培高利特对早期帕金森病患者纹状体多巴胺能神经元自然变性率及其运动能力的影响：一项双盲、随机、平行、安慰剂对照实

目的：探讨培高利特对早期帕金森病患者纹状体多巴胺能神经元的影响以及改善患者肢体运动能力的作用。方法：选择2001-04／2001-12在上海长海医院神经内科帕金森病专病门诊就诊、未经抗帕金森病药物治疗、具有单侧肢体运动徐缓、震颤、强直、特殊姿势的早期帕金森病患者22例为研究对象；男14例，女8例；年龄55～70岁。所有患者均书面同意参加该试验，整个试验过程中能坚持服用单一药物治疗，未经同意不能改动治疗方案。将患者随机分为安慰剂组11例和培高利特组11例。安慰剂组给予苯海索治疗，培高利特组给予培高利特治疗。苯海索、培高利特起始日剂量均为0．05mg。入组第l周时，每日服用1次；以后每周增加1粒，经过1个月左右达到日剂量0．25mg，此后维持剂量恒定(该剂量苯海索抗帕金森病作用不明显，故安慰剂组可称为帕金森病自然变性组)。①观察两组治疗前及治疗后13个月纹状体^99Tc^m-2β-[N’双(2-硫乙基)乙撑二胺基]甲基，3β-(4氯苯基)托烷单光子发射计算机断层扫描特异性摄取值百分率的变化，评估纹状体多巴胺神经元的变性数量。②观察治疗前，治疗后6，13个月时帕金森病评定量表变化，评估培高利特对肢体运动功能障碍的改善作用。结果：最终进入结果分析的帕金森病患者22例。①治疗13个月后，安慰剂组和培高利特组患者起病肢体对侧纹状体^99Tc^m-2β-[N’双(2-硫乙基)乙撑二胺基]甲基，3β-(4氯苯基)托烷特异性摄取下降值百分率分别为(31．8&;#177;15．6)％，(33．8&;#177;17．2)％，两组比较，无明显差异(P&;gt;0．05)；起病肢体同侧纹状体^99Tc^m-2β-[N’双(2-硫乙基)乙撑二胺基]甲基，3β-(4氯苯基)托烷特异性摄取下降值百分率分别为(28．9&;#177;13．0)％，(34．4&;#177;18．1)％，两组比较，无明显差异(P&;gt;0．05)。②培高利特组治疗后6，13个月帕金森病评定量表评分[(13．0&;#177;6．0)，(10．O&;#177;5．9)分]明显低于安慰剂组评分[(23．7&;#177;4．3)，(27．0&;#177;4．3)分](t=4．69，5．87，P&;lt;0．01)。培高利特组治疗13个月时帕金森病评分量表评分明显低于治疗前(t=2．13，P&;lt;0．05)。结论：早期帕金森病患者经培高利特治疗13个月后，起病肢体同侧和对侧纹状体多巴胺能神经元的变性率与应用苯海索大致相同，说明培高利特治疗不增加该区域多巴胺能神经元的自然变性率；而培高利特治疗后帕金森病评定量表评分的下降表明该药具有提高早期帕金森病患者运动能力的作用。     

