生活事件与老年抑郁症复发的关系

目的 探讨生活事件与老年抑郁症复发的关系。方法 对51名首次发作老年抑郁症恢复期患者（首发抑郁组）以及45名非首次发作老年抑郁症恢复期患者（复发抑郁组）使用自制一般情况调查表、老年抑郁量表（GDS）和生活事件量表评定。结果首发老年抑郁组负性生活事件数、负性生活事件总值、家庭有关问题得分、社交及其他问题得分明显高于复发老年抑郁组。工作学习问题两组无显著差异。结论生活事件与老年抑郁症的发病有关,而与复发无关。     

大肠癌患者个性行为特征及心理社会因素的研究

目的探讨个性行为特征,情绪状态和生活事件等心理社会因素对大肠癌患者的影响,为心理干预提供理论依据,完善综合诊治方案。方法采用C型行为量表、自评抑郁量表（SDS）和生活事件量表（LES）分别对经临床病理诊断的大肠癌患者150例（病例组）和健康正常人（对照组）进行评定。结果C型行为量表评定结果显示,病例组在焦虑,抑郁,愤怒（向内）理智和控制上的得分高于对照组,在愤怒（向外）和社会支持上的得分低于对照组,二者差异具有显著性（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。SDS结果袁明,病例组的得分显著高于对照组,具有明显差异（P〈0．01）。LES结果显示,病例纽的正性生活事件总分与对照组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,负性生活事件总分显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。主成分logistic回归分析结果显示,C型行为中焦虑、抑郁、愤怒、愤怒向内、理智、控制、经历过多的负性生活事件与大肠癌的发生有联系。结论大肠癌患者具有浓厚的C型行为,具有较高的抑郁情绪发生率和经历过多的负性生活事件。     

女性老年期抑郁症自杀危险因素研究

目的：探讨老年抑郁症患者自杀行为的危险因素。方法：对符合CCMD－2－4抑郁症诊断标准，汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）＞24分的80例老年女性患者，分成有自杀行为和无自杀行为的2组进行对照。结果：文化程度较高、身体疾病较多、病前有明显负性生活事件、重症忧郁、HAMD量表得分较高者自杀行为较多。结论：老年抑郁症患者除了给抗抑郁剂治疗外，还需重视躯体疾病的治疗以及心理治疗。社会支持有助于降低自杀行为的发生率。     

急性心肌梗塞患者与正常人生活事件、生活方式和负性情绪的对照研究

目的：探寻生活事件、生活方式、负性情绪与急性心肌梗塞（Acute Myocardial Infarction，简AMI）的病因学联系。方法：对91例AMI病人和90位正常人应用LES、SSRS、HAMD、HAMA等量表和生活方式问卷、一般状况测查表进行对照调查。结果：与正常人对照，AMI组发作前有明显心理刺激因素的有72例（79．12％）；AMI组负性生活事件分更高（P〈0．01）；AMI组的客观支持和主观支持和对支持利用度均明显低于正常组（P〈0．01）；生活方式方面，AMI组在饮食不良习惯、业余生活单调、缺乏锻炼，嗜烟酒，睡眠无规律等均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）；负性情绪方面，AMI组在焦虑／躯体化、认知障碍、阻滞、绝望、睡眠障碍和焦虑抑郁总分均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：负性事件多发，缺乏亲人和社会支持．不良的生活方式和负性情绪可能是AMI的发病危险因素。     

负性生活事件与老年抑郁症发病率的关系

目的探讨负性生活事件和老年抑郁症发病率的关系。方法以GMS-AGECAT与MDS量表为调查工具,对基线调查时确定的非抑郁老年人进行队列研究。采用χ2检验、Spearman相关分析和多元Logistic回归分析来分析数据。结果随着负性生活事件发生数增加,老年抑郁症发病率增高,两者有密切相关(r=0.96,P<0.01)。χ2检验表明,健康恶化、经济困难、难过事情、亲友冲突、恐怖经历发生与否与老年抑郁症发病率关系达显著性水平(P<0.01)。多元Logistic回归分析表明,经济困难(RR=1.82)、亲友冲突(RR=5.18)对老年抑郁症发病率有显著性影响(P<0.01)。结论负性生活事件与老年抑郁症发病率密切相关,经济困难、亲友冲突是老年抑郁症的危险因素。     

重度抑郁症对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:探讨重度抑郁症患者对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向.方法:从35名符合中国精神疾病诊断与分类手册第三版(CCMD-3)抑郁症诊断标准的被试中,筛选出符合汉密尔顿抑郁量表( Hamilton Depression Scale,HAMD)及Beck抑郁自评问卷(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)重度抑郁症诊断标准的重度抑郁症患者(抑郁组)20名.选取在年龄、性别及受教育程度方面与抑郁组相匹配的正常对照20名.采用NimStim情绪面孔图片库中的负性情绪面孔和中性情绪面孔作为刺激材料,应用注意偏向研究中常用的线索-靶子任务进行研究,比较两组被试线索效应、注意施加、注意解除得分.结果:抑郁组对负性情绪面孔线索效应得分大于对中性情绪面孔线索效应得分(21.73 ms vs.3.91 ms,P<0.01);抑郁组注意施加得分大于对照组(17.25 ms vs.1.64 ms,P<0.001);对照组与抑郁组注意解除得分差别无统计学意义(-1.50 ms vs.0.57 ms, P>0.05).结论:抑郁症患者对负性情绪信息加工存在注意偏向,对负性情绪信息缺乏保护性偏向.     

