Ginsenoside Rd inhibits apoptosis following spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ginsenoside Rd has a clear neuroprotective effect against ischemic stroke. We aimed to verify the neuroprotective effect of ginsenoside Rd in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury and explore its anti-apoptotic mechanisms. We established a spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury model in rats through the occlusion of the abdominal aorta below the level of the renal artery for 1 hour. Successfully established models were injected intraperitoneally with 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg per day ginsenoside Rd. Spinal cord morphology was observed at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. Intraperitoneal injection of ginsenoside Rd in ischemia/reperfusion injury rats not only improved hindlimb motor function and the morphology of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, but it also reduced neuronal apoptosis. The optimal dose of ginsenoside Rd was 25 mg/kg per day and the optimal time point was 5 days after ischemia/ reperfusion. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis showed ginsenoside Rd dose-de- pendently inhibited expression of pro-apoptotic Caspase 3 and down-regulated the expression of the apoptotic proteins ASK1 and JNK in the spinal cord of rats with spinal cord ischemia/reper- fusion injury. These findings indicate that ginsenoside Rd exerts neuroprotective effects against spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury and the underlying mechanisms are achieved through the inhibition of ASK1-JNK pathway and the down-regulation of Caspase 3 expression.     

Neuroprotection and its molecular mechanism following spinal cord injury

Acute spinal cord injury initiates a complex cascade of molecular events termed ’secondary injury’, which leads to progressive degeneration ranging from early neuronal apoptosis at the lesion site to delayed degeneration of intact white matter tracts, and, ultimately, expansion of the initial injury. These secondary injury processes include, but are not limited to, inflammation, free radical-induced cell death, glutamate excitotoxicity, phospholipase A2 activation, and induction of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, which are important targets in developing neuroprotective strategies for treatment of spinal cord injury. Recently, a number of studies have shown promising results on neuroprotection and recovery of function in rodent models of spinal cord injury using treatments that target secondary injury processes including inflammation, phospholipase A2 activation, and manipulation of the PTEN-Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The present review outlines our ongoing research on the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection in experimental spinal cord injury and briefly summarizes our earlier findings on the therapeutic potential of pharmacological treatments in spinal cord injury.     

Ginkgo biloba extract and neural regeneration

Totally three articles focusing on the effects of ginkgo biloba extract on improving neural plasticity, antioxidation and inhibiting apoptosis to play a role in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and repair of spinal cord injury were published in three issues. We hope that our readers find these papers useful to their research.     

Neuroprotective effects of rapamycin on spinal cord injury in rats by increasing autophagy and Akt signaling

Rapamycin treatment has been shown to increase autophagy activity and activate Akt phosphorylation, suppressing apoptosis in several models of ischemia reperfusion injury. However, little has been studied on the neuroprotective effects on spinal cord injury by activating Akt phosphorylation. We hypothesized that both effects of rapamycin, the increased autophagy activity and Akt signaling, would contribute to its neuroprotective properties. In this study, a compressive spinal cord injury model of rat was created by an aneurysm clip with a 30 g closing force. Rat models were intraperitoneally injected with rapamycin 1 mg/kg, followed by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine 2.5 mg/kg and Akt inhibitor IV 1 μg/kg. Western blot assay, immunofluorescence staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay were used to observe the expression of neuronal autophagy molecule Beclin 1, apoptosis-related molecules Bcl-2, Bax, cytochrome c, casp ase-3 and Akt signaling. Our results demonstrated that rapamycin inhibited the expression of mTOR in injured spinal cord tissue and up-regulated the expression of Beclin 1 and phosphorylated-Akt. Rapamycin prevented the decrease of bcl-2 expression in injured spinal cord tissue, reduced Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3 expression levels and reduced the number of apoptotic neurons in injured spinal cord tissue 24 hours after spinal cord injury. 3-Methyladenine and Akt inhibitor IV intervention suppressed the expression of Beclin-1 and phosphorylated-Akt in injured spinal cord tissue and reduced the protective effect of rapamycin on apoptotic neurons. The above results indicate that the neuroprotective effect of rapamycin on spinal cord injury rats can be achieved by activating autophagy and the Akt signaling pathway.     