培高利特、美多巴起始治疗对早期帕金森病患者预后的影响

背景:培高利特与美多巴都是治疗帕金森病的有效药物,但对于帕金森病患者愈后的影响尚有争议,神经影像学的进展使得定量评价药物治疗对帕金森病的预后影响成为可能。目的:采用99Tcm-TRODAT-1多巴胺能转运体单光子发射型计算机体层扫描成像结合联合帕金森病量表评分,观察培高利特、美多巴作为起始治疗对早期帕金森病患者预后及对纹状体多巴胺能神经元的影响。设计:随机分组、平行对照、安慰剂对照实验。单位:解放军第八一医院神经内科,解放军第二军医大学长海医院神经内科与核医学科。对象:选择2002-02/07上海长海医院神经内科帕金森病专病门诊收治的未经任何药物治疗的早期帕金森病患者36例,随机分为安坦对照组、培高利特组、美多巴组,12例/组。所有入选患者均书面同意参加试验,诊断符合英国帕金森病协会制定的临床诊断标准,本实验经过长海医院伦理委员会批准实施。干预措施:安坦对照组、培高利特组、美多巴组患者接受联合帕金森病量表评分、多巴胺转运体行单光子发射型计算机体层扫描显像检查后,分别服用各自药物,每粒安坦、培高利特、美多巴胶囊含药物分别为0.05,0.05,125mg。第1周时1粒/次,1次/d;以后每周的日剂量较上周日剂量增加1粒,治疗1个月使日剂量分别达到0.2,0.2,500mg。此后维持剂量恒定,治疗6,10个月分别用联合帕金森病量表进行疗效评定。所有患者治疗10个月后,分别进行脑纹状体多巴胺转运体单光子发射型计算机体层扫描成像,半定量法分析受累肢体同侧或对侧纹状体99Tcm-TRODAT-1的特异性摄取值。主要观察指标:①比较3组治疗10个月后受累肢体同侧、对侧99Tcm-TRODAT-1特异性摄取值降低百分率的变化。②比较3组治疗前后联合帕金森病量表评分的变化。结果:实验纳入患者36例,治疗10个月后3组各脱落1例,最终33例患者进入结果分析。①各组治疗10个月后受累肢体同侧、对侧99Tcm-TRODAT-1特异性摄取值降低百分率的变化:治疗10个月后,美多巴组受累肢体同侧、对侧99Tcm-TRODAT-1特异性摄取值降低百分率均明显高于安坦对照组、培高利特组[(46.3±19.4)%,(28.9±13.0)%,(34.4±18.1)%;(47.5±20.8)%,(31.8±15.6)%,(33.8±17.2)%;P均<0.05]。②各组治疗前后联合帕金森病量表评分的变化:与治疗前比较,治疗10个月后安坦对照组无明显变化,但美多巴组、培高利特组均明显下降[(15.5±8.68),(6.4±9.05)分;(15.8±6.75),(10.36±8.30)分;P均<0.05]。结论:美多巴、培高利特虽都能对早期帕金森病起到有效治疗,但对于帕金森病患者的预后影响不同。美多巴可能会加速多巴胺能神经元的凋亡而使病情恶化,培高利特则不影响帕金森病的预后,更适合作为早期帕金森病治疗的选择药物。     

培高利特、美多巴起始治疗对早期帕金森病患者预后的影响

背景：培高利特与美多巴都是治疗帕金森病的有效药物，但对于帕金森病患者愈后的影响尚有争议，神经影像学的进展使得定量评价药物治疗对帕金森病的预后影响成为可能。 目的：采用^99Tc^m-RODAT-1多巴胺能转运体单光子发射型计算机体层扫描成像结合联合帕金森病量表评分，观察培高利特、美多巴作为起始治疗对早期帕金森病患者预后及对纹状体多巴胺能神经元的影响。 设计：随机分组、平行对照、安慰剂对照实验。 单位：解放军第八一医院神经内科．解放军第二军医大学长海医院神经内科与核医学科。 对象：选择2002—02／07上海长海医院神经内科帕金森病专病门诊收治的未经任何药物治疗的早期帕金森病患者36例，随机分为安坦对照组、培高利特组、美多巴组，12例／组。所有人选患者均书面同意参加试验，诊断符合英国帕金森病协会制定的临床诊断标准．本实验经过长海医院伦理委员会批准实施。 干预措施：安坦对照组、培高利特组、美多巴组患者接受联合帕金森病量表评分、多巴胺转运体行单光于发射型计算机体层扫描显像检查后，分别服用各自药物，每粒安坦、培高利特、美多巴胶囊含药物分别为0．05，0．05．125mg。第1周时1粒／次，1次／d；以后每周的日剂量较上周13剂量增加1粒，治疗1个月使13剂量分别达到0．2。0．2，500mg。此后维持剂量恒定，治疗6，10个月分别用联合帕金森病量表进行疗效评定。所有患者治疗10个月后，分别进行脑纹状体多巴胺转运体单光子发射型计算机体层扫描成像，半定量法分析受累肢体同侧或对侧纹状体^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1的特异性摄取值。 主要观察指标：①比较3组治疗10个月后受累肢体同侧、对侧^99Tc^m -TRODAT-1特异性摄取值降低百分率的变化。②比较3组治疗前后联合帕金森病量表评分的变化。 结果：实验纳入患者36例，治疗10个月后3组各脱落1例，最终33例患者进入结果分析。①各组治疗10个月后受累肢体同侧、对侧^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1特异性摄取值降低百分率的变化：治疗10个月后，美多巴组受累肢体同侧、对侧^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1特异性摄取值降低百分率均明显高于安坦对照组、培高利特组[（46．3&;#177;19．4）％，（28．9&;#177;13．0）％，（34．4&;#177;18．1）％；（47.5&;#177;20.8）％。（31．8&;#177;15．6）％．（33，8&;#177;17.2）％；P均〈0．05]。②各组治疗前后联合帕金森病量表评分的变化：与治疗前比较．治疗10个月后安坦对照组无明显变化，但美多巴组．培高利特组均明显下降[（15．5&;#177;8．68）．（6．4&;#177;9．05）分；（15．8&;#177;6．75），（10．36&;#177;8．30）分；P均〈0．05]。 结论：美多巴，培高利特虽都能对早期帕金森病起到有效治疗，但对于帕金森病患者的预后影响不同。美多巴可能会加速多巴胺能神经元的凋亡而使病情恶化，培高利特则不影响帕金森病的预后，更适合作为早期帕金森病治疗的选择药物。     

