活体亲属供肾的肾移植5例报告

目的 探讨活体亲属供肾移植及术前特异性输供体血的安全性及可行性,并评价其临床效果。方法 总结5例活体亲属供肾移植的临床效果和供肾者术后的恢复情况。结果 5例活体亲属供肾者经随访10～24月全部健康,正常工作,术后无明显的并发症,5例肾移植受者目前移植肾功能(血肌酐及内生肌酐清除率)均正常,且已恢复正常的学习和工作,术后的免疫抑制剂使用量较同期的尸体肾移植受者低10％～15％。结论 活体亲属供肾是扩大供肾来源的较好途径,移植术后人/肾存活率优于尸体肾移植人/肾存活率。术前特异性输供体血有利于诱导受者产生免疫耐受。     

活体亲属供肾肾移植10例报告

目的：总结活体亲属供肾肾移植的临床经验。方法：回顾性总结10例活体亲属供肾肾移植患者的临床效果及供者捐肾后的情况。结果：10例供者供肾后未出现严重的并发症,术后7～10天出院。10例受者均为首次肾移植,术后6～24个月随访,肾功能恢复良好,仅1例出现急性排斥反应,经激素冲击治疗后逆转,人／肾存活率为100％。结论：活体亲属供肾肾移植是安全可行的,受者人／肾存活率优于尸体供肾;活体亲属供肾是扩大供肾来源的较好途径。     

亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后早期肾功能和并发症的影响

目的探讨亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后早期肾功能和并发症的影响。方法回顾性分析14例供肾动脉轻度狭窄的亲属活体肾移植与50例标准亲属活体肾移植供、受者的临床资料。比较两组供者术后血清肌酐(Scr)水平。比较两组受者术后1、3、6个月的Scr水平;比较两组受者移植肾存活率及移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)、急性排斥反应、肺部感染的发生率。结果两组供者术后Scr水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。两组术后1、3、6个月Scr水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。两组受者移植肾存活率,DGF、急性排斥反应、肺部感染的发生率比较,差异亦均无统计学意义(均为P0.05)。结论亲属活体供肾动脉轻度狭窄对肾移植受者术后肾功能和并发症的影响不大,可纳入标准供体供肾范围。     

活体亲属供肾移植29例报告

目的 总结亲属活体供肾移植的临床经验。方法 回顾总结２９例亲属活体供肾移植的效果及供者损肾后的恢复情况。结果 ２９名供者供肾后未出现严重的并发症,至今全部存活。２７例受者肾功能正常,均恢复日常工作;１例受者术后１４个月因感染并肝功能衰竭死亡;另１例术后１２天因肺内出血栓塞死亡。人／肾１年存活率为９６．６％。结论 亲属活体供肾移植效果明显优于同期尸体供肾移植,但目前我国施行数量太少,尚需大力推广。     

亲属活体肾移植101例分析

目的 总结16年亲属活体肾移植的经验。方法 101例亲属活体肾移植，除3例为夫妻间供肾外，其余为血缘亲属供肾。供、受者为同卵孪生2例，HLA全配24例，HLA单倍体相同69例，HLA有5个抗原错配者4例，HLA完全错配者2例。73例取供者右肾，28例取左肾；100例经开放手术取肾，1例经腹腔镜取肾。术后采用环孢素A（或他克莫司）、硫唑嘌呤（或霉酚酸酯）及泼尼松预防排斥反应。结果 所有供者术后1周内出院，随访6个月，血肌酐正常。术后96例受者存活，存活时间最长者达15年，其中4例移植肾功能丧失，其原因分别为超急性排斥反应（1例，术中切除肾脏）、慢性移植肾肾病与肾病复发（3例）；5例死亡，除1例术后发生移植肾功能恢复延迟，透析期间因肺出血死亡外，另4例死亡与移植肾无关。术后5例发生急性排斥反应，4例Banff分级为Ⅰ级，经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗，4例逆转，1例无效，恢复透析治疗。术后2例发生尿瘘，5例发生移植肾输尿管慢性梗阻，经手术治疗痊愈。结论 术前对供、受者进行全面综合评估是亲属活体肾移植成功的保证；亲属活体肾移植的组织配型好，供肾缺血时间短，排斥反应发生少，免疫抑制剂用量小，移植肾长期存活率高。     