Bridging large gaps in the injured spinal cord：mechanical and biochemical tissue adaptation

正Incidence and consequences of spinal cord injuries:Worldwide,every year 250,000–500,000 people suffer from spinal cord injury(SCI;www.who.int,2013).Traumatic lesions of the spinal cord lead to primary and secondary injury mechanisms,which result in axon damage,loss of signal conduction,demyelination of axons and long-lasting deficits in motor and sensory function.The extent of the damage and the subsequent functional     

Senegenin inhibits neuronal apoptosis after spinal cord contusion injury

Senegenin has been shown to inhibit neuronal apoptosis, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect. In the present study, we established a rat model of spinal cord contusion injury using the modiifed Allen’s method. Three hours after injury, senegenin (30 mg/g) was injected into the tail vein for 3 consecutive days. Senegenin reduced the size of syringomyelic cavities, and it substantially reduced the number of apop-totic cells in the spinal cord. At the site of injury, Bax and Caspase-3 mRNA and protein levels were decreased by senegenin, while Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels were increased. Nerve ifber density was increased in the spinal cord proximal to the brain, and hindlimb motor function and electrophysiological properties of rat hindlimb were improved. Taken together, our results suggest that senegenin exerts a neuroprotective effect by suppressing neuronal apoptosis at the site of spinal cord injury.     

Ruxolitinib improves the inflammatory microenvironment,restores glutamate homeostasis,and promotes functional recovery a?ter spinal cord injury

The inflammatory microenvironment and neurotoxicity can hinder neuronal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Ruxolitinib, a JAK-STAT inhibitor, exhibits effectiveness in autoimmune diseases, arthritis, and managing inflammatory cytokine storms. Although studies have shown the neuroprotective potential of ruxolitinib in neurological trauma, the exact mechanism by which it enhances functional recovery after spinal cord injury, particularly its effect on astrocytes, remain...     

Dynamic changes in intramedullary pressure 72 hours after spinal cord injury

Intramedullary pressure increases after spinal cord injury, and this can be an important factor for secondary spinal cord injury. Until now there have been no studies of the dynamic changes of intramedullary pressure after spinal cord injury. In this study, telemetry systems were used to observe changes in intramedullary pressure in the 72 hours following spinal cord injury to explore its pathological mechanisms. Spinal cord injury was induced using an aneurysm clip at T10 of the spinal cord of 30 Japanese white rabbits, while another 32 animals were only subjected to laminectomy. The feasibility of this measurement was assessed. Intramedullary pressure was monitored in anesthetized and conscious animals. The dynamic changes of intramedullary pressure after spinal cord injury were divided into three stages: stage I(steep rise) 1–7 hours, stage Ⅱ(steady rise) 8–38 hours, and stage Ⅲ(descending) 39–72 hours. Blood-spinal barrier permeability, edema, hemorrhage, and histological results in the 72 hours following spinal cord injury were evaluated according to intramedullary pressure changes. We found that spinal cord hemorrhage was most severe at 1 hour post-spinal cord injury and then gradually decreased; albumin and aquaporin 4 immunoreactivities first increased and then decreased, peaking at 38 hours. These results confirm that severe bleeding in spinal cord tissue is the main cause of the sharp increase in intramedullary pressure in early spinal cord injury. Spinal cord edema and blood-spinal barrier destruction are important factors influencing intramedullary pressure in stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ of spinal cord injury.     

Panax notoginseng saponins improve recovery after spinal cord transection by upregulating neurotrophic factors

Saponins extracted from Panax notoginseng are neuroprotective, but the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. In the present study, we established a rat model of thoracic(T10) spinal cord transection, and injected Panax notoginseng saponins(100 mg/kg) or saline 30 minutes after injury. Locomotor functions were assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan(BBB) scale from 1 to 30 days after injury, and immunohistochemistry was carried out in the ventral horn of the spinal cord at 1 and 7 days to determine expression of nerve growth factor(NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF). Our results show that at 7–30 days post injury, the BBB score was higher in rats treated with Panax notoginseng saponins than in those that received saline. Furthermore, at 7 days, more NGF- and BDNF-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the ventral horn of the spinal cord of rats that had received Panax notoginseng saponins than in those that received saline. These results indicate that Panax notoginseng saponins caused an upregulation of NGF and BDNF in rats with spinal cord transection, and improved hindlimb motor function.     

