结节肿块型乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的MRI表现及与乳腺小浸润性导管癌的鉴别诊断

目的 分析结节肿块型乳腺导管内乳头状瘤（intraductal papilloma,IDP）磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）的影像学表现,加深对IDP的MRI特征的认识,并探讨其与直径小于2 cm的乳腺浸润性导管癌（invasive ductal carcinoma,IDC）的鉴别诊断特征。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年6月期间在四川省妇幼保健院经手术后病理学检查证实的28例乳腺结节肿块型IDP和34例直径小于2 cm的IDC的MRI表现,包括病灶大小、形态、边缘、是否有毛刺征、病灶周围有无扩张导管、病灶的最大径是否沿乳腺导管方向走行、病灶是否距乳头4 cm以内、平扫T2WI信号、表观扩散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC）值、动态增强时间-信号强度曲线（time-signal intensity curve,TIC）类型、早期强化率以及增强扫描病灶内部强化方式演变特征。结果 2组比较,肿瘤直径（P<0.001）、形态（P<0.001）、边缘（P<0.001）、病灶周围有无扩...     

Nek2和β-连接素在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达和意义

目的 探讨中心体相关调节因子Nek2和β-连接素(β-cat)在人乳腺浸润性导管癌(IDC)和IDC伴发的导管内癌(DCIS)中的表达及其意义.方法 采用免疫组织化学方法(IHC)检测186例IDC、伴发的75例DCIS和80例癌旁正常组织及40例乳腺纤维腺瘤中Nek2和β-cat蛋白的表达定位及表达水平,并与其他多个临床病理参数进行比较分析.结果 IDC中不同组织学分级(x2=8.756;P<0.05)、不同肿瘤大小(x2=6.518;P<0.05)间Nek2细胞质表达不同,在其他指标分组间表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Nek2细胞核表达在IDC中有32例(32/186),在伴发的DCIS中有15例(15/75);IDC中不同组织学分级(x2=45.493;P<0.01)、TNM分期(x2=9.510;P<0.01)、淋巴结转移(Z=-2.035;P<0.05)、雌激素受体(ER)表达(Z=-3.004;P<0.01)组间[β-cat细胞膜表达有差异,在其他临床病理参数组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);β-cat细胞质表达在不同TNM分期间差异有统计学意义(x2=8.194;P<0.05),在其他参数组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);伴发的75例DCIS中Nek2和β-cat表达在各病理学参数组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),Nek2细胞质表达与β-eat细胞质表达正相关(r=0.226,P<0.05).IDC中Nek2细胞质表达与β-cat细胞质表达正相关(r=0.368,P<0.01).此外,在75例伴发DCIS的病例中,β-cat细胞膜表达率在DCIS中比IDC中要高(Z=-3.804,P<0.01).癌旁正常组织和纤维腺瘤中Nek2细胞质和细胞核均为低表达或阴性,β-cat细胞膜均为高表达而细胞质均为低表达.结论 研究中心体调节因子Nek2和β-cat的表达可能成为探讨乳腺浸润性导管癌发生发展机制的途径.     

原癌基因gankyrin在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达研究

目的 探讨gankyrin在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达水平及其在乳腺癌发生发展中的作用机制。方法 采用蛋白免疫印记的方法 检测28例乳腺浸润性导管癌的癌与癌旁组织中gankyrin的表达水平；采用经典的分子克隆技术构建gankyrin的真核表达质粒；利用双报告基因技术检测p53活性的变化；利用蛋白免疫印记技术检测p53、p21和Bax的蛋白水平。结果 gankyrin在28例乳腺浸润性导管癌癌组织的表达明显高于癌旁组织，在MCF-7细胞中，过表达的gankyrin明显抑制了p53的转录活性，使p53、p21和Bax的蛋白水平最著降低。结论 gankyrin对p53的负调控在乳腺浸润性导管癌的发生过程中起重要作用。     

乳腺浸润性导管/小叶混合癌与浸润性小叶癌、导管癌的临床病理特征及预后差异

目的 研究乳腺浸润性导管/小叶混合癌(infiltrative ductal/lobular mixed carcinoma,IDC-L)与浸润性小叶癌(infiltrative lobular carcinoma,ILC)及浸润性导管癌(infiltrative ductal carcinoma,IDC)病理特征及预...     

