老年医院获得性急性肾衰竭的临床分析

目的探讨65岁及以上老年人医院获得性急性肾衰竭(HA-ARF)的特点、病因、预后及其相关因素。方法收集我院11年间诊断的老年HA-ARF病例,统计分析老年HA-ARF的发病情况、病因、预后及其相关影响因素。结果老年HA-ARF占同期老年急性肾衰竭(ARF)患者总数54%,明显高于老年社区获得性ARF(CA-ARF),(P<0.05),并以肾前性ARF(74.4%)为主。多因素综合分析老年HA-ARF病因以感染(33.3%)为首位病因,其次与低血容量(29.6%)、肾毒性药物(27.2%)、心功能衰竭(24.7%)、手术(22.2%)、肿瘤(8.6%)及肾后性疾病(1.2%)相关。老年HA-ARF多由多种病因共同导致。老年HA-ARF的病死率高达66.7%。发生少尿和多器官衰竭(MODS)可明显增加病死率,行血液净化治疗未能明显降低病死率。结论感染、低血容量、肾毒性药物、心功能衰竭及手术是老年人HA-ARF的常见病因。加强原发病的整体治疗,尽早发现并治疗HA-ARF有助于改善预后。     

急性肾功能衰竭的流行病学状况

目的探讨急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的流行病学状况,为该疾病的诊治及预防提供依据。方法回顾性分析2003~2006年收治的611例ARF患者的临床资料,观察ARF的发生状况、病因构成及预后特点。结果611例ARF患者中,医院获得性ARF（HA-ARF）78例,社区获得性ARF（CA-ARF）533例。HA-ARF发病率2003~2005年呈上升趋势,引起HA-ARF的病因依次是肾性、肾前性、肾后性因素;与手术相关的HA-ARF占29.49%,以心血管手术更为突出。HA-ARF患者合并多器官功能障碍综合征比例及其病死率较CA-ARF高（分别为52.6%vs19.9%,P〈0.05;39.7%vs 11.3%,P〈0.05）。肾后性因素特别是结石导致CA-ARF的发生率较HA-ARF高（15.8%vs 11.3%,P〈0.05）。结论药物性肾损害是引起肾实质性ARF的首位病因,尿路结石是引起肾后性CA-ARF的首位病因,心血管手术相关HA-ARF的防治亦非常重要。     

急性肾功能衰竭611例的临床流行病学研究

目的 了解急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的病因构成、预后以及影响ARF病死率的危险因素等临床流行病学特征,为急性肾功能衰竭的早期防治提供理论依据.方法 对广西医科大学第一附属医院2002-01-01～2006-12-31在各科住院的ARF患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并研究其病因、临床特征及其转归.结果 观察期间共有住院患者193 038例次,其中611例患者发生ARF,占同期住院人数的0.32%;男女比例为1.87∶ 1.00,中位年龄40岁.肾前性118例(19.31%),肾前性ARF的病因首位为心排出量减低(35例,29.66%);肾实质性372例(60.88%),肾小管间质病变是肾实质性ARF首位病因(236例),其中药物性95例(40.25%);肾后性121例(19.80%),其中尿路结石84例(69.42%).有慢性肾脏病基础ARF共201例,占总ARF的32.90%.观察期间ARF病死率14.89%,Logistic回归分析提示少尿、是否合并MODS、获得性ARF是住院病死率相关的危险因素.结论 心排出量减低、药物性肾损害、尿路结石分别是引起肾前性、肾实质性、肾后性ARF的首位病因;慢性肾脏病基础ARF并不少见.少尿、合并MODS、获得性ARF的患者病死率高.     