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract effects on inducible nitric oxide synthase, Bcl-2, and Bax expression in rat models of spinal cord injury★

BACKGROUND: Ginkgo biloba leaf extract exhibits neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury. However, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Bcl-2/Bax expression in the injured spinal cord, and to explore the neuroprotective mechanisms of ginkgo biloba leaf extract in rats with spinal cord injury. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The randomized, controlled, cell molecular biology experiment was performed at Soochow University, China from March 2007 to March 2008. MATERIALS: A total of 120 healthy, adult Sprague Dawley rats were selected for this study. Rat models of moderate acute thoracic (T9) spinal cord injury were established using the modified Allen method. Shuxuening injection was obtained from Zhenbaodao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., China. Methylprednisolone was purchased from North China Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. METHODS: All rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups. Only the spinal cord was exposed in the sham operation group rats. In the trauma group, rats were not treated with drugs following spinal cord injury. Rats in the hormone group were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone following spinal cord injury. Rats in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group were intraperitoneally infused with a 1.0 mL/kg Shuxuening injection per day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: At 1 hour, as well as 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after spinal cord injury, iNOS- and Bcl-2/Bax-positive cells were quantified with immunohistochemistry. Pathological changes were detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining under an optical microscope. RESULTS: Spinal cord injury in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups was milder compared with the trauma group. Demyelination was significantly ameliorated and the necrotic cavity was obviously reduced in the injured spinal cord of rats in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups at each time point. iNOS expression was increased in the injured spinal cord, and reached a peak at 5 days. The number of iNOS-positive cells was lower in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups compared with the trauma group (P < 0.05-0.01). The number of iNOS-positive cells was lower in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group compared with the hormone group at 7 and 14 days after spinal cord injury (P < 0.05). Bcl-2 expression reached a peak at 3 days, and Bax expression reached a peak at 5 days following rat spinal cord injury. Bcl-2 expression was increased, but Bax expression was decreased in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract and hormone groups compared with the trauma group (P < 0.05-0.01). Bcl-2 expression was greater, but Bax expression was reduced in the ginkgo biloba leaf extract group compared with the hormone group at 7 and 14 days after spinal cord injury (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ginkgo biloba leaf extract exhibits neuroprotective effects by upregulating Bcl-2 expression, downregulating Bax expression, and significantly inhibiting high expressions of iNOS in the injured spinal cord. The neuroprotective effects of ginkgo biloba leaf extract are greater compared with methylprednisolone at 1 week after spinal cord injury. Key Words: apoptosis; Bcl-2/Bax; ginkgo biloba leaf extract; inducible nitric oxide synthase; methylprednisolone; neuroprotection; spinal cord injury     

银杏叶提取物EGb761抑制脊髓损伤后的细胞凋亡

目的： 探讨银杏叶提取物EGb761对实验性大鼠脊髓损伤后神经保护的作用及其机制。方法： 成年雄性SD大鼠132 只,体重200~250g,随机分为正常对照组（N组）、损伤组（T组）、甲基强的松龙治疗组（MP组）和 EGb761 治疗组（EGb761组）,每组 33 只。T组、MP组、EGb761组用改良 Allen法以25GCF损伤力度致伤大鼠,建立 T9 脊髓中度损伤模型。术后4h、8h、24h每组随机取3只动物切取损伤区1cm脊髓节段,分别用黄嘌呤氧化酶法和硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）法测定脊髓组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。分别于术后24h、 3d、 5d、 7d、 14d 处死动物(n=6),快速取T9 节段脊髓,TUNEL法标记细胞凋亡,免疫组化方法检测诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的表达。结果：术后4h、8h、24h EGb761治疗组SOD活性及MDA含量与损伤对照组比较均有显著差异（P<0.01）。术后各时相点EGb761治疗组神经细胞凋亡指数和iNOS表达阳性细胞率均低于损伤对照组（P<0.01或P<0.05）。结论：EGb761能抑制脊髓损伤后的脂质过氧化反应,减轻神经细胞的凋亡,其机制可能与抑制iNOS表达有关。     