活体亲属供肾移植30例报告

目的 评估活体亲属供肾移植的安全性和效果. 方法 回顾性分析2003年11月至2006年9月30例活体亲属供肾移植的临床资料.其中夫妻间供肾移植2例,直系血缘亲属供肾移植28例.供受体间2条单倍体相同6例、1条单倍体相同22例;HLA全错配1例,4抗原错配1例.供体切取右肾7例、左肾23例,经腹部取肾5例、经腰部25例,均为开放手术取肾.受体再次移植2例,首次移植28例. 结果 30例供体取肾术后7～10 d出院,随访3～6个月,肾功能正常.30例受体中1例因移植肾功能延迟恢复、肺部感染死亡.术后发生排斥反应4例,1例经抗胸腺淋巴细胞球蛋白逆转,3例经甲泼尼龙冲击治疗逆转.术后发生移植肾肾周血肿再次手术止血1例;发生尿瘘2例,均经保守治疗痊愈.29例存活者随访1～4年,其中术后1年发生慢性移植物失功1例,移植肾功能正常28例. 结论 活体亲属供肾移植安全,效果良好,供肾热缺血时间短、组织配型好、排斥反应小、免疫抑制剂用量少、长期存活率高,应积极提倡和推广.     

亲属活体供肾移植治疗Alport综合征(附1例报道并文献复习)

目的:探讨亲属活体供肾移植治疗Alport综合征(AS)的安全性和治疗特点。方法:2004年7月为1例Alport综合征患者施行亲属活体供肾移植手术,术后对供、受者均随访1年7个月,分析亲属供肾移植治疗AS的特点以及评价活体供肾的安全性。结果:供者各项生命指标良好,肝肾功能无明显变化;受者术后肾功能恢复理想,随访期间未见AS复发及其他脏器功能的继续损害。结论:Alport综合征是一种临床上较少见的遗传性疾病。亲属活体供肾移植治疗AS是一种可供移植医生考虑的治疗手段,对于是否存在术后的AS复发尚有待更长期的临床观察。     

公民逝世后器官捐献供肾移植临床分析

目的探讨公民逝世后器官捐献供肾移植的近期临床效果。方法公民逝世后器官捐献供肾移植73例,供者43例,其中本院器官获取组织42例,外院器官获取组织分享1例。分析肾移植术后人/肾存活率和并发症的发生情况。结果 73例受者随访9~38个月,术后6个月、1年的人/肾存活率分别为97.3%/94.5%、94.5%/91.8%。10例(13.7%)受者发生移植肾功能恢复延迟,15例(20.5%)受者术后发生急性排斥反应,21例(28.8%)受者发生肺部感染。2例受者移植肾丢失,4例受者移植肾带功死亡。结论公民逝世后器官捐献供肾移植近期疗效较好,是解决供肾来源的有效途径。     

61名亲属活体供肾者的术后随访调查

亲属活体供肾移植是解决肾源匮乏的有效途径,而且临床研究显示,活体供肾质量和受者的长期存活率明显高于尸体供肾移植[1].随着国内亲属活体供肾移植的逐步开展,供者肾切除后的健康日益受到人们的关注,供者的手术安全及长期健康状况直接影响这项丁作的开展.为了了解供者术后的健康状况,笔者对61名亲属活体供者进行r随访,现将结果报告如下.     

亲属活体肾移植(附162例报告)

目的探讨亲属活体肾移植的疗效。方法亲属活体肾移植162例,除7例为夫妻间供肾外,其余为血缘亲属供肾。人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)抗原错配5个4例、抗原错配4个6例、抗原错配3个101例、抗原错配2个51例。全部供者经开放手术取肾。受者术后采用环孢素或他克莫司+麦考酚吗乙酯+泼尼松龙三联免疫抑制治疗方案预防排斥反应。结果供者中除2名出现一过性血清肌酐升高外,其余肾功能均在正常范围内。162例受者中,术后早期肾功能恢复正常157例,肾功能延迟恢复5例,急性排斥反应5例,输尿管血栓形成2例,慢性排斥反应3例。1、3、5年人存活率均为96.9%,1、3、5年肾存活率分别为96.3%、95.8%、95.0%。死亡5例,死亡时间为移植后3个月内,均死于重度肺部感染并呼吸衰竭。结论亲属活体肾移植的组织配型好,供者术前准备充分,供肾缺血时间短,受者术前有充足的免疫诱导时间,免疫抑制剂用量小,排斥反应发生率低,移植肾存活率高。     