急性肾功能衰竭流行病学调查

目的:前瞻性研究急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)发病情况,总结ARF病因和发生率,为早期防治提供理论依据. 方法:收集我院1998年7月～2001年12月各科住院ARF患者269例,分析肾前性、肾实质性和肾后梗阻性ARF的各种病因、发生率、治疗和预后转归. 结果:269例ARF患者中,男性156例,女性113例,平均年龄(49.8±19.6)岁,其中＞60岁组占31.6%.肾前性ARF 37例(13.8%),病因为术后缺血、失液、肾病综合征等.肾实质性ARF 221例(82.2%),其中小管间质病变167例,主要病因为药物、感染、休克、横纹肌溶解综合征(RM)等.药物性ARF 52例,有药物因素参与者54例,两者共计占ARF 39.4%;RM-ARF 16例(5.9%).95例行肾活检,其中小球-小血管病变47例,小管-间质病变(包括急性肾小管坏死和急性间质性肾炎)37例.医源性ARF 90例,占33.5%,病因为外科手术后和肾前性因素以及药物因素.肾后梗阻性ARF 11例,占4%,病因为各种妇科肿瘤和泌尿道肿瘤、畸形、结石、前列腺肥大和后腹膜淋巴结肿大.本组死亡率14.5%,其中校正死亡率(直接与ARF相关的死亡率)12.6%. 结论:ARF流行病学已发生改变,发病呈高龄化趋势,老年ARF发病率上升;肾前性ARF常因认识不足而被忽略;虽然小管间质病变仍是肾实质性ARF主要原因,其中药物因素已占首位.ARF早期诊断有助于治疗,改善预后,提高存活率.     

急性肾功能衰竭流行病学调查

目的前瞻性研究急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)发病情况,总结ARF病因和发生率,为早期防治提供理论依据. 方法收集我院1998年7月～2001年12月各科住院ARF患者269例,分析肾前性、肾实质性和肾后梗阻性ARF的各种病因、发生率、治疗和预后转归. 结果269例ARF患者中,男性156例,女性113例,平均年龄(49.8±19.6)岁,其中＞60岁组占31.6%.肾前性ARF 37例(13.8%),病因为术后缺血、失液、肾病综合征等.肾实质性ARF 221例(82.2%),其中小管间质病变167例,主要病因为药物、感染、休克、横纹肌溶解综合征(RM)等.药物性ARF 52例,有药物因素参与者54例,两者共计占ARF 39.4%;RM-ARF 16例(5.9%).95例行肾活检,其中小球-小血管病变47例,小管-间质病变(包括急性肾小管坏死和急性间质性肾炎)37例.医源性ARF 90例,占33.5%,病因为外科手术后和肾前性因素以及药物因素.肾后梗阻性ARF 11例,占4%,病因为各种妇科肿瘤和泌尿道肿瘤、畸形、结石、前列腺肥大和后腹膜淋巴结肿大.本组死亡率14.5%,其中校正死亡率(直接与ARF相关的死亡率)12.6%. 结论ARF流行病学已发生改变,发病呈高龄化趋势,老年ARF发病率上升;肾前性ARF常因认识不足而被忽略;虽然小管间质病变仍是肾实质性ARF主要原因,其中药物因素已占首位.ARF早期诊断有助于治疗,改善预后,提高存活率.     

159例老年急性肾衰竭的临床流行病学

目的探讨老年急性肾衰竭(ARF)的病因构成及预后。方法对该院2002年1月1日至2006年12月31日在各科住院的老年ARF患者进行回顾性分析,并与其他年龄组别进行研究和比较,得出其病因及转归的特点。结果观察期间159例老年患者发生ARF,占同期住院人数的0.35%,占同期ARF的26%;老年ARF患者男女比例为2.46∶1.00。肾前性41例(25.8%),肾前性ARF的病因首位为心排出量减低(16例,39.02%);肾实质性85例(53.5%),肾小管间质病变是肾实质性ARF首位病因(68例,80%),其中药物性35例(41.18%),感染27(31.76%);肾后性33(20.8%),其中尿路结石21例(63.64%),肿瘤7例(21.21%)。与儿童组和中青年组相比,老年组肾前性ARF比例高(25.8%、16.5%、17.2%),由低心排出量(10.1%、3.9%、3.4%)、药物(22.0%、2.9%、16.3%)、感染(17.0%、1.0%、4.9%)病因等引起ARF比例高,合并MODS(32.06%、9.71%、24.64%)的比例高。观察期间老年ARF病死率(23.27%),较儿童组和中青年组...     