司来吉兰对早期帕金森病患者多巴胺能神经元的影响

背景司来吉兰可有效缓解早期帕金森病的运动障碍症状,但对于早期帕金森病预后的影响争议甚多.神经影像学的研究进展使得帕金森病多巴胺能神经元的变性程度客观标记成为可能.目的利用影像学观察研究司来吉兰对早期帕金森病多巴胺能神经元的影响.设计以患者为研究对象的随机对照实验.单位一所军队医院的神经内科和一所军医大学医院的核医学科、神经内科.对象2001-04/10第二军医大学长海医院神经内科帕金森病专病门诊筛选的25例未经任何药物治疗的早期帕金森病患者.干预25例患者随机分为安慰剂组和司来吉兰治疗组,安慰剂组13例,司来吉兰治疗组12例.联合帕金森病量表(Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale,PDRS)评分后,按照逐渐增量的原则,分别给予安慰剂和司来吉兰治疗(起始剂量均为0.05 mg).每周增加0.05 mg,经过4周的加量期,剂量均达到0.2 mg,此后维持剂量恒定.于入组时、治疗13个月后分别行多巴胺转运蛋白(99Tcm-TRODAT-1)单光子发射型计算机体层扫描(single photon emission-computeredtomography,PECT)检查,半定量法分析起病肢体对侧、同侧纹状体放射计数.于入组时、治疗6个月、治疗13个月后分别进行UPDRS评分.主要观察指标①主要结局两组治疗13个月后起病肢体对侧、同侧纹状体99Tcm-TRODAT-1特异性摄取降低百分率的比较.②次要结局两组UPDRS评分的变化.结果治疗13个月后起病肢体对侧、同侧纹状体99Tcm-TRODAT-1特异性摄取降低百分率分别为安慰剂组(28.9±13.0)%、(31.8±15.6)%;司来吉兰治疗组(30.39±14.7)%、(32.6±16.6)%,两组之间比较差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).UPDRS评分治疗6个月后,安慰剂组(23.7±4.3)分,司来吉兰治疗组(13.1±5.5)分;治疗13个月后,安慰剂组(27.0±4.3)分,司来吉兰治疗组(9.8±4.8)分,司来吉兰治疗组明显优于安慰剂组(P＜0.05).结论司来吉兰对早期帕金森病的临床效果较好,而且不加重纹状体多巴胺能神经元的凋亡.     