Gankyrin蛋白在乳腺浸润性导管癌和癌前病变组织中表达的意义

目的 研究癌症基因Gankyrin在乳腺浸润性导管癌(invasive ductal carcinoma, IDC)和癌前病变组织中表达的意义。方法 2016年1月～2018年6月间手术切除的IDC和癌前病变组织石蜡标本105例,其中IDC组织石蜡标本65例,癌前病变组织石蜡标本40例,另取同期手术切除的非肿瘤病变的正常乳腺组织石蜡标本25例作为对照。比较不同组织病理标本中Gankyrin表达的差异,分析IDC组织病理标本中Gankyrin表达与疾病特点及预后的关系。结果 Gankyrin在IDC中的表达高于癌前病变及正常乳腺组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Gankyrin在癌前病变中的表达高于正常乳腺组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在IDC病人中,有淋巴结转移者Gankyrin表达阳性率(94.1%)高于无淋巴结转移者(67.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);有脉管内瘤栓者Gankyrin表达阳性率(91.7%)高于无脉管内瘤栓者(69.0%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Gankyrin阳性表达者3年无病生存期(progress...     

乳腺导管原位癌、微浸润癌及浸润性癌临床病理指标表达差异分析

目的：比较乳腺导管原位癌（DCIS）、导管原位癌伴微浸润（DCIS-MI）及浸润性乳腺癌（IDC）临床病理及免疫组化特征。方法回顾性分析2008至2013年的214例乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料,其中DCIS 66例,DCIS-MI 48例,IDC 100例。根据免疫组化结果分为4组：Luminal-A [ER（＋）和／或 PR（＋）,HER2（－）],Luminal-B [ER（＋）和／或 PR（＋）,HER2（＋）],HER2（＋）型[ER（－）,PR（－）,HER2（＋）],和三阴型[ER（－）,PR（－）,HER2（－）]。结果从DCIS、DCIS-MI到IDC,肿瘤大小逐渐增加（P＜0．001）。IDC腋窝淋巴结阳性率高于DCIS和DCIS-MI（P＜0．001）。ER、PR、HER2阳性表达在纯DCIS、DCIS-MI与IDC之间的表达显著差异,P值均小于0．05。随着浸润的发展,Luminal-like 型比例下降,而HER2＋型和三阴型的比例增加（P＝0．016）。Ki-67指数分别为DCIS（10．4±12．9）％,DCIS-MI（13．9±16．3）％,IDC（43．9±26．4）％（P＜0．001）。结论在DCIS、DCIS-MI、IDC中不同亚型的分布以及各自的临床病理特点表明它们之间存在很大不同。     

乳腺浸润性小叶癌与浸润性导管癌生物学特性比较

乳腺浸润性小叶癌(invasive lobular carcinoma ILC)与浸润性导管癌(invasive ductal carcinoma IDC)为乳腺癌中两种常见的病理类型,病理形态学有各自的特点。本文对ILC和IDC生物学特性进行比较。1资料和方法ILC及IDC共523例,均为女性。其中ILC有173例,IDC为350例,年龄20~80岁,     

COX-2及Ki67在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨COX-2和Ki67在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的表达情况及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化SP方法检测82例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织与癌旁正常组织中COX．2和Ki67的表达,并结合临床病理特点进行分析。结果82例乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中COX-2和Ki67的表达分别为71．95％和64．63％,与癌旁正常组织相比均明显增高（均P〈0．001）;COX-2和Ki67的表达与肿瘤TNM分期、淋巴结转移、脉管侵犯及组织学分级呈正相关（均P〈0．05）;Ki67的表达与肿瘤大小呈正相关（P〈0．01）;Spearman等级相关分析法显示两者表达呈正相关（P〈O．05）。结论在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中COX-2和Ki67的表达均增高,两者与乳腺浸润性导管癌临床病理特征密切相关,对两者进行联合检测可反映乳腺浸润性导管癌的生物学行为。     