老年急性肾衰竭的诊治进展

急性肾衰竭(ARF)是由多种病因引起的,临床表现为肾功能在数天或数周内迅速恶化、体内代谢产物潴留、肾小球滤过率下降以及由此引起的水、电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱的临床综合征.随着年龄的增加,由于肾脏结构和生理功能的改变,老年人肾脏重量减轻、肾血管硬化、肾血流量下降、自身血管调节能力明显减低、血管活性物质分泌减少、尿浓缩稀释功能降低、肾脏储备功能下降等,或常合并有肾脏基础病变(如高血压肾损害、糖尿病肾病等),因此,老年是罹患ARF的高危人群,尤其是医院获得性ARF (HA-ARF),占住院患者的2％～7％,占重症患者的25％[1,2],同时研究表明老年人对各种肾损伤因素的敏感性增高,极易发生ARF,而且年龄越大,发生ARF的概率越高[3].     

老年急性肾衰竭病因及血液净化的疗效分析

目的探讨老年急性肾衰竭病因分析及血液净化治疗对其预后的影响。方法回顾性分析我院2005年1月至2011年6月收治的118例老年急性肾衰竭(ARF)患者的临床资料。结果老年患者ARF病因主要是肾前性,占68.6%(81例);其次为肾性17.8%(21例),肾后性占13.6%(16例)。具体分析发病因素,老年组ARF的首要病因为感染,共37例(31.7%);其次是血容量不足及心脑血管疾病31例(26.6%),肾毒性药物23例(19.5%),外伤及手术17例(14.8%),尿路梗阻8例(7.0%),其他5例(4%)。净化治疗组效果显著优于非净化治疗组(P<0.05)。结论对老年重症ARF患者进行血液净化有助于改善患者的预后。     

老年急性肾功能衰竭

老年人随着年龄增长,肾脏也同其他脏器一样发生组织形态和功能变化,易发生急性肾功衰竭(ARF)。据观察统计ARF发生于60岁以上者占24～50%。我院自1982年来,收治ARF共132例,60岁以上者28例,占21%。急性肾功能衰竭的病因成人ARF的病因以外科术后、肾毒性物质或药物、外伤、烧伤、产科急症等多见。70岁以上的ARF,脱     

高龄老人医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭的分析

目的 了解高龄老人(≥80岁)医院获得性急性肾功能衰竭(HA-ARF)的致病因素、诱因及肾功能转归。方法 前瞻性观察老年病房中高龄老人的血清肌酐变化，分析HA-ARF的致病因素和诱因，并观察肾功能的转归。结果 35例高龄男性老年患者发生HA-ARF，94．3％患有慢性肾脏病或能够导致肾损害的全身性疾病如高血压和／或糖尿病。引起HA-ARF的致病因素以肾外因素多见：容量不足、心力衰竭和肾毒性药物诱发者分别占28．6％、31．4%和17．1％，肾实质疾病基础上发生HA-ARF者仅占14．3％，其他占8．6％。在以上诱因基础上并发感染者高达71．4％，常见的是肺部感染诱发心力衰竭。保证充足的液体补充和强有力的血流动力学支持是针对该病的有效治疗手段。尽管高龄，85．7％的：HA-ARF。患者经过及时治疗肾功能恢复至基础水平，仅14．3％肾功能无恢复或恶化。结论 高龄老人HA-ARF多因肾外因素如容量不足、心力衰竭和肾毒性药物而诱发，大部分患者患有基础肾脏病或潜在肾损害。及时发现肾功能的变化，积极给予综合治疗，85．7％患者的肾功能可逆。     