活体亲属供肾移植12例报告

目的 探讨活体亲属供肾移植的安全性、可行性,并评价活体亲属供肾移植的临床效果。方法 对１２例活体亲属供肾移植的资料进行分析。结果 １２名供者均无并发症出现,术后７～９ｄ出院。１例受者术后移植肾功能延迟至第６周恢复正常;１例受者出现急性排斥反应,应用激素冲击治疗３ｄ后逆转;余１０例受者肾功能均恢复良好。随访满６个月的８例受者,其血尿素氮、肌酐和内生肌酐清除率分别为８．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、９７．２μｍｏｌ     

Clinical research and social status investigation for donor and recipient of living-related kidney transplant

Objective

Renal transplantation is the best options for treating end-stage renal disease. Better patient and allograft survival rates are provided by living donation, which has been safe, with minimal immediate and long-term risk for the donor. This study aims to investigate the life status and summarize the clinical experience in living-related kidney transplant (LRKT) before and after renal transplantation.

Methods

A total of 310 cases of LRKT have been performed in our center since 1998. Tissue matching and risk factors assessment in donors and recipients were performed before donation. Small lumbar incision was used in all cases for unilateral nephrectomy. Donors and recipients were followed up regularly after renal transplantation.

Results

All living donors were healthy, with normal renal function after unilateral nephrectomy. The 1- and 5-year patient/graft survival rates of LRKT were 98.3 %/97.6 % and 91.3 %/86.9 %, respectively. The cumulative incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection (AR) was 2.9 % (9 cases). Thirteen cases developed pulmonary infection (4.2 %) and eight cases were cured. The graft function in most cases returned to normal range soon after kidney transplant. Moreover, the creatinine and BUN levels of grafts donated by children or siblings of recipients were markedly lower than those donated by parents, at 1 month after transplant.

Conclusion

Adequate pretransplant assessment, better tissue matching, and reduced ischemia time may result in lower incidence of DGF, AR and higher patient/graft survival rates for LRKT. It is important to improve selection criteria and health assessment of donors. Long-term follow-up is essential to ensure a healthy life for donors and recipients after kidney transplant.     

亲属活体供肾移植62例经验

目的 总结活体供肾移植的临床经验,提高其临床疗效.方法 同顾分析62例活体供肾移植的临床资料及供者情况.62例中,60例为三代内直系亲属供肾,2例为夫妻问供肾.移植前按程序对供、受者进行评估.供、受者 ABO血型均相同,供、受者间补体依赖淋巴细胞毒均为阴性,受者群体反应抗体阳性2例.53例行HLA配型,其中无抗原错配者5例,1个抗原错配者5例,2个抗原错配者20例,3个抗原错配者18例,4个抗原错配者2例,5个抗原错配者2例,全错配者1例.取左肾51例,取右肾11例.采用抗CD25单克隆抗体及甲泼尼龙(MP)诱导者36例,单纯采用MP者26例.术后采用环孢素A(或他克莫司)霉酚酸酯及泼尼松方法排斥反应.结果 供者住院时间为(9.4±2.2)d,取肾前血肌酐(Cr)为(66.8±16.4)μmol/L,取肾后第1天、第7天以及3个月以后的血Cr分别为(109.3±23.6)ttmol/L、(101.1±24.4)μmol/L和(91.1±15.5)tanol/L,虽明显高于取肾前(P＜0.05),但仍在正常范围.供肾热缺血时间为(70.9±41.7)s,冷缺血时间为(148.2±37.4)min.供者术后的并发症有气胸(3例,4.8%)、淋巴漏(2例,3.2%),切口愈合延迟(2例,3.2%),经治疗后痊愈.受者随访最长者达42个月,人、肾1年存活率均为100%.术后并发症包括急性排斥反应6例(9.7%),移植肾功能恢复延迟4例(6.5%),移植肾破裂1例(1.6%),移植肾动脉吻合口狭窄1例(1.6%),骨髓抑制2例(3.2%),有症状的巨细胞病毒感染3例(4.8%),一过性肝功能异常12例(19.4%),结核2例(3.2%).结论 活体供肾移植的长期效果良好,并发症少;活体供肾是安全的;完善的术前评估程序是保障供、受者良好预后的关键之一.     