孕激素受体a、b在乳腺浸润性导管癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨孕激素受体a（PR-a）、孕激素受体b（PR-b）在乳腺浸润性导管癌（IDC）中的表达及其与各临床病理指标的相关性,探讨PR亚型与预后的关系。方法采用免疫组化法检测100例IDC组织中PR-a、PR-b的表达,分析其与雌激素受体仅（ER-a）、雌激素受体B（ER-β）、人类表皮生长因子受体2（HER-2）、核增殖抗原Ki-67、淋巴结转移、细胞学分级、TNM分期及脉管癌栓的相关性,研究PR-a／PR-b比值与各指标的关系。结果PR-a阳性55例（55％）,PR-b阳性58例（58％）。PR-a与HER-2、Ki-67的表达呈正相关（P〈0．05）,与淋巴结转移负相关（P〈0．05）,与ER-β及脉管癌栓负相关（P〈0．01）,与ER-a、细胞学分级、TNM分期无相关;PR-b与淋巴结转移、细胞学分级、TNM分期负相关（P〈0．05）,与HER-2、Ki-67及脉管癌栓亦呈负相关（P〈0．01）,与ER-a、ER-B无相关。PR-a／PR-b〉1者32例（48．5％）,=1者18例（27．3％）,〈1者16例（24．2％）。PR-a／PR-b〉1组的HER-2、Ki-67、高细胞学分级、高TNM分期、淋巴结阳性率高于PR-a／PR-b≤1组（P〈0．05）。结论PR-b的表达与HER-2、Ki-67、淋巴结转移、细胞学分级、TNM分期及脉管癌栓均呈负相关,而PR-a与各指标的相关性各不相同,PR-b阳性及PR-a／PR-b≤1可作为IDC预后良好的指标。     

乳腺浸润性导管癌的MRI诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)对乳腺浸润性导管癌的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析了2012年1月至2012年6月期间在四川大学华西医院放射科行MRI检查,且术后经病理学检查证实为乳腺浸润性导管癌的75例患者的术前MRI检查资料。结果形态学分型:团块型54例,结节型21例,囊实混合型0例。肿块形状:圆形3例,卵圆形9例,不规则形63例。边缘:不规则66例,规则9例;呈微小分叶状56例。肿块内有钙化者1例。有淋巴结转移者18例。MRI的T1WI呈低信号(65例)或等信号(10例),T2WI呈低信号(3例)或以稍高信号为主的混杂信号(72例),增强后大部分呈均匀强化(64例),部分呈不均匀强化(11例)。结论通过分析乳腺浸润性导管癌的MRI成像特征,可为临床诊断乳腺浸润性导管癌提供有力的影像学证据。     

Predictors of Breast Cancer Development in Women with Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Atypical Lobular Hyperplasia

Background

Atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular neoplasia are common benign breast diseases that increase breast cancer risk. We performed a cohort analysis that compared atypia patients for additional risk factors to asses the effect on breast cancer risk by atypia status.

Methods

This longitudinal cohort study used data from the Women At Risk High-Risk Registry at Columbia University Medical Center, New York. Women with atypia were compared to women without atypia across known risk factors to determine the combined effect on breast cancer development. Odds ratios (ORs) stratified by atypia status were calculated for each risk factor of interest with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). P values were calculated to determine statistical significance.

Results

The study population included 1598 high-risk women, 921 (57.6%) of whom had a history of biopsy-proven atypia. The remaining 677 high-risk women (42.4%) did not have atypia. Fifty women (3.1%) developed breast cancer. Alcohol was significantly associated with the development of breast cancer (P = 0.02) and increased breast cancer risk among women with atypia (OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 0.95–4.81) compared to women without atypia (OR, 1.71). The odds of breast cancer were higher for atypia patients with first-degree relatives (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 0.64–3.35) compared to women with a relative and no atypia diagnosis (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.41–2.63). The other risk factors of interest did not differ significantly by atypia status.

