Bladder cancer and the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Spain

The relationship between bladder cancer and alcohol consumption was investigated in a case-control study conducted in 546 patients (453 males and 53 females) with diagnoses of papillary urothelial carcinoma during 1978–1982 at La Paz hospital (Madrid), and an equal number of controls matched for age, sex and date of admission to the hospital. The results showed that the risk of bladder cancer does not increase with the intake of beer, wine and spirit beverages. However, a high risk of bladder cancer was associated with consumption of wine mixed with gaseosa (a refreshment beverage consisiting of carbonated water plus artificial sweeteners).     

不同水源水与处理工艺对生活饮用水水质的影响

目的了解不同水源水与水质工艺处理方式对饮用水水质的影响。方法按不同源水来源与处理工艺在辖区内设置生活饮用水采样点37个,每月采样检测,共采集水样408件。结果黄浦江源水生活饮用水水质检测总合格率为74.85%,青草沙水库源水的水质检测总合格率为97.47%,二者差异有统计学意义（χ^2=48.07;P〈0.05）。黄浦江源水经深度处理后,生活饮用水水质检测总合格率为83.08%,常规处理水质总合格率仅为48.78%,二者差异有统计学意义（χ^2=19.48;P〈0.05）;青草沙水库源水经2种不同工艺处理后,水质没有明显差异。结论水质以青草沙水库为源水的优于黄浦江源水。源水与处理工艺决定水质的优劣,应逐步选用优质源水和深度处理工艺,去除水中有机物的污染,有效提高水质质量。     

The effect of ethanol and alcoholic beverages on gastric emptying of solid meals in humans

AIMS: The systematic study of the effect of pure ethanol, alcoholic beverages, and their non-alcoholic components on gastric emptying of solid meals in humans. METHODS: 16 fasting healthy male subjects received once weekly 300 ml of the following solutions in random order: 4 and 10% (v/v) ethanol, beer, red wine, 5.5 and 11.4% (w/v) glucose, and water. The test solutions were given either together with a low caloric (270 kcal, n = 8) or a high caloric (740 kcal, n = 8) solid meal. Ultrasonography of the antrum was used to determine gastric emptying. RESULTS: Gastric half emptying time (t(1/2) ) of the high caloric solid meal with water was 131.3 +/- 7 min. The ingestion of 4 and 10% (v/v) ethanol (158.8 +/- 9.3 and 165.6 +/- 6.2 min, respectively), beer (163.1 +/- 11 min), and red wine (186.3 +/- 8.4 min) resulted in a significantly longer t(1/2) than water. The lag phases after 4 and 10% (v/v) ethanol, beer, and red wine were not significantly different from that of water (48.1 +/- 6.5 min). Compared with water, the ingestion of 5.5 and 11.4% (w/v) glucose resulted in a significantly longer t(1/2) (153.8 +/- 5 and 168.1 +/- 14.4 min, respectively) by increasing the duration of the lag phase. The high caloric meals resulted in a 2-fold prolongation of t(1/2) when compared with the low caloric meals. The effect of the solutions on the gastric emptying times, however, was similar for both test meals. CONCLUSIONS: (i) Ethanol in low concentrations of 4 and 10% (v/v) prolongs gastric emptying of solid meals; this inhibitory effect is not dose-dependent. (ii) Alcoholic beverages (beer and red wine) also result in a prolongation of gastric emptying. The inhibitory effect of red wine, but not of beer, is more pronounced than that of the corresponding ethanol concentration and amount. (iii) The inhibitory effect of ethanol and alcoholic beverages is mainly induced by a prolongation of the gastric emptying phase (without affecting the lag phase), whereas 5.5 and 11.4% (w/v) glucose prolong the lag phase in a dose-dependent manner. (iv) The inhibitory effect of ethanol, beer, and red wine on gastric emptying does not depend on the caloric content of the meal.     