司来吉兰对早期帕金森病患者多巴胺能神经元的影响

背景：司来吉兰可有效缓解早期帕金森病的运动障碍症状，但对于早期帕金森病预后的影响争议甚多。神经影像学的研究进展使得帕金森病多巴胺能神经元的变性程度客观标记成为可能。目的：利用影像学观察研究司来吉兰对早期帕金森病多巴胺能神经元的影响。设计：以患者为研究对象的随机对照实验。单位：一所军队医院的神经内科和一所军医大学医院的核医学科．神经内科。对象：2001-04／10第二军医大学长海医院神经内科帕金森病专病门诊筛选的25例未经任何药物治疗的早期帕金森病患者。干预：25例患者随机分为安慰剂组和司来吉兰治疗组，安慰剂组13例，司来吉兰治疗组12例。联合帕金森病量表(Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale，UPDRS)评分后，按照逐渐增量的原则，分别给予安慰剂和司来吉兰治疗(起始剂量均为0．05mg)。每周增加0．05mg，经过4周的加量期，剂量均达到0．2mg，此后维持剂量恒定。于入组时、治疗13个月后分别行多巴胺转运蛋白(^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1)单光子发射型计算机体层扫描(single photon emission-cnmputered tomography，SPECT)检查，半定量法分析起病肢体对侧、同侧纹状体放射计数。于入组时、治疗6个月、治疗13个月后分别进行UPDRS评分。主要观察指标：①主要结局：两组治疗13个月后起病肢体对侧、同侧纹状体^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1特异性摄取降低百分率的比较。②次要结局：两组UPDRS评分的变化。结果：治疗13个月后起病肢体对侧、同侧纹状体^99Tc^m-TRODAT-1特异性摄取降低百分率分别为：安慰剂组(28．9&;#177;13．0)％、(31．8&;#177;15．6)％；司来吉兰治疗组(30．39&;#177;14．7)％、(32．6&;#177;166)％，两组之间比较差异无显著性意义(P&;gt;0．05)。UPDRS评分：治疗6个月后，安慰剂组(23．7&;#177;4．3)分，司来吉兰治疗组(13．1&;#177;5．5)分；治疗13个月后，安慰剂组(27．0&;#177;4．3)分，司来吉兰治疗组(9．8&;#177;4．8)分，司来吉兰治疗组明显优于安慰剂组(P&;lt;0．05)。结论：司来吉兰对早期帕金森病的I临床效果较好，而且不加重纹状体多巴胺能神经元的凋亡。     

应用培高利特单药治疗早期帕金森病:随机、双盲、对照实验

目的:观察应用培高利特单药治疗早期帕金森病的疗效,为合理应用多巴胺受体激动剂干预帕金森病提供依据。方法:60例首次接受治疗的早期帕金森病患者为2002-10/2004-10湘雅医院收治,将患者随机分为两组:培高利特组、多巴丝肼组,分别于治疗前、治疗1,3及6个月后进行帕金森病评定量表评分、改良Hoehn-Yahr分级评分及临床疗效观察。结果:治疗3个月后,培高利特组改良Hoehn-Yahr分级评分与多巴丝肼组相比无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗6个月后,培高利特组帕金森病评定量表评分与多巴丝肼组相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。治疗6个月后,培高利特组的临床疗效与多巴丝肼组相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。副反应观察发现,培高利特组患者副反应的发生率低于多巴丝肼组(30%比50%,P<0.01),其中培高利特组患者出现幻觉的比例稍高于多巴丝肼组,恶心、失眠、便秘、直立性低血压等副反应的发生率均低于多巴丝肼组(P<0.01)。结论:应用培高利特单药治疗早期帕金森病6个月后疗效与多巴丝肼相似,且副反应少。     

早期未经替代治疗帕金森病患者脑多巴胺的单光子发射计算机断层扫描显像特点

目的:探讨脑多巴胺转运体99Tcm-TRODAT-1与多巴胺D2受体131I- epidepride单光子发射计算机断层扫描显像在早期帕金森病中的临床应用价值。方法:选择2002/2004长海医院门诊收治的46例早期未经替代治疗的帕金森病患者(H-Y Ⅰ级22例,Ⅱ级24例),分别接受脑多巴胺转运体 99Tcm-TRODAT-1 与多巴胺D2受体131I-epidepride单光子发射计算机断层扫描断层显像,利用感兴趣区技术计算纹状体与枕叶、额叶的放射性比值。结果:46例全部进入结果分析。①脑多巴胺转运体99Tcm-TRODAT-1 单光子发射计算机断层扫描显像结果:Ⅰ,Ⅱ级患者起病肢体对侧纹状体-枕叶／枕叶和纹状体-额叶／额叶放射性比值较同侧明显降低 (P<0．05,0．001);Ⅱ级患者起病肢体对侧纹状体-枕叶／枕叶放射性比值明显低于Ⅰ级患者(0.33±9．99,0．75+0．18 F=4．121,P<0．05)。②脑D2 受体131I-epidepride单光子发射计算机断层扫描显像分析结果:Ⅰ,Ⅱ级患者起病肢体对侧纹状体-枕叶／枕叶和纹状体-额叶／额叶放射性比值较同侧明显增高(P<0．05,0．01);Ⅱ级患者起病肢体对侧纹状体-枕叶／枕叶放射性比值明显高于Ⅰ级(1．33±0．70,0．69±0.37,F=5.493,P<0．05)。结论:①多巴胺神经元突触前多巴胺转运体与H-Y分期呈负相关。②早期未经替代治疗的帕金森病患者突触前多巴胺转运体与突触后D2 受体呈明显负相关。③人脑多巴胺转运体99Tcm-TRODAT-1与D2受体 131I-epidepride单光子发射计算机断层扫描显像结合将有助于帕金森病的早期诊断及病情临测。     