Conclusions

Atypia patients who drank alcohol and had a first-degree relative with breast cancer have an increased risk of breast cancer compared to those without atypia. Continued understanding of the high-risk population will lead to more individualized protocols for risk reduction and prevention.     

Re-Excision Rates of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma with Lobular Features Compared with Invasive Ductal Carcinomas and Invasive Lobular Carcinomas of the Breast

Background

Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) with lobular features (IDC-L) is not recognized as a subtype of breast cancer. We previously showed that IDC-L may be a variant of IDC with clinicopathological characteristics more similar to invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). We sought to determine the re-excision rates of IDC-L compared with ILC and IDC, and the feasibility of diagnosing IDC-L on core biopsies.

Methods

Surgical procedure, multiple tumor foci, tumor size, and residual invasive carcinoma on re-excision were recorded for IDC-L (n = 178), IDC (n = 636), and ILC (n = 251). Re-excision rates were calculated by excluding mastectomy as first procedure cases and including only re-excisions for invasive carcinoma. Slides of correlating core biopsies for IDC-L cases initially diagnosed as IDC were re-reviewed.

Results

For T2 tumors (2.1–5.0 cm), re-excision rates for IDC-L (76 %) and ILC (88 %) were higher than that for IDC (42 %) (p = 0.003). Multiple tumor foci were more common in IDC-L (31 %) and ILC (26 %) than IDC (7 %) (p < 0.0001), which was a significant factor in higher re-excision rates when compared with a single tumor focus (p < 0.001). Ninety-two of 149 patients (62 %) with IDC-L were diagnosed on core biopsies. Of the 44 patients initially diagnosed as IDC, 30 were re-reviewed, of which 24 (80 %) were re-classified as IDC-L.

Conclusions

Similar to ILC, re-excision rates for IDC-L are higher than IDC for larger tumors. Patients may need to be counseled about the higher likelihood of additional procedures to achieve negative margins. This underscores the importance of distinguishing IDC-L from IDC on core biopsies.     

HPV6／11、HPV16／18与HPVL1蛋白检测在男性阴茎乳头状增生陛病变诊断中的应用

目的：调查男性阴茎乳头状增生性病变患者的HPV6／11、HPV16／18和HPVL1蛋白表达情况,确定病理诊断应用依据。方法回顾性调查130例男性阴茎乳头状增生性病变患者,采用常规病理组织学方法、免疫组化和原位杂交技术检测男性阴茎乳头状增生性病变患者手术标本的HPV6／11、HPV16／18和HPVL1蛋白表达情况。结果130例阴茎上皮乳头状增生性病变病例,尖锐湿疣、低级别上皮内病变、高级别上皮内病变和鳞癌分别占64．6％、16．9％、10．8％、7．7％。尖锐湿疣中HPV6／11、HPVL1蛋白表达阳性率为92．9％和97．6％,高于其他三组病变。低级别上皮内病变HPV16／18表达阳性率为81．8％,高于其他3组病变。结论对于HPVL1表达阴性的男性阴茎上皮乳头状增生性病变患者应该严格随访。     

Epithelial Proliferation in Small Ducts of Salivary Cystadenoma Resembling Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia of Breast