Living unrelated donor kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND: Living unrelated donors remain an underutilized resource, despite their high graft survival rates. In this article, we updated the long-term results of more than 2500 living unrelated donor transplants performed in the United States. METHODS: Between 1987 and 1998, 1765 spouse, 986 living unrelated, 27,535 living related, and 86,953 cadaver donor grafts were reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing Kidney Registry. Kaplan-Meier curves compared graft survival rates in stratified analyses, and a log-linear analysis adjusted donor-specific outcomes for the effects of 24 other transplant factors. RESULTS: The long-term survival rates for both spouse and living unrelated transplants were essentially the same (5-year graft survivals of 75 and 72% and half-lives of 14 and 13 years, respectively). The results were similar to that for parent donor grafts (5-year graft survival = 74% and half-life = 12 years) and were significantly (P = 0.003) better than cadaver donor grafts (5-year graft survival = 62% and half-life = 9 years). After adjusting for the presence of transplant factors known to influence survival rates, recipients of living unrelated donor kidney transplants still had superior outcomes compared with cadaver transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Living unrelated kidney donors represent the fastest growing donor source in the United States and provide excellent long-term results. Encouraging spouses to donate could remove nearly 15% of the patients from the UNOS waiting list, effectively increasing the number of available cadaveric organs.     

Renal transplantation with aged donors

Research indicates that aged heart-beating cadaveric donors cause greater risk factors in kidney transplantation. The influence of age on the outcome of non-heart-beating (NHB) cadaveric renal transplantations has not yet been clarified. From July 1986 to May 1999, 63 patients who received cadaveric renal transplantation at Osaka City University Hospital and Osaka City General Hospital were divided into two groups according to their age. Renal function and graft-survival rates of the two groups were compared. The mean values of nadir donor serum creatinine were significantly worse (P < 0.05) in the aged donor group. In the aged donor group the percentage of immediately functioning grafts was lower and the percentage of non-functioning grafts was higher. During the first 10 years post-transplant, graft survival in the aged donor group was significantly lower than that in the younger donor group. We conclude that cadaveric renal transplantation from NHB aged donors can be to the detriment of renal function and graft survival rates compared to transplantation from younger donors.     

Results of transplantation of kidneys from related living donors

Between 1973 and 1981 23 transplantations of kidneys from living related donors have been performed in Frankfurt/Main. Donor complications were haematopneumothorax (1 case) and reversible urinary tract infections (3 cases). All donors were discharged after 8-12 days, all have until now (6 months to 8 years postoperatively) normal excretory renal function and normal arterial blood pressure. Patient-survival in the recipients is 5 years postoperatively 96% and graft-survival is 90%. Nine patients received HLA-identical kidneys, all have excellent to fair function of the grafts, 7 patients are off steroids. In 14 cases kidneys were transplanted, although donor and recipient shared only one haplotype. In these patients 5-year graft survival is 84%. Seven patients have normal graft function, whereas 6 patients have a reduced function or have rejected. One patient died. Results of kidney transplantation using living related donors are--even when donors with only one haplotype-identity are accepted--much better than those obtainable when using cadaveric donors. When renal transplantation is considered, patients should be informed about the favourable results attainable with kidneys from living related donors.     