苯海索联合多巴胺受体激动剂治疗帕金森患者的疗效分析

目的探讨苯海索联合多巴胺受体激动剂治疗帕金森病(PD)患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法选取2017年2月～2019年2月我院收治的PD患者94例,依照随机数字表法分为两组各47例。对照组采用多巴胺受体激动剂治疗,观察组采用苯海索+多巴胺受体激动剂治疗,比较两组临床疗效、不良反应发生率,观察比较治疗前、治疗15d后帕金森病统一评定量表(UPDRS)、帕金森症状量表(Webster)评分。结果观察组治疗总有效率为93.62%,显著高于对照组的76.60%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗15d后,观察组UPDRS、Webster评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为8.52%,与对照组的(12.78%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论苯海索联合多巴胺受体激动剂治疗帕金森患者疗效显著,可有效改善患者临床症状,且安全性高。     

帕金森病早期诊断研究探析

<正>帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是一种以黑质多巴胺能神经元选择性、渐进性大量变性、缺失,黑质-纹状体多巴胺能通路变性为主要病理改变的神经系统变性疾病~([1]),临床多见运动及非运动症状相互组合。帕金森病以经典的四大运动表现,即静止性震颤、肌强直、     

帕金森病的表面肌电研究

帕金森病（Parkinson′s disease,PD）是一种常见于中老年人的中枢神经系统变性疾病,以静止性震颤、肌僵直和运动减少为主要临床表现,主要病理改变为黑质-纹状体多巴胺神经元进行性变性和死亡,纹状体多巴胺含量减少,引发丘脑底核和苍白球内侧部过度兴奋和大脑运动控制功能紊     

Cellular uptake and efflux of azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin, and cethromycin

Macrolide antibiotics have an outstanding ability to concentrate within host cells, particularly phagocytes. In the study described in this paper five different macrolide antibiotics were compared regarding the uptake and release kinetics in human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and three different cell lines, two phagocytic cell lines (RAW 264.7 and THP-1) and an epithelial cell line (MDCK). Based on the results obtained, the substances tested could be clustered into different groups. Azithromycin constituted the first group, characterized by rapid and nonsaturable uptake into phagocytic cells and a high degree of retention in the preloaded cells. The second group included erythromycin and clarithromycin. These two substances do not exhibit cell specificity; consequently, they are taken up to a similar extent and are released by all cell types studied. Ketolides constituted the last group. Their uptake was saturable in cells of monocytic lineage as well as in nondifferentiated cells of myeloid lineage, and they were rapidly released from all the cell lines studied. However, in PMNs, ketolide uptake was not saturable; and unlike telithromycin, cethromycin rapidly egressed from the loaded cells.     

Comparative Activities of Clinafloxacin, Grepafloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, and Trovafloxacin and Nonquinolones Linozelid, Quinupristin-Dalfopristin, Gentamicin, and Vancomycin against Clinical Isolates of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Strains

The activities of eight fluoroquinolones and linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid), gentamicin, and vancomycin were tested against 96 ciprofloxacin-susceptible and 205 ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Overall, clinafloxacin, followed by moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin, was the most active quinolone tested. For all isolates, linezolid and quinupristin-dalfopristin showed activities that were at least comparable to vancomycin, with no cross-resistance to any other test compound.     