Salivary gland cystadenomas are cystic neoplasms with diverse architecture and cytology. Cystadenomas may have a considerable intracystic epithelial component, but an epithelial proliferation in small ducts and cysts resembling atypical ductal hyperplasia of breast has not been documented. The patient was a 68-year-old man with a slow growing right submandibular mass. He has no recurrence 13 months after resection. The tumor was polycystic and measured 3.0 × 2.5 × 2.5 cm. The epithelium of the larger cysts was composed of flat, cuboidal, columnar, and apocrine-like cells. Many of the larger cysts showed “Roman bridges”, epithelial tufting, and papillae. The smaller cysts and ducts had apocrine-like cells forming secondary glandular lumens. The ductal cells were surrounded by clear myoepithelial cells. Nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia was seen in the apocrine-like cells. Adjacent to the larger cysts, there was an adenomatoid proliferation of small ducts surrounded by myoepithelial cells. No mitotic activity, necrosis, or stromal invasion was identified. The ductal cells were diffusely positive for keratin 7 and androgen receptors with focal expression of keratin 19 and high-molecular weight keratin. S-100, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and BRST-2 were negative in the ductal cells. Recognition of a prominent intraductal epithelial component in cystadenomas is important to avoid a misdiagnosis of cystadenocarcinoma or low-grade salivary duct carcinoma. Cystadenomas join the list of salivary gland lesions with microscopic similarities to primary lesions of the breast.     

Molecular Distinction Between Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia and Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Abstract: The increasing use of screening mammography has led to an increased detection of high-risk proliferative breast disease and premalignant breast lesions. This change in the pattern of disease presentation has highlighted the existing limitations in the understanding of the biology of these entities. It has also emphasized the significance of deficiencies involved in the morphologic recognition of the spectrum of changes that occur in precursor lesions. The criteria for morphologic distinction between atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) have remained controversial. There are also difficulties in subclassification of DCIS. To resolve some of these issues, attempts have been made to use new and emerging technologies to study these borderline breast lesions and to distinguish between ADH and DCIS. This article discusses the significance of the newly recognized biomarkers and emphasizes the need for further prospective studies.     

Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia in Stereotactic Breast Biopsies: Enhanced Accuracy of Diagnosis with the Mammotome

Abstract: There is little literature assessing the incidence of subsequent carcinoma in patients diagnosed with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) by mammotome. We reviewed 216 stereotactic mammotome biopsies (SMBs) and compared the results to the 121 automated tru-cut biopsies (ATC) performed at our breast care center from June 1994 to July 1998. The median age in the mammotome series was 57 years, compared to 56 years in the ATC group. An increase in biopsies for microcalcifications (49% versus 41%) was noted in the SMB series. This was accompanied by an increase in the number of cases with a diagnosis of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (10% versus 4%). Compared to the tru-cut, in which 38% (3 of 8) of the cases diagnosed as atypical hyperplasia (AH) showed DCIS and/or invasive carcinoma on open biopsy, none of the cases diagnosed as AH on mammotome revealed carcinoma on open biopsy. ADH is more accurately diagnosed with SMB than by the ATC method and may not be an indication for subsequent open biopsy.     

Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia in Directional Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy of Breast Microcalcifications: Considerations for Surgical Excision

Background

Our goal was to analyze clinicopathologic features of patients with atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) diagnosed on directional vacuum-assisted biopsy (DVAB) targeting microcalcifications to identify factors predicting the presence of carcinoma.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the clinical, mammographic, and histologic features of 140 patients with DVAB-diagnosed ADH who underwent either segmental excision (86.4%) or mammographic follow-up (≥2 years; 13.6%). Cases with mass lesions or ipsilateral cancer were excluded.

Results

In 16 cases, carcinoma was found on excision. All cases without excision showed no new abnormalities on mammographic follow-up. Only the amount of calcifications removed (≤95%) significantly correlated with the rate of upgrade of ADH to carcinoma (P = .037). Significant histologic predictors of upgrade to carcinoma included number of terminal duct-lobular units (TDLU; >2) involved (P = .0306), presence of significant cytologic atypia suspicious for intermediate or high-grade carcinoma (P < .0001), and necrosis (P = .0006). Among ADH cases without significant atypia and/or necrosis, the extent of ADH (≤2 vs. >2 TDLU involved) was not a significant predictor of carcinoma (P = 1.0000).

Conclusions

ADH associated with calcifications in the absence of a mass lesion can be categorized into different risk groups using a multidisciplinary approach with correlation of histologic and mammographic findings. ADH lesions with significant cytologic atypia and/or necrosis are most likely to be associated with carcinoma and should be excised. ADH without these features, regardless of extent of involvement, and with >95% removal of the targeted calcifications, is associated with a minimal risk (<3%) of carcinoma and may undergo mammographic follow-up only.     