Epidemiology of de novo acute renal failure in hospitalized African Americans: comparing community-acquired vs hospital-acquired disease

BACKGROUND: The high incidence and prevalence of end-stage kidney disease among African Americans is well known, but the epidemiology of acute renal failure (ARF) among African Americans is unknown. This study was designed to determine the incidence, associated risk factors, and prognosis of ARF in hospitalized African Americans and to compare these variables in hospital-acquired ARF (HA-ARF) against community-acquired ARF (CA-ARF). METHODS: A 3-year (1994-1996), computer-assisted retrospective analysis of hospital discharges with confirmed diagnoses of ARF. One hundred of 240 cases met the inclusion criteria for de novo ARF. Demographic, laboratory, and clinical profiles of all patients were retrieved and subdivided into CA-ARF and HA-ARF. Both analysis of variance and chi2 tests were used for analysis. Survival regression used both the Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan-Meier models. RESULTS: The incidence of CA-ARF was 3.5 times greater than that of HA-ARF (0.55% vs 0.15%). The mean age of all patients was 54 years with a 67% male predominance. There were no significant differences in age, sex, peak serum creatinine levels, or underlying medical history. Prerenal causes of ARF were more common among CA-ARF than HA-ARF (35% vs 19%; P = .07), but intra-renal causes were more common among HA-ARF (81% vs 55%; P = .07). All cases of obstruction occurred in CA-ARF. Mortality was higher in HA-ARF (59% vs 33%; P = .03), and the incidence of recognized predictors of mortality was higher in patients with HA-ARF than in those with CA-ARF: oliguria (59% vs 35%; P = .04); sepsis (73% vs 35%; P = .004); stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) or mechanical ventilation (55% vs 6%; P<.001); and multiorgan failure (59% vs 24%; P = .002). Those with HA-ARF were twice as likely to require dialysis as those with CA-ARF. The mortality was high in younger patients with CA-ARF and in older patients with HA-ARF, but the dialysis-related mortality rate was 3-fold higher among patients with HA-ARF. While mean +/- SD length of hospital stay was more prolonged in HA-ARF than CA-ARF (26 +/- 28 days vs 12 +/- 11 days; P<.001), the 120-day survival rate was lower in HA-ARF than CA-ARF (43% vs 66%; P = .05). The HA-ARF status was associated with a relative risk of 2.5 (confidence interval, 1.1-5.5; P = .03) for shortened survival. CONCLUSIONS: The overall epidemiologic characteristics of ARF among hospitalized African Americans seem to be comparable to those in whites, but the difference in incidence between CA-ARF and HA-ARF was much higher in African Americans. In view of the high mortality and morbidity rates associated with ARF and the fact that younger African American patients with CA-ARF were more likely to die than their older counterparts, we recommend that renal failure awareness be incorporated into community-based health educational programs in African American populations.     

老年内科危重症患者急性肾衰竭的临床分析

目的 了解老年内科危重症患者发生急性肾衰竭(ARF)的致病因素及转归.方法 对我院内科近10年老年(≥60岁)ARF患者的临床资料进行回顾分析,将老年患者分为院外获得性ARF(院外ARF)组和院内获得性ARF(院内ARF)组,并与同期内科非老年ARF患者进行比较.结果 (1)老年内科ARF患者381例,院外获得性ARF为218例(57.2%),医院获得性ARF为163例(42.8%),其中来自内科重症监护室153例(93.9%);(2)与院外ARF组比较,院内ARF组患者年龄较高.慢性基础疾病较多,伴发感染和/或心力衰竭的比率和病死率较高,ARF的程度较重;(3)院内ARF组的致病因素以感染及心力衰竭或心肌缺血为主;(4)院内ARF组死亡147例,死亡组伴慢性基础疾病、合并严重感染及心力衰竭、伴发老年多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)者均多于存活组,危霞症程度(APACHEⅡ评分)更高,肾衰竭程度更重;(5)与非老年组比较,老年组院内ARF构成比、伴发MODS、APACHEⅡ评分及病死率均显著增高. 结论 老年危重症患者更易发生ARF,医院获得性ARF的主要诱因为感染,心力衰竭或严重心肌缺血,病死率较高.     