电位仪在线滴定饮用水中耗氧量方法的研究

[目的]获得一种方便、准确和灵敏测定水中耗氧量的检测方法。[方法]样品经水浴加热后,使用796型电位滴定仪(带717型自动进样器)在线滴定饮用水中耗氧量。[结果]选用MET电位滴定模式,高、中、低不同含量耗氧量精密度测定结果相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.4%-3.4%;不同浓度参考样测定结果经u检验,测定结果与标定值一致(P>0.05),电位滴定法与标准方法间对同一样品的测定结果差异无显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]电位仪在线滴定方法测定饮用水中耗氧量,结果准确可靠,自动化程度高,适用于大批量日常检测工作的开展。     

酸性高锰酸钾滴定法测定生活饮用水中耗氧量的不确定度评估

目的建立酸性高锰酸钾滴定法测定生活饮用水中耗氧量的不确定度分析方法,找出其主要影响因素。方法建立不确定度的数学模型,系统分析计算不确定度的各个分量[1]。结果按GB/T5750.7-2006(1.1)酸性高锰酸钾滴定法测定生活饮用水中的耗氧量,当结果为0.88 mg/L时,其扩展不确定度为0.05μg/L(k=2)。结论把握好样品测量过程中的主要环节,严格控制恒温时间和终点偏倚,以及保证测量重现性良好是降低测量不确定度的关键。     

江西抚州市青少年饮酒现状及其与心理行为问题的关联

目的了解目前中学生饮酒现状及其与心理行为问题的关联。方法整群随机抽取江西省抚州市2所普通中学初一到高三4 947名学生进行问卷调查,采用修订的青少年危险行为问卷(YRBSS)评定饮酒行为,采用青少年自评量表(YSR)评定心理行为问题。结果半数以上(53.9%)中学生曾经饮酒,48.7%在12岁或更小年龄初次尝试饮酒,24.9%的学生在调查前30 d内至少有1 d喝过酒,9.3%的被调查者在调查前的30 d喝醉过。各饮酒行为均是男生高于女生,高中生高于初中生。饮酒的中学生YSR得分高于不饮酒的被调查者。饮酒行为对男、女生的影响以及初、高中生的影响有所不同。结论中学生饮酒行为较为普遍,饮酒的青少年学生各种心理行为问题的发生显著增高。     

深圳市居民饮酒现况及影响因素分析

目的了解深圳市居民饮酒现况及相关影响因素,为健康教育和干预策略提供依据。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样,在深圳市的8个区中抽取2442名居民进行饮酒相关问卷调查。结果本次调查对象现在饮酒率为19.2%（469人）,男性饮酒率（32.3%）高于女性（8.1%）（P〈0.001）;平均酒精摄入量为4.75g/d,60岁以上人群酒精摄入量最高,为7.34 g/d;平均饮酒频次为0.95次/周,45~59岁年龄段的人饮酒频次最高,为1.15次/周。多因素Logistic分析结果显示性别、年龄、婚姻状况均为影响饮酒的因素。结论不同特征人群饮酒率存在差异,对重点人群进行有针对性的干预,将有助于控制居民饮酒率。     

广州二所高校大学生吸烟饮酒行为的研究

目的了解大学生吸烟、饮酒行为现状及特征，有目的地开展高校健康教育。方法随机抽取广州2所高校1245名大学生进行健康相关行为调查。结果①大生尝试吸烟率为53．7％，近期吸烟率15．3％，7．9％的学生〈10岁就尝试过吸烟。②94．5％的学生曾经喝过酒，45．4％的学生有近期饮酒，27．6％的学生〈12岁开始饮酒，有4．1％的学生有近一年因饮酒而受伤。③在吸烟、饮酒这两项行为上均显示男生高于女生的倾向，体育专业大学生吸烟、饮酒发生率均明显高于工科学生，来自城镇的学生高于来自农村的学生。④近期吸烟与近期饮酒两项行为呈正相关。结论高校是控烟、控酒的重要场所，高校健康教育应注重学生健康生活行为的培养。     

2009-2011年江苏省农村饮用水浑浊度特征及其与耗氧量、菌落总数的相关分析

目的分析江苏省农村饮用水浑浊度指标特征,探讨其与耗氧量、菌落总数间的关系。方法利用2009-2011年江苏省农村饮用水水质监测数据,分析饮用水浑浊度的影响因素,并用相关分析及线性回归分析浑浊度与耗氧量、菌落总数之间的关系。结果 2009-2011江苏省农村饮用水浑浊度超标率逐年下降,地表水源明显高于地下水源的(P<0.01),地表水源水中仅消毒和完全处理(即混凝、沉淀、过滤、消毒)两种方式处理后的浑浊度超标率较低;浑浊度、耗氧量、菌落总数三者间两两相关且存在线性回归关系(P<0.01)。结论水源类型、处理方式、枯丰水期均对饮用水浑浊度存在一定的影响,浑浊度指标与耗氧量、菌落总数均有紧密的联系,存在提示作用。     