Absorption, distribution, metabolic fate, and elimination of pefloxacin mesylate in mice, rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans

Pefloxacin mesylate is well absorbed by the oral route. The antimicrobial activity in dog, cynomolgus monkey, and human plasma was essentially due to unchanged drug which respectively accounted for 64, 94, and 84% of the total activity (ratios derived from relative area under the curve [AUC] values). Half-lives ranged from 1.9 h in mice to 8.6 h in humans. Protein binding was weak, about 20% in plasma. Except in brain, concentrations in most of the organs and tissues tested in rats and dogs were higher than the plasma levels. Microbiological activity in urine was mainly due to pefloxacin and norfloxacin, the N-desmethyl metabolite. The norfloxacin/pefloxacin ratios were 0 in mice, ca. 1 in rats and dogs, 1.6 in cynomolgus monkeys, and 2.3 in humans. The principal urinary compounds were unchanged drug in mice, pefloxacin glucuronide and pefloxacin N-oxide in rats and dogs, norfloxacin and pefloxacin in monkeys, and pefloxacin N-oxide and norfloxacin in humans. The urinary recovery of identified metabolites was 29.5% of the dose in mice, 37.8% in rats, 36.3% in dogs, 26.5% in monkeys, and 58.9% in humans. Biliary excretion occurred and was extensive in rats and dogs, mainly as a glucuronide conjugate of the drug. In rat and human bile, the main active compound was unchanged pefloxacin.     

Cancers of the prostate, penis, and testicles: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment

Cancer is a disease that most people fear. Nurses are required to provide information on how to avoid cancer, and, once the diagnosis is made, how to cope with it. Prevention and early detection of the cancers described in this article are in the very early stages of knowledge development, but general health promotion guidance can be offered on how to avoid most cancers (ie, no tobacco use, a high-fiber and low fat diet, exercise, and maintaining a normal weight). Nurses also can advise patients to be screened for colorectal cancer at the appropriate ages and time intervals and to be aware as new developments occur in the scientific base for screenings in the areas of prostate, penile, and testicular cancer. Finally, coping with these forms of cancer often requires the patient to make major lifestyle and psychological changes, especially if surgery in the genital area occurs. Decreased libido, incontinence, and impotence are major complications that can occur with these illnesses. The male cancers described vary tremendously in their prevalence, incidence, mortality, treatment, and survival rates. Within this group, there are remarkably positive outcomes and outcomes much in need of improvement. Penile and testicular cancers are the bright spots in this picture; both are uncommon, and both are eminently treatable. Prostate cancer, on the other hand, is quite common, difficult to screen, difficult to treat without major sexual problems, and yet receives relatively little funding from the NIH. Although as many men die from prostate cancer as women die from breast cancer, NIH funds breast cancer research at much higher levels than prostate cancer. According to the latest data available at the NIH Web site, during the 1990s, the amount of NIH funding varied from four times more for breast cancer (1993) to 2.9 times more in 1999. For fiscal year 2002, NIH is providing $522 million in funding for breast cancer and $278 million for prostate cancer. Private foundation funds for prostate cancer are much smaller than those available for breast cancer. Both types of cancer are extremely important to address, and both should receive adequate research attention. Nurses can advocate for more funding for prostate cancer, from basic science approaches to behavioral science strategies.     

Effect of 5-fluorouracil, mitoxantrone, methotrexate, and vincristine on the antibacterial activity of ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefotiam, piperacillin, and netilmicin

Using the checkerboard agar dilution technique, antibacterial activity and in vitro interactions of 4 antineoplastic agents and 5 antimicrobial drugs were examined against 56 strains of 7 bacterial species. 5-fluorouracil was found to inhibit all strains of Staphylococcus aureus and of Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 0.8 micrograms/ml or less. 84% of all gram-negative strains were inhibited synergistically when 5-fluorouracil was combined with beta-lactam antibiotics. Methotrexate and cefotiam were antagonistic in 42% of all combinations, especially when tested against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.     

Attributional,life-event,and affective predictors of onset of depression,anxiety, and negative attributional style

This investigation examined (1) the extent to which negative attributional style and life events predict the development of depression and anxiety, and (2) the extent to which measures of life events, depression, and anxiety predict the development of negative attributional style. Sets of questionnaires, including the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Stimulus-Response Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness (SR-GTA), and the Life Experiences Survey (LES), were administered to 80 undergraduate students on two occasions separated by a 1-month interval, between midterm and final examination periods of an academic semester. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that (1) composite negative attributional style predicted the onset of anxiety, measured by the MAACL anxiety scale, and (2) depression, measured by the MAACL depression scale, and low amounts of desirable life events each predicted the onset of composite negative attributional style.This research was partially supported by the Temple University Research Incentive Fund to the second author. We thank Edward Gracely for his assistance in the data-analytic process.