A review of the pathophysiology,causes and prognosis of acute renal failure in the elderly

This paper reviews some of the pathophysiological, causal and prognostic aspects of acute renal failure (ARF) in the elderly patient. In the discussion on the factors predisposing the aged kidney to acute insults, the hypothesis is advanced that impairment of the autoregulatory capacity of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate plays a major role in the pathophysiology of ARF in the elderly patient. Recent data suggest that the relative increase of elderly patients in the overall population of patients with ARF can only partly be explained by the absolute increase of aged people. The major causes of ARF in the elderly are discussed. They show the same spectrum of etiologies of ARF as younger patients but within that spectrum, a significantly higher incidence of acute prerenal failure, iatrogenic hemodynamically-mediated ARF, renal vascular syndromes, glomerulonephritis, and post-ischemic acute tubular necrosis is observed. As far as the severity of the prognosis of ARF in the elderly is concerned, the review of published data does not allow definite conclusions on this subject. The main reason is the lack of information in a form that allows an easy and meaningful comparison. The adoption of scoring systems like the APACHE II system should overcome these problems. At present, the supposition that old age by itself is a bad prognostic factor in the outcome of ARF is dubious and it is certainly not strong enough to deny individual elderly patients with ARF the opportunity of aggressive therapy.     

Acute renal failure in the elderly: A demographic and clinical study of patients in Eastern India

A total of 638 patients with acute renal failure (ARF) of diverse etiology were studied over a period of 9 years (July 1985–Dec. 1994) of which 96 (15%) patients were classified as elderly ARF with mean age of 72.5 years. Medical causes accounted for 80% of geriatric ARF while 20% patients, had ARF of surgical origin. Decreased renal perfusion resulting from gastroenetritis was the predominant (52.8%) cause of ARF in the medical group. Nephrotoxic ARF and ARF due to F. malaria were seen in 10 and 7 patients respectively. Obstructive uropathy was observed in 12 patients in surgical group and in remaining 8 patients ARF developed following various surgical procedures. ARF in association with multiorgan failure was not observed in our study. Mortality was seen in 24 patients (25%). The causes of mortality were GI bleed (6), peripheral circulatory failure (5), hyperkalemia (4) and sepsis (4). Thus medical ARF remains the major cause of acute renal failure in elderly patients in our study in contrast to ARF associated with multiorgan failure and surgery in developed countries.     

Acute renal failure in elderly patients

Patients' age and severity of renal insufficiency are important factors in the prognosis of ARF. We analysed, retrospectively, 66 patients over 65 years of age with ARF and requirement of renal function replacement. Mean age was 74.8±7 years. The etiologies of ARF were: obstructive (59%), medical (32%) and surgical (9%). Univariate analysis was undertaken. Hypotension (p=0.005), left ventricular failure (p=0.03), bleeding diathesis (p=0.007) and gastrointestinal haemorrhage (p=0.01) affected prognosis adversely. Mortality was directly related to the number of risk factors (p=0.001) and to the etiology of ARF-obstructive disease had a favorable prognosis (p=0.001). The overall mortality was 34.8% and the main causes of death were cardiovascular (30.4%) and infection (26.1%). Although it is important to define prognostic factors, old age should not be used as a criterion to refuse an opportunity of therapy in ARF.     