神经干细胞移植影响脊髓全横断大鼠大脑运动皮质相关凋亡基因的表达

背景：多项研究已证实神经干细胞能促进脊髓损伤大鼠神经功能的恢复,但其分子机制还不清楚。 目的：观察神经干细胞移植对脊髓全横断损伤大鼠大脑运动皮质相关凋亡基因Bax,Bcl-2和Caspase-3 mRNA表达的影响。 设计、时间及地点：随机对照动物实验,于2007-07/2008-12在昆明医学院神经科学研究所完成。 材料：孕14~15 d绿色荧光蛋白转基因鼠5只,取其胚胎用于神经干细胞培养。清洁级健康成年雌性SD大鼠88只,随机分成3组：假手术组8只、模型组40只、细胞移植组40只。 方法：模型组、细胞移植组大鼠建立T9脊髓全横断脊髓损伤模型,假手术组只行T8椎板切除。用DMEM/F12调整胎鼠神经干细胞密度为2×1010 L-1,吸取细胞悬液15 μL滴加到约2 mm3大小的明胶薄片上,细胞移植组将此明胶薄片植入大鼠脊髓两横断面之间的间隙处。分别于细胞移植后3,7,14,21,28 d取材进行指标检测。 主要观察指标：RT-PCR法检测大脑运动皮质Bax,Bcl-2和Caspase-3 mRNA表达的变化。 结果：与假手术组比较,模型组各时间点Bax的表达均无明显差异(P > 0.05),术后14,28 d Bcl-2的表达明显减少(P < 0.05),术后3 d Caspase-3的表达明显升高(P < 0.05)。与模型组比较,细胞移植组在神经干细胞移植后3 d Bax的表达明显减少(P < 0.05),移植后14,21 d Bcl-2的表达明显增高(P < 0.05),移植后3,7 d Caspase-3的表达明显减少(P < 0.05)。 结论：神经干细胞移植后,可能通过调控大脑运动皮质相关凋亡基因 Bax,Bcl-2和Caspase-3 mRNA的表达促进大鼠全横断脊髓损伤修复。     

香芹酚对大鼠急性脊髓损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨香芹酚对大鼠脊髓损伤（SCI）后神经功能的影响及其机制。方法 将60只雄性SD大鼠（200~250 g）随机分为5组:假手术组（n=12）、SCI组（n=12）、香芹酚组（n=36）,香芹酚组根据香芹酚剂量分为低、中、高剂量3个亚组,每亚组12只。低、中、高剂量香芹酚组SCI后30 min腹腔注射香芹酚,剂量分别为10、20、40 mg/kg,每日一次;假手术组和SCI组每日腹腔注射等量生理盐水。采用Allen法建立大鼠SCI模型;假手术组只行椎板切除手术。SCI后24、48、72 h,采用BBB评分评估大鼠神经功能;SCI后72 h,采用ELISA法检测损伤脊髓组织丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、caspase-3活性;Western-blot法检测损伤脊髓组织Bax,Bcl-2蛋白表达水平。结果 SCI后,大鼠BBB评分均明显降低（P<0.05）,损伤脊髓组织水肿指数以及MDA、caspase-3和Bax水平均明显增高（P<0.05）,而SOD、GSH、CAT、Bcl-2水平均明显降低（P<0.05）;香芹酚能明显改善大鼠BBB评分（P<0.05）,明显降低水肿指数以及MDA、caspase-3和Bax水平（P<0.05）,而显著增加CAT、SOD、GSH、Bcl-2水平（P<0.05）。结论 香芹酚可通过减轻脊髓水肿、抑制氧化应激反应以及抗凋亡作用而对SCI大鼠发挥神经保护作用。     