饮水氟对儿童龋齿的影响

目的探讨饮水氟含量与儿童龋齿患病率之间的相关关系和预防龋齿的适宜饮水氟浓度.方法采用流行病学方法调查江苏省某县新淮村[饮水氟含量范围和均值分别为0.18～0.76和(0.36±0.11)mg/L,8～13岁小学生290名]和瓦庙村[饮水氟含量范围和均值分别为0.57～4.50和(2.46±0.80)mg/L,8～13岁小学生222名]儿童龋齿患病率,并按照饮水氟含量不同将儿童分为不同接触组,即＜0.5,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5和≥4.0mg/L等9个组,探讨饮水氟含量与儿童龋齿患病率之间的剂量-效应关系,并计算饮水氟含量的基准剂量95%可信限下限(BMDL).结果低浓度时(饮水氟含量＜2.72 mg/L)随着饮水氟含量的增加,儿童龋齿患病率逐渐降低;当饮水氟含量＞2.72mg/L时,随着饮水氟含量的增加,儿童龋齿患病率逐渐升高.饮水氟含量和儿童龋齿患病率之间的剂量-效应关系为U型曲线.根据这一剂量-效应关系,分别计算低浓度和高浓度时饮水氟含量的BMDL为3.09和2.59 mg/L.考虑到龋齿致病原因和摄氟途径的复杂性,计算所得的参考剂量(RfD)值为1.55和1.29 mg/L.结论根据WHO的推荐值及国内外的研究结论,结合本次调查结果,可以认为在研究地区预防龋齿最佳的饮水氟浓度为1.0～1.5 mg/L.     

Hypocalcaemia,alcohol drinking and viroimmune responses in ART recipients

Metabolic perturbations associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapies are widespread. Unfortunately, research has predominantly focused in cardiometabolic problems, neglecting other important areas. In fact, the immune-calcium–skeletal interface has been understudied despite its potential relevance in people living with HIV (PLWH). Using a case-control methodology, 200 PLWH receiving medical care were enrolled and stratified according to hazardous vs. non-hazardous alcohol intake (HAU vs. non-HAU) and calcium (Ca) levels by analyzing baseline data. The group was chosen to represent relatively "pure" HAU with minimal drug use and no psychiatric diagnoses. With these narrow parameters in place, we found evidence that HAU significantly increases TNF-α levels compared to Non-HAU (2.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.3 pg/ml, p = 0.05) and decreases blood Ca levels (9 ± 0.6 vs. 9.4 ± 0.5, p = 0.03). Our analyses also suggest that chronic inflammation, as indicated by increased TNF-α levels, is associated with hypocalcemia (hypoCa <8.6). Despite the limited prevalence of hypoCa, these findings are clinically significant given that hypoCA PLWH exhibited decreased CD4 (253 ± 224 vs. 417.7 ± 281, p = 0.02), B cells (147 ± 58 vs. 248 ± 151, p = 0.03) and NK cells (146.8 ± 90 vs. 229 ± 148, p = 0.008) and elevated CD8 (902.5 ± 438 vs. 699 ± 510, p = 0.09) compared to those with normal calcium. Furthermore, calcium effects on viral load were also evident with hypoCA exhibiting the highest loads (140,187 ± 111 vs. 35,622 ± 7770 HIV copies, p = 0.01). Multivariate analyses confirmed the significance of hypoCa in predicting viroimmune parameters. This paper provides the first evidence that hypoCa accounts for some of the variation in viroimmune measures in HAART recipients and suggests that hypoCa may be mediating alcohol's deleterious effects.     

The regional geography of alcohol consumption in England: Comparing drinking frequency and binge drinking

Alcohol consumption frequency and volume are known to be related to health problems among drinkers. Most of the existing literature that analyses regional variation in drinking behaviour uses measures of consumption that relate only to volume, such as ’binge drinking’. This study compares the regional association of alcohol consumption using measures of drinking frequency (daily drinking) and volume (binge drinking) using a nationally representative sample of residents using the Health Survey for England, 2011–2013. Results suggest the presence of two differentiated drinking patterns with relevant policy implications. We find that people in northern regions are more likely to binge drink, whereas people in southern regions are more likely to drink on most days. Regression analysis shows that regional variation in binge drinking remains strong when taking into account individual and neighbourhood level controls. The findings provide support for regional targeting of interventions that aim to reduce the frequency as well as volume of drinking.     