Acute renal failure: a study of elderly patients

Two hundred and forty-six patients over the age of 65 years treated for acute renal failure (ARF) between 1960 and 1987 are reviewed. Although the fatality has apparently not changed over the duration of the study, it is possible to identify groups with a relatively good prognosis with renal replacement therapy. This particularly applies to patients with an underlying medical illness or with urological problems (excluding neoplasia). ARF following surgery with perioperative sepsis continues to carry a poor prognosis. We would recommend early referral of elderly patients with acute renal failure to a specialist unit, as a substantial proportion of survivors will regain normal renal function and quality of life.     

Characteristics of acute renal failure in elderly patients admitted to a small town hospital

We studied the features of acute renal failure (ARF) in elderly patients treated in a hospital, without an intensive care unit, to identify etiological factors and establish adequate preventive measures and treatment. During twelve consecutive months we studied prospectively 99 patients with ARF diagnosed by conventional criteria, an incidence of 1,238 cases per million per year. ARF affected 1.78% of patients admitted to hospital. We analyzed age, sex, serum creatinine, diuresis, etiology, type of ARF, preexisting chronic diseases, treatment, complications and outcome. Preexisting chronic diseases were common, the most frequent being hypertension (54%) and diabetes (39%). Previous treatments for cardiovascular diseases were frequent (angiotensin-renin system blockade 35.4%, diuretics 50.5%). 79% of ARF arose in hospital, 21% outside hospital. ARF was pre-renal in 60%, renal in 31% and post-renal in 9%. 34.7% were caused by volume depletion, 23.4% by low cardiac output and 23.4% by infection. 44.4% of ARF patients had oliguria or anuria latrogenic factors contributed to the ethiology of ARF in 35.3% of patients. Hospital stay was doubled by ARF the presence of ARF and the mortality was 36.4%. The rate was higher in ARF arising in hospital than in ARF acquired before admission. Factors that had a significant influence on the mortality rate were comorbid conditions, oliguroanuria, ARF of renal origin and serum albumin. We conclude that ARF has a high incidence, morbidity and mortality in this elderly population. Volume depletion, associated cardiovascular pathology and pharmacological treatment are important etiological factors in those with ARF outside hospital. Adequate treatment of ARF and avoidance of nephrotoxic medications are necessary in hospital.     

连续性肾脏替代疗法在重症急性肾功能衰竭治疗中的应用

目的 回顾分析连续性肾脏替代疗法（ＣＲＲＴ）在重症急性肾功能衰竭（ＡＲＦ）治疗中的应用和影响预后的因素。方法 １９８６年５月至１９９９年１月用ＣＲＲＴ治疗重症ＡＲＦ患者１０１例,回顾性分析了患者临床特点、ＣＲＲＴ方法和预后。结果 １０１例患者中６０例（５９．４％）度过疾病的急性期（存活组）,４１例（４０．６％）在急性期死亡（死亡组）,对两组患者的临床统计学资料、肾功能衰竭的特点、疾病严重程度（ＡＰ     

连续性血液净化在ICU多器官功能障碍综合征合并急性肾衰竭患者的应用及预后分析

目的探讨连续性血液净化治疗（CBPT）在ICU多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）合并急性肾衰竭（APF）患者的疗效及影响预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年2月该院ICU中行连续性静-静脉血液滤过（CVVH）治疗的245例MODS合并ARF患者一般资料、血液生化检查、疾病严重程度评分等，对比分析CVVH治疗前后临床参数的变化及影响预后的因素。结果CVVH对容量负荷、溶质清除效果明显；反映疾病严重程度如氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分、SOFA评分CVVH治疗前后比较无明显差异；全部患者死亡率为64．9％，病死率随着衰竭器官数目的增加而显著升高。多因素回归分析显示，患者CVVH治疗前衰竭器官数、医院获得性ARF、CVVH前APACHEⅡ评分、平均动脉压是独立危险因素。结论对于MODS合并ARF患者，CVVH治疗前患者疾病的严重程度是影响预后的重要因素，依据患者临床病情早期积极CBPT可能改善MODS合并ARF患者的预后。