大鼠脊髓半横断损伤后凋亡相关基因的表达变化

目的探讨脊髓半横断损伤后凋亡相关基因Bc l-2、Bax、Fas在蛋白水平的表达变化规律及神经细胞凋亡的分子生物学机制。方法在成年SD大鼠脊髓T9~T10间半横断,取损伤位点尾侧段T10节段制作冰冻切片,运用Bc l-2、Bax、Fas兔抗血清以免疫组化亲合素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物法(ABC)法染色。观察并计数腹角Bc l-2、Bax、Fas的阳性神经元数。结果Bc l-2、Bax、Fas主要分布于正常大鼠脊髓腹角神经元细胞浆,损伤后腹角Bc l-2、Bax、Fas阳性神经元数在3 d组(n=6)、7 d组(n=6)、21 d组(n=6)均较假手术组(n=6)明显增加(P<0.01),Bax、Fas阳性神经元数在术后3d时达高峰,随伤后时间的延长进行性减少(P<0.05)。Bc l-2阳性神经元数在术后7 d时达高峰,3 d组与21 d组比较没有显著差异。结论脊髓半横断损伤(hSC I)后,由Fas抗原参与的死亡受体途径及Bc l-2、Bax参与的线粒体途径均参与了hSC I后细胞的凋亡过程。     

tetrandrine神经元凋亡的影响,bcl-2和bax表情证明急性脊髓损伤* *

观察汉防己甲素（Tetrandrine ,Tet）对大鼠急性脊髓损伤后组织结构神经细胞凋亡和运动功能恢复的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法：选用100只成年大鼠,随机分为四组,即假手术组10只（A组）、损伤对照组（B组）30只、甲基强的松龙治疗组（CD组）30只、Tet治疗组（DC组）30只。胸8、9椎板切除后B、C、D组用加速压迫型Allen’s打击法制成脊髓损伤模型。C组和D组动物于制模前、伤后24h、伤后48h尾静脉注射甲基强的松龙(MP)和Tet。各组大鼠于术后8h,1d,3d,7d,14d行BBB评分,分别于术后8h,1d,3d,7d,14d取损伤段脊髓行石蜡切片HE染色,观察脊髓组织的形态结构变化和免疫组织化学染色检测细胞凋亡因子bcl-2、bax 。结果： 伤后7d、14dC组与D组大鼠运动功能评分(BBB评分)显著高于B组,各时间点C组与D组评分无统计学意义;A组的脊髓组织HE染色正常 ,C组与D组脊髓组织损害较B组轻,术后8h-14d动态观擦,3d—7d损伤表现最为严重,达到损伤高峰期;A组中bax、bcl-2表达较少,C组与D组bax 表达较B组少,而bcl-2表达较B组多。结论：汉防己甲素可通过增加bcl-2表达、降低bax 表达,抑制急性脊髓损伤后神经细胞的凋亡,能有益于脊髓组织的保护,促进运动功能的恢复。     

Total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves promote motor function recovery via inhibition of apoptosis after spinal cord injury

Flavonoids have been reported to have therapeutic potential for spinal cord injury. Hawthorn leaves have abundant content and species of total flavonoids, and studies of the effects of the total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves on spinal cord injury have not been published in or outside China. Therefore, Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a spinal cord injury model by Allen's method. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 m L of different concentrations of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves(5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) after spinal cord injury. Injections were administered once every 6 hours, three times a day, for 14 days. After treatment with various concentrations of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores and histological staining indicated decreases in the lesion cavity and number of apoptotic cells of the injured spinal cord tissue; the morphological arrangement of the myelin sheath and nerve cells tended to be regular; and the Nissl bodies in neurons increased. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores of treated spinal cord injury rats were increased. Western blot assays showed that the expression levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were decreased, but the expression level of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was increased. The improvement of the above physiological indicators showed a dose-dependent relationship with the concentration of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves. The above findings confirm that total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves can reduce apoptosis and exert neuroprotective effects to promote the recovery of the motor function of rats with spinal cord injury. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Guangxi Medical University of China(approval No. 201810042) in October 2018.     