饮酒与职业噪声暴露对听力损失的联合作用

目的 探讨饮酒与听力损失的关系以及饮酒和职业性噪声对听力损失的联合作用.方法 利用回顾性队列研究,选择广州市某大型空调生产企业连续性噪声作业人员2.44名男性饮酒者为饮酒组,在相同的噪声暴露环境中选择140名男性不饮酒者为对照组,两组间除饮酒外,其他均均衡可比.按照<作业场所噪声测量规范>(WS/T 69-1996)要求对噪声暴露作业场所进行测点选择和噪声强度测量[dB(A)],并计算累积噪声暴露量(CNE).按GB7583-87要求,对工人进行左、右耳500～6000Hz内6个频率的纯音气导听阈测试,并问卷调查其一般情况、个人生活史、职业史、噪声暴露史、家族性耳聋史以及耳毒性药物使用史等.利用t检验、有序多分类logistic回归分析、卡方检验分析噪声和饮酒对听力的影响以及两者的联合作用.结果 同一噪声暴露环境下,在4 000 Hz频段,饮酒组左、右耳听阈位移分别为(29.9±12.9)dB和(30.0±13.5)dB;6000Hz听闻位移为(26.9±11.8)dB和(27.3±15.3)dB,均高于对照组(P<0.05).饮酒组听力损失的发生率为21.7%,对照组为10.7%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),年饮酒量达32L及以上听力损失发生的相对危险度是不饮酒的2.632倍(P<0.05).累积噪声量达80 dB(A)及以上时,饮酒和职业噪声听力损失的RR值分别为3.353和4.643,饮酒与职业噪声联合作用的RR值(9.662)大于两个变量独立作用之和.结论 大量饮酒可导致听力损失发生率增高,在高强度噪声暴露情况下,饮酒和职业噪声暴露对听力损失存在协同作用.     

乙醇脱氢酶基因多态性与饮酒行为及所致相关疾病的研究进展

酒精在体内的代谢主要是通过由乙醇脱氢酶(alcohol dehydrogenase,ADH)参与的氧化途径在肝脏内完成的。乙醇脱氢酶基因变异可导致因饮酒在不同种族和个体间酒精代谢发生改变,这是因饮酒导致各种相关问题的重要原因之一。近年来,对ADH基因的序列结构、分类及其相关的重要的功能等都有了深入的了解,对ADH的多态性在研究方法、研究群体分布范围等都有了很大的进展。本文主要讨论了ADH不同多态位点的地理分布,与饮酒行为的关系及其导致的各种相关疾病如肝脏、胰腺疾病,心血管疾病,消化道疾病,乳腺癌。     

桶装饮用水饮用周期及饮水机消毒间隔时间的探讨

目的:了解桶装饮用水的饮用周期和饮水机的清洗消毒间隔时间,为消费者提供指导性建议。方法:以开封使用的饮用水和经过消毒的10台饮水机作为实验对象,检测不同时段饮用水和饮水机热水口、冷水口、内胆三个环节微生物变化情况。结果:桶装水在开封后5 d内饮用冷水比较安全,到第7天饮用就存在卫生安全隐患;至第10天时桶装饮用水菌落总数全部超标;对饮水机消毒后5个月内微生物检测结果显示,菌落总数变化最为显著,热水口、冷水口、内胆三个环节中以内胆最易受污染。内胆在0.5个月受到细菌污染,在1个月受到霉菌和酵母菌的污染。结论:为避免发生二次污染,确保饮用者的身体健康,建议桶装饮用水在开封后应尽量在7 d内饮用完,3 d后要尽量喝热水;饮水机每间隔1个月要进行清洗消毒,在夏季最好半个月清洗消毒一次。     

常规处理工艺对饮水中MX及致突变性影响

目的研究3-氯-4-二氯甲基-5-羟基-2(5氢)-呋喃酮(MX)和总有机碳(TOC)浓度以及非挥发性有机提取物致突变性在饮用水常规处理工艺过程中的变化,为城市给水处理工艺优化提供依据。方法采集某自来水厂饮用水常规处理工艺过程中的源水、预加氯后的混凝沉淀水、沉淀水、过滤水、加氯消毒后的出厂水和管网末梢水。采用气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)和TOC分析仪分别检测水样MX浓度和TOC浓度,Ames试验检测水样非挥发性有机提取物的致突变性,同时检测水样的浊度和pH值。结果常规处理工艺过程中不同工艺段水样MX和TOC浓度的变化趋势一致,与源水比较,均表现为预加氯和加氯消毒后二者浓度上升,经过沉淀处理后二者浓度下降;水中MX的生成量与TOC浓度呈显著正相关,而与水的浊度和pH值无相关关系;加氯消毒后的出厂水和管网末梢水致突变活性也有所增加。结论在饮用水常规处理工艺过程中,加氯和沉淀工艺是影响MX和TOC浓度的重要环节;加氯可增加饮用水中MX的生成量和致突变活性,影响饮水安全。     

