD, and LCX were correlated with the risk of nonfatal heart failure event, respectively(P 0.05). While the diameter of RCA showed no correlation with the risk of nonfatal heart failure event(P =0.583). Whereas logistic regression analysis showed there were no correlation between diameters of the LM,LAD, LCX, and RCA and the risk of nonfatal heart failure event(P 0.05). Conclusions The coronary arteries of DCM patients show a larger diameter without any obvious stenosis, which may not correlate with the risk of heart failure event.     

Noninvasive coronary flow velocity reserve measurement in the posterior descending coronary artery for detecting coronary stenosis in the right coronary artery using contrast-enhanced transthoracic Doppler echocardiography

BACKGROUND: Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) measurement by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) has been found to be useful for assessing left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) stenosis. However, this method has been restricted only for the LAD. The purpose of this study was to detect severe right coronary artery (RCA) stenosis by CFVR measurement using contrast-enhanced TTDE. METHODS: In 60 consecutive patients with angina pectoris (mean (SD) age: 60 (11), 18 women), coronary flow velocities in the RCA were recorded in the postero-descending coronary artery by contrast-enhanced TTDE at rest and during hyperemia induced by intravenous infusion of adenosine triphosphate (140 mcg/ml/kg). CFVR was calculated as the ratio of hyperemic to basal peak and mean diastolic flow velocity. CFVR measurements by TTDE were compared with the results of coronary angiography performed within 1 week. RESULTS: Coronary flow velocity was successfully recorded in 49 (82%) of the 60 patients with contrast agent. CFVR (mean (SD)) was 1.4 (0.4) in patients with, and 2.6 (0.6) in patients without significant stenosis in the RCA (%diameter stenosis > 75%, P < 0.001). Using the cutoff value 2.0 for CFVR in the RCA, its sensitivity and specificity in detecting significant stenosis in the RCA were 88% and 91%, respectively. CONCLUSION: CFVR measurement in the postero-descending coronary artery by contrast enhanced TTDE is a new, noninvasive method to detect significant stenosis in the RCA.     

Differential coronary artery calcification detected by electron beam computed tomography as an indicator of coronary stenosis among patients with stable angina pectoris.

BACKGROUND: The detection of coronary artery calcification by electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) has been suggested as an indicator of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). There is no consensus on the correlation between coronary calcification and angiographically significant stenosis on an artery-by-artery basis. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between coronary calcification score (CCS) and the presence of significant CAD on an artery-by-artery basis in patients with stable angina pectoris. METHODS AND RESULTS: EBCT and coronary angiogram (CAG) were evaluated in 71 patients with stable angina and in nine control subjects. The CCSs of each of the four major coronary arteries were highest in patients with significant CAD (n=43), followed by patients with insignificant CAD (n=5), patients with syndrome X (n=23) and control subjects, respectively. Calcification scores of the four major coronary arteries appeared to have different predictive power for significant stenosis on the same vessel. For left main (LM) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries, CCSs of vessels with significant stenoses were not different from those without significant stenoses (values expressed as medians: LM 0 versus 1; LAD 98.5 versus 70; not significant). Calcification scores of left circumflex (LCX) and right coronary arteries (RCA) were significantly higher in vessels with significant stenosis (LCX 49.5 versus 0; RCA 53 versus 1; P<0.05). CCSs appeared to be moderately useful to predict significant stenoses in these two vessels (areas under receiver operating characteristic curves: LCX 0.68+/-0.08, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.81; RCA 0.71+/-0.08, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: The CCSs of RCA and LCX arteries, but not those of LM and LAD arteries, may predict significant angiographic stenosis on an artery-by-artery basis among patients with stable angina pectoris.     

Semi-quantitative planar scintigraphy using thallium 201 for detection and localization of coronary artery disease: correlation with coronary angiography.