Nicotine attenuates iNOS expression and contributes to neuroprotection in a compressive model of spinal cord injury

Primary impact to the spinal cord results in stimulation of secondary processes that potentiate the initial trauma. In the present study, we hypothesized that the altered expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) may contribute to these effects. Recent evidence indicates that nicotine can exert potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in spinal cord injury (SCI). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the administration of nicotine can influence expression of inducible NOS (iNOS) and/or neuronal NOS (nNOS) in injured spinal cords. Adult male Long-Evans rats were subjected to a moderate contusion model of SCI and received a single intraperitoneal injection of either saline or nicotine (0.35, 3.5, or 7 mg/kg) 2 hr after trauma. SCI dramatically increased iNOS (but not nNOS) mRNA and protein levels in microglial cells in the thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cords. iNOS overexpression resulted in increased nitrotyrosine formation, decreased number of NeuN (neuronal nuclei)-immunoreactive cells, and up-regulation of inflammatory genes. Most importantly, these effects were markedly attenuated by nicotine acting via a receptor-mediated mechanism. These data may have significant therapeutic implications for the targeting of nicotine receptors in the treatment of compressive spinal cord trauma.     

许旺细胞-海藻酸钠凝胶移植修复大鼠脊髓损伤*

目的：观察许旺细胞-海藻酸钠凝胶移植对大鼠脊髓损伤后细胞凋亡、Bcl-2表达及下肢运动功能恢复的影响。 方法：清洁级SD大鼠随机分为4组：正常对照组、单纯损伤组、许旺细胞组、许旺细胞-海藻酸钠凝胶组。后3组制作脊髓全横断损伤模型。正常对照组、单纯损伤组不进行移植处理,许旺细胞组植入吸附许旺细胞悬液的明胶海绵块、许旺细胞-海藻酸钠凝胶组植入许旺细胞-海藻酸钠凝胶。分别于 12 h,1,3,7,21 d对动物进行BBB评分后处死,取损伤区脊髓节段制成石蜡切片进行TUNEL、Bcl-2染色,观察脊髓内凋亡细胞、Bcl-2细胞的数量及分布变化。 结果：正常对照组仅有少量淡染Bcl-2阳性细胞;单纯损伤组神经元Bcl-2免疫反应阳性细胞表达的高峰在第3天,14 d时Bcl-2免疫反应阳性细胞表达接近正常水平。许旺细胞-海藻酸钠凝胶移植后损伤脊髓细胞Bcl-2免疫反应阳性细胞表达具有显著增高(P < 0.05),7 d高度表达并持续2周以上。单纯损伤组脊髓内细胞凋亡最多,并于损伤后1,7 d形成两个高峰,多分布于白质中。许旺细胞-海藻酸钠凝胶组BBB评分较单纯损伤组及许旺细胞组明显提高(P < 0.05)。 结论：许旺细胞-海藻酸钠凝胶移植能抑制大鼠脊髓损伤后脊髓细胞凋亡、促进Bcl-2的表达,提高了脊髓运动功能的恢复,但未达到正常水平。 关键词：脊髓损伤;细胞凋亡;许旺细胞;Bcl-2     

Expression of GDNF in spinal cord injury and its repression by ONO-1714

ONO-1714 is a newly developed specific inhibitor for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We have shown that ONO-1714 has some neuroprotective effects. In this report, we investigated the effects of ONO-1714 in injured spinal cords, and analyzed the expression of glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) after injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to contusive spinal cord injury and administrated 0.1 mg/kg ONO-1714. The injured spinal cords were isolated at appropriate time points and GDNF mRNA was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. GDNF-positive cells were also counted after immunohistochemical stainings. ONO-1714 diminished the early stage production of GDNF after injury as well as it reduced the production of nitric oxide produced by iNOS and apoptotic cells.