洪灾区饮用水应急消毒模式效果研究

目的：探讨洪灾后饮用水消毒方法,了解分散投药、专职投药和集中过滤处理后的消毒效果,因地制宜地确定新形势下我国洪灾区可行的饮用水消毒模式,更好地控制灾后传染病流行。方法：根据《全国救灾防病预案（2005版）》及卫生部《洪灾区饮用水应急消毒模式试点项目实施方案》,结合仙桃市的地理特点,在洪灾多发季节和多发地区的杨林尾镇选择条件相近的多个村组成3个饮用水消毒试点组进行前瞻性研究,分别给予分散投药、专职投药和集中过滤处理干预措施,持续观察2个月后比较各组饮用水（缸水）的消毒效果。水质卫生标准及检测方法参照《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB5749—2006）》和《生活饮用水标准检验方法（GB／T5750--2006）》。结果：不同消毒模式组饮用水细菌学指标合格率（分散投药组为10．83％、专职投药组为59．17％、集中过滤组为34．17％,X^2=61．86,P〈0．01。但集中过滤组设备出口处为75%）、细菌消除率（分散投药组为53．09％、专职投药组为46．54％、集中过滤组为95．97％,X^2=15726．88,P〈0．01）和理化指标降低率（13项中有8项P〈0．01或P〈0．05）有显著性差异。结论：在洪灾区采用集中水处理设备对居民饮用水进行应急消毒处理的模式是切实可行的,其消毒效果及水质均明显优于分散投药和专职投药消毒模式,从长远来看具有较好的经济效益和社会效益,应作好相关的应急储备。另外,要做好居民安全卫生用水的健康教育工作,防止饮用水二次污染。     

低钙高镁饮水与大鼠骨代谢关系

目的 研究低钙高镁饮水对骨代谢的影响及与骨质疏松的发病关系，为山东省黄河入海口居民饮食结构的调整提供科学依据。方法 用低钙、高镁饮水喂养出生1个月的Wistar雌性大白鼠3个月，测定与骨代谢有关的血清生化指标，测量其股骨重量、骨密度，观察骨组织的病理变化。结果 低钙高镁饮水的交互作用使大鼠的骨形成标志物明显增多，股骨发生明显病理变化。结论 钙、镁元素对骨代谢有重要作用，钙元素缺乏不是导致骨质疏松的唯一原因，过量镁元素可引起成长期大鼠的骨丢失。     

自来水消毒对内毒素及微生物处理效果分析

目的 了解自来水厂中各处理环节内毒素与微生物指标的变化,为进一步优化水质提供依据。方法 于2013年8月份,分别采集湖北省武汉市Z水厂(汉江水源)和B水厂(长江水源)的水源水、混凝、沉淀、砂滤和出厂水5个环节的水样,内毒素检测采用《中华人民共和国药典》(2005版)中细菌内毒素鲎试剂法,菌落总数、总大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和耐热大肠杆菌检测按照GB/T5750.12-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法-微生物指标》进行。结果 武汉市Z水厂进厂水内毒素含量为281.36 EU/mL,出厂水中内毒素含量为38.95 EU/mL;B水厂进厂水内毒素含量为216.32 EU/mL,出厂水中内毒素含量为29.37 EU/mL;Z、B水厂内毒素的总清除率分别为86.16%和86.42%;Z、B水厂源水中菌落总数分别为4.24×10⁴ CFU/mL和2.06×10⁴ CFU/mL,出厂水中均未检出;Z、B水厂源水中总大肠菌群含量均>2300 MPN/100 mL,大肠杆菌分别为266和1100 MPN/100 mL,粪大肠菌群分别为345和1700 MPN/100 mL,出厂水中均未检出总大肠菌群、大肠杆菌和耐热大肠菌群。结论 现有自来水处理工艺可以满足指示菌达标要求,但内毒素仍有一定残留。