Small Invasive Breast Carcinomas in Taiwanese Women

Background: Female Taiwanese breast cancer patients are younger than their Western counterparts. This study examined the predictors of axillary lymph node metastases in Taiwanese women with T1 breast cancer.Methods: Data from 394 Taiwanese women with T1 invasive breast carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed.Results: The data contained 6 T1a, 51 T1b, and 337 T1c breast tumors. The patients ages ranged from 23 to 82 years (mean ± SD, 48.2 ± 11.4 years; median, 46.4 years). Axillary nodal metastases were present in 38.3% of the patients (16.7% in T1a, 35.3% in T1b, and 39.2% in T1c tumors). The patients with nodal metastases had significantly greater body weights and S-phase fractions than those without nodal metastases. Univariate analysis revealed that unfavorable pathology, lymphovascular invasion, S-phase fraction >7%, and nondiploid DNA ploidy were significantly associated with lymph node metastases. Lymphovascular invasion was the only significant variable as the independent predictor in the multiple logistic regression analysis. In the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, axillary nodal status and lymphovascular invasion were significantly associated with survival.Conclusions: Taiwanese women with small breast cancer displayed a relatively higher incidence of axillary lymph node metastases than Western women. Axillary lymph node dissection or sentinel lymph node biopsy should be conducted on Taiwanese patients with small invasive breast carcinomas, particularly when risk factors exist.     

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Related Carcinomas of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract

Epidemiologic, clinical, morphologic and molecular evidence show that high risk HPV, particularly type 16, is a prerequisite for some carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), particularly tonsil and base of tongue. Sexual transmission is an important mode of infection while tobacco use and excessive drinking are not considered risk factors. HPV + tumors are distinct clinically and pathologically. They are more common in young patients (<40 years) with a male to female ratio of 4:1. They usually present as a small or occult primary tumor with advanced neck disease. Microscopically they are non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas with basaloid features, excessive mitosis and comedo type necrosis. The tumors have a distinct immunohistochemical profile characterized by strong and diffuse p16 reactivity, low or negative p53 staining and high Ki67 labeling scores. HPV + carcinomas are more radio-sensitive and have a better prognosis than the classical keratinizing SCC of the UADT. An anti-HPV vaccine has recently been made available for prevention of cervical cancer. The impact of the vaccine on the prevalence of HPV related carcinomas of the UADT is currently not known but likely beneficial.     

Flat Epithelial Atypia and Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia: Carcinoma Underestimation Rate

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the underestimation rate of carcinoma upon surgical biopsy after a diagnosis of flat epithelial atypia and atypical ductal hyperplasia and 11‐gauge vacuum‐assisted breast biopsy. A retrospective review was conducted of 476 vacuum‐assisted breast biopsy performed from May 2005 to January 2007 and a total of 70 cases of atypia were identified. Fifty cases (71%) were categorized as pure atypical ductal hyperplasia, 18 (26%) as pure flat epithelial atypia and two (3%) as concomitant flat epithelial atypia and atypical ductal hyperplasia. Each group were compared with the subsequent open surgical specimens. Surgical biopsy was performed in 44 patients with atypical ductal hyperplasia, 15 patients with flat epithelial atypia, and two patients with flat epithelial atypia and atypical ductal hyperplasia. Five cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia were upgraded to ductal carcinoma in situ, three cases of flat epithelial atypia yielded one ductal carcinoma in situ and two cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, and one case of flat epithelial atypia/atypical ductal hyperplasia had invasive ductal carcinoma. The overall rate of malignancy was 16% for atypical ductal hyperplasia (including flat epithelial atypia/atypical ductal hyperplasia patients) and 20% for flat epithelial atypia. The presence of flat epithelial atypia and atypical ductal hyperplasia at biopsy requires careful consideration, and surgical excision should be suggested.