急性心肌梗塞病人心理健康及有关心理社会因素调查

目的：探讨急性心肌梗塞患者的负性情绪及相关吲素。方法：91例急性心肌梗塞（AMI）病人和90例正常人应用SCL-90、SAS、SDS、LES、SSRS等量表进行对照调查。结果：AMI组在焦虑、抑郁、强迫、敌对、人际关系敏感、恐怖、偏执、躯体化等因子均明显高于正常组，存一年内的负性生活事件也明显高于对照组。社会支持度低于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：负性情绪、负性生活事件发生率，缺乏社会支持可能是急性心肌梗塞发生发展的危险因素。     

抑郁障碍患者的生活事件、防御机制与其发病关系的研究

目的 :探讨抑郁障碍患者的生活事件及防御机制与其疾病发生间的关系。方法 :采用自评抑郁量表(SDS)、生活事件量表 (LES)、和防御方式问卷 (DSQ)对 76名诊断为抑郁障碍的患者进行测试 ,同时按照抑郁组被试的年龄、性别构成选取 84名健康被试进行对照研究。结果 :①抑郁组患者在LES中的得分总分及频次显著高于对照组 ;②DSQ的结果显示在“不成熟防御机制”的维度上 ,抑郁组的平均得分明显高于对照组 ,其中主要以投射、被动攻击、见诸行动、幻想和躯体化 5个因子的得分突出 ;③“中间型防御机制”抑郁组的平均得分也明显高于对照组 ,其中主要以伴无能之全能和否认两个因子的得分突出 ;④在“成熟防御机制”的维度上 ,抑郁组的平均得分明显低于对照组 ,其中主要以升华机制得分为低。结论 :抑郁障碍患者所经历过的生活事件 (应激 )及他们对这些生活事件所采取的不适当的心理防御机制在其抑郁障碍的发病过程中起着重要作用。     

快感缺失、压力和神经质人格对抑郁症发病的影响

目的:探讨快感缺失、压力、神经质人格在抑郁症发病中的作用。方法:用愉快情绪量表(TEPS)、大五人格问卷一神经质分量表(FFI-N)、Beck抑郁量表(BDI)、生活事件量表(LES)对84名抑郁症患者和75名健康对照进行调查。结果:抑郁症患者期待性快乐和消费性快乐显著低于健康对照组(P0.05);神经质人格、BDI和应激显著高于健康对照组(P0.01);Logistics回归分析发现消费性快乐(OR=1.10,95%CI=1.03-1.17)、神经质人格(OR=0.91,95%CI=0.83-1.00)、BDI(OR=0.93,95%CI=0.89-0.98)、负性生活事件(OR=0.94,95%CI=0.92-0.97)与抑郁症发病存在显著关联。结论:个体的消费性快乐、负性压力和神经质人格是抑郁症发病的危险因素。     

抑郁症患者生活事件及社会支持特征的研究

目的：探讨抑郁症患者生活事件和社会支持的特点和规律。方法：对96例抑郁症患者分别在其入院时进行测评，测评工具包括自评抑郁量表、社会支持量表和生活事件量表。此外对99例正常对照亦进行上述测评。结果：抑郁症患者经历的应激性生活事件较多，得到较多的主观社会支持，但对社会支持的利用度却不如对照组高；男女患者之间的生活事件和社会支持得分无显著差异；低应激状态的患者得到的社会支持总分及主观社会支持均高于高应激状态组。结论：抑郁症患者经历的应激性生活事件较多；而社会支持在应激性生活事件与抑郁症发病之间起着缓冲作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.     

THE ODYSSEY – A JUNGIAN PERSPECTIVE: INDIVIDUATION AND MEETING WITH THE ARCHETYPES OF THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Homer's epic tale of the 20-year return of Odysseus from the Trojan War is investigated with particular reference to Jung's theory of individuation. Odysseus' meetings with 'the anima' in the form of goddesses, sirens and female monsters and his visit to Hades demonstrate the confrontation and humanization of aspects of the archetypal level of the psyche, central to Jung's theories of psychic growth and development. Jung's important ideas of the psychoid level and the transcendent function are explored and linked both to his investigations into medieval alchemy and with findings from contemporary neuroscience. The importance of Jung's constructive method of the interpretation of dreams and myths is shown to be central.