Thallium 201 exercise redistribution planar myocardial perfusion scan using semiquantitative technique was performed in 80 symptomatic patients undergoing coronary angiography. Out of the 240 vessels studied by angiography, more than 70% luminal narrowing was detected in 87 vessels, borderline stenosis was found in 49 arteries and the remaining 104 vessels were normal. Thallium scan correctly identified the significant stenosis in 76 vessels and the absence of stenosis in 102 vessels. In addition, perfusion abnormality was found in relation with 21 vessels of borderline stenosis. The sensitivity and specificity of Thallium scan were estimated as 92% and 95% for left anterior descending artery (LAD), 79% and 98% for left circumflex artery (LCX), 88% and 100% for right coronary artery (RCA) and 87% and 98% for all coronary arteries combined together (ACA).     

Noninvasive coronary artery imaging by multislice spiral computed tomography.

Although the excellent spatial resolution of multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) enables the coronary arteries to be visualized, its limited temporal resolution results in poor image reproducibility because of cardiac motion artifact (CMA) and hence limits its widespread clinical use. A novel retrospectively ECG-gated reconstruction method has been developed to minimize CMA. In 88 consecutive patients, the scan data were reconstructed using 2 retrospectively ECG-gated reconstruction methods. Method 1: the end of the reconstruction window (250 ms) was positioned at the peak of the P wave on ECG, which corresponded to the end of the slow filling phase during diastole immediately before atrial contraction. Method 2 (conventional method): relative retrospective gating with 50% referred to the R-R interval was performed so that the beginning of the reconstruction window (250 ms) was positioned at the halfway point between the R-R intervals of the heart cycle. The quality of the coronary artery images was evaluated according to the presence or absence of CMA. The assessment was applied to the left main coronary artery (LMCA), the left anterior descending artery (LAD, segments #6, #7 and #8), the left circumflex artery (LCx, segments #11 and #13) and the right coronary artery (RCA, segments #1, #2 and #3). The first diagonal artery (#9-1), the obtuse marginal artery (#12-1), the posterior descending artery (#4-PD), the atrioventricular node branch (#4-AV) and the first right ventricular branch (RV) were also evaluated. Of the 88 patients, 85 were eligible for image evaluation. Method 1 allowed visualization of the major coronary arteries without CMA in the majority of patients. The LCA system (segments #5-7, #11 and #13) and the proximal portion of the RCA were visualized in more than 94% of patients. Artifact-free visualization of the distal portion of the LAD (segment #8) and RCA (#4PD and #4AV), and side branches (#9-1, #12-1 and RV) was also achieved in more than 80% of patients. On the other hand, CMA occurred frequently on images obtained by Method 2. The LCx and RCA systems were the most affected by CMA, revealing only 41% artifact-free visualization of the segment #13, 39% of #1, 15% of #2 and 32% of #3. Thus, Method 1, which avoids the ventricular motion occurring during the rapid filling and atrial contraction phases, gives superior image quality over the conventional ECG-gated reconstruction method.     

Anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left anterior descending artery

An anomalous right coronary artery (RCA) arising from the left anterior descending artery (LAD) is very rare, and has previously been considered a variant of single coronary artery. This is the first report of an anomalous RCA arising from the LAD with a coexisting proximal RCA. The anomaly was discovered incidentally during cardiac catheterization for severe mitral regurgitation. The incidence, anatomy and clinical associations of anomalous coronary arteries are reviewed here.     

Distribution of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease

The distribution of coronary atherosclerosis has not been fully clarified. We measured coronary artery calcium score (CACS) in 624 consecutive patients for the right coronary artery (RCA), left main trunk (LMT), left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and left circumflex coronary artery (LCx), then calculated total CACS. Coronary artery calcium score was measured using the Agatston method. We divided these patients into four groups: CACS 1–100 (Group A, n = 267), CACS 101–400 (Group B, n = 160), CACS 401–1000 (Group C, n = 110), and CACS >1000 (Group D, n = 87). In Group A, B, and C, the CACS in LAD was significantly higher than in the other three arteries (P < 0.0001). In Group D, the CACS was not significantly different between LAD and RCA (P = 0.6930). In Groups A, B, and C, coronary artery calcium (CAC) was more frequently found in LAD compared with other arteries (P < 0.0001). However, in Group D the prevalence of CAC was not significantly different among the three arteries (P = 0.4435). Coronary artery calcium was found more frequently in LAD than in the other coronary arteries in patients with mild to high CAC, but not in those with very high CAC.