Living donor kidney transplantation in a Veterans Administration medical center

BACKGROUND: A shortage of organ donors remains the major limiting factor in kidney transplantation. Living donor renal transplantation, especially living-unrelated donors, may expand the donor pool by providing another source of excellent grafts. METHODS: Between 1983 and 2003, 109 living donor kidney transplants were performed. Potential donors were assessed with a standardized routine. Antithymocyte serum (N-ATS) and Basiliximab were used as induction agents. Sandimmune, Gengraf, Neoral, and Prograf were the main immunosuppressants with Immuran, Mycophenolate Mofetil, and steroids. Eighty-two percent of the recipients were from out of state. RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of the living donors were from living-related donors and 22% were from living-unrelated donors. One- and three-year patient survival rates were 97.6% and 93.2% with 1- and 3-year graft survival rates of 93.2% and 88.3%, respectively. There were 6 delayed graft functions (5.5%), 16 acute cellular rejections (10%), and 10 chronic rejections (9%). Twelve patients died, 7 of them with a functioning graft. In the past 6 years (1997-2003), the number of living donor kidney transplants surpassed deceased donor kidney transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the limited number of cadaveric kidneys available for transplant, living donors represent a valuable source, and the use of living-unrelated donors has produced an additional supply of organs. In our program, the proportion of living donors used for kidney transplant is comparable with other non-Veterans Administration programs and the survival of these allografts appears to be superior to deceased donor kidney transplants.     

Renal grafts from elderly donors: histological studies and long-term results

To satisfy the increasing requests for renal grafts, elderly donors are increasingly accepted for kidney transplant at many centers. The main unresolved question is the long-term effect on graft survival of potential histological lesions due to donor age. We present a prospective histological study performed from January 1997 to December 2001 on 184 consecutively transplanted renal grafts in which the only criterion for graft acceptance was a normal value of serum creatinine upon admission to the intensive care unit independent of donor age. At the end of the study, 57 recipients (31%) of mean age 55 years (range 39 to 67 years) received a renal graft from donors aged more than 60 years (mean age 66 years; range 60 to 75 years), this cohort denoted as older donor kidney transplant group (ODKTG) and 127 recipients (69%) with a mean age of 49 years (range 21 to 63 years) received a renal graft from donors whose age was lower than 60 years (mean age 49 years; range 16 to 59 years), a cohort denoted as the younger donor kidney transplant group (YDKTG). The two groups were comparable for time of dialysis, cold ischemia time, immunosuppression therapy, grading of histological damage. At the end of the study with a mean follow-up of 5.6 years (range 3.5 to 7.5 years), primary graft nonfunction and delayed graft function were significantly more represented in the ODKTG than the YDKTG. Cumulative patient and graft survival was 84.3% and 79.4% in the ODKTG, respectively, and 93.8% and 85.9% in the YDKTG, respectively (P = NS). Cumulative serum creatinine values were 1.98 mg/100 mL in ODKTG and 1.65 mg/100 mL in YDKTG (P = NS). In conclusion, renal grafts from older donors presented histological damage comparable to that seen among renal grafts from younger donors.     

Influence of pretransplant pregnancy on survival of renal allografts from living donors

BACKGROUND: The presence of a small number of cells of donor origin in organ transplant recipients (microchimerism) may influence allograft survival and may induce tolerance. Postpartum women may be microchimeric to offspring hematopoietic cells up to 27 years. We hypothesized that mothers receiving renal allografts from offspring would have better graft survival compared with either fathers receiving allografts from offspring, or mothers receiving allografts from nonoffspring donors. METHODS: We analyzed 1803 living related kidney transplants from the UNOS database performed between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1995, for mothers and fathers who received grafts from offspring with one haplotype match. We also compared these mothers with parous females receiving a kidney from nonoffspring donors (spouse and other biologically related or unrelated family members). A multivariate logistic regression method was used to analyze the effect of donor type, as well as other recipient, donor, and transplant characteristics, on graft and patient survival. RESULTS: Mothers receiving one haplotype-matched offspring renal allografts did not have better graft survival at 1 or 3 years posttransplant compared with fathers receiving similar grafts. There was also no difference in graft or patient survival between mothers receiving kidney grafts from either offspring or nonoffspring donors. Graft survival in mothers with multiple pregnancies was poorer than those with a single pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible that persistent microchimerism of fetal cells in maternal circulation may, for some mothers, cause a detectable improvement in graft or patient survival. Comparison of female and male recipients from the UNOS database did not reveal any differences in outcomes. If mothers are tolerant to their offspring, our results indicate that this microchimerism may not improve renal allograft or patient survival in offspring donor to maternal recipient combinations. Lastly, more sensitive pretransplant cross-match assays may need to be implemented in multiparous women, given our results.