肝脏缺血预处理在肝癌围手术期中的作用

目的 观察缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning,IP)在肝癌围手术期的作用.方法 IP组35例,对照组25例,IP组肝切除前采用10min/10 min的缺血预处理,肝门阻断方法(Pringle手法)、肝切除方法与步骤与对照组类似,比较两组术前、术后肝酶的变化、术中出血与输血量、术后并发症、住院天数、住院费用的区别.结果 两组术中肝门阻断时间、出血量、输血量无明显区别(P>0.05).术后两组肝酶均有明显升高,但IP组谷丙转氨酶在术后1 d、3 d、7 d的升高值明显低于对照组(P<0.025),IP组术后肝功能不全的发生率、住院天数和住院费用明显较对照组低(P<0.05).结论 肝癌手术时采用缺血预处理为一简单有效的保护肝功能的方法.     

原发性肝癌自发性破裂一期手术切除

目的探讨、研究原发性肝癌自发性破裂的手术切除和围术期处理技术。方法回顾性总结了1993年1月～2003年8月施行肝癌切除术的32例自发性破裂肝病例,并以同期随机抽取32例非破裂肝癌病例作为对照,综合比较、分析两组病人的术前、中、后的临床资料。结果破裂与非破裂组术前肝功能Child鄄Pugh分级、肿瘤包膜及门静脉浸润,术中肝门阻断时间、术时及住院时间的差异无显著性。破裂组肝脏的肿瘤直径、术中失血量、输血量、术后并发症发生率及住院病死率均较非破裂组显著高。多元统计回归分析显示术中失血量是决定原发性肝癌自发性破裂病人术后并发症发生率之独立因素。进一步分析控制术中失血的方法选择,各组间差异无显著性,但Pringle手法居首位。结论原发性肝癌自发性破裂病人是否作一期手术切除在于术前准确评估及术中能否采用恰当方法有效地控制出血。     

不阻断肝门的大肝癌切除术

目的 研究不阻断肝门的肝切除术在大肝癌切除手术中的价值。方法 回顾性分析30例不阻断肝门的大肝癌切除术，并与同期98例采用肝门阻断的大肝癌切除术做对比。采用单因素和多因素分析的方法，研究与大肝癌术后并发症有关的因素。结果 不阻断肝门组术后并发症率低于阻断肝门组(10．0％vs32．7％，P＝0．02)。单因素分析显示年龄、肝门阻断、术中出血量、输血量以及手术时间等与并发症发生有关，进一步通过多元逐步回归模型分析发现，年龄、肝门阻断、输血量以及手术时间是决定术后并发症发生的4个独立的预测指标。结论 大肝癌切除手术中有选择性地采用不阻断肝门的肝切除技术是安全可行的。     

肝癌切除术后并发症的多元回归分析

目的研宛与肝癌切除术后并发症发生有关的因素，并探讨减少肝癌切除术后并发症的技术要点。方法回顾性总结1988年6月至2005年4月间连续施行的378例肝癌切除病例，采用单因素分析和多元退步回归模型分析与肝癌切除术后并发症有关的因素。结果肝癌切除术后总的并发症发生率为17．7％，手术死亡率为1．3％。单因素分析显示，年龄、肝门阻断、出血量以及术中输血等4项指标与并发症发生有关。多元逐步回归分析显示年龄、肝门阻断和术中输血这3项指标是决定肝癌切除术后并发症发生的独立的危险因素。结论降低肝癌切除术后并发症发生率的关键在于术中有效地控制出血厦输血量，同时对伴存肝硬化的病人应尽量缩短肝门阻断时间。     

输血对大肝癌切除术后近远期预后的影响

目的研究输血对大肝癌切除术后近期并发症和远期存活率的影响。方法回顾性分析177例大肝癌切除术病例，结合随访分析输血对近期并发症和远期存活率的影响。结果本组大肝癌围手术期输血率为74．6％。近5年输血量及输血率较5年前显著减少（P〈0．01）。不输血组并发症率低于输血组（P〈0．05）。单因素分析显示，年龄、肝门阻断、术中出血量、输血量以及手术时间与术后并发症发生有关。多因素分析显示，年龄、肝门阻断、输血量以及手术时间是决定术后并发症的4个独立的预测指标。本组大肝癌1、3、5年总存活率为67％、44％和34％，1、3、5年无瘤存活率为51％、31％和31％。不输血组和输血组的总存活率以及无瘤存活率无显著差别。结论输血是决定大肝癌切除术后并发症发生的独立危险因素之一，但输血对大肝癌切除术后存活率无显著影响。肝脏外科医生应积极采取各种方法尽可能避免大肝癌切除术围手术期的输血。     

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目的分析原发性肝癌规则性肝切除和非规则性肝切除的围手术期因素,探讨原发性肝癌治疗中二者手术适应证。方法回顾性分析中国人民解放军空军总医院1990-2010年原发性肝癌中274例规则性肝切除术和586例非规则性肝切除术病人的临床资料。结果统计分析表明,规则性肝切除与非规则性肝切除相比,对术前病人肝功能状态要求更加严格,术中切除肝体积以及出血量、输血量均较非规则性肝切除组显著增多,手术时间延长,术后并发症发生率增加。但实施规则性肝切除术病人的肿瘤体积明显大于非规则性肝切除病人,切除肝段数目大于三段者所占比例亦显著高于非规则性肝切除组。结论对于<5cm的肝癌病人,采用非规则性肝切除保留更多功能性肝实质,可能更有利于病人术后恢复,减少相关并发症的发生。     

超声吸引刀结合单极电凝在原发性肝癌肝切除中的应用

目的 探讨超声吸引刀(CUSA)结合单极电凝在原发性肝癌肝切除中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析我院2007年12月至2009年5月行肝切除的156例原发性肝癌患者临床资料,其中运用CUSA结合电凝(CUSA组)行肝切除67例,钳夹法(CC组)行肝切除89例.比较两组手术时间、术中出血量及输血例数、住院时间、术后肝功能及并发症发生情况.结果 CUSA组行肝门阻断14例,CC组行肝门阻断70例;CUSA组与CC组相比,术后丙氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素低,住院时间短,术后并发症少;但手术时间延长,术中出血量和输血例数增加;手术死亡率无差别.结论 运用CUSA结合单极电凝行肝癌肝切除,尽管手术时间有所延长,术中出血量增多,但其术野相对清晰,对肝组织损害轻,术后并发症发生率较低,术后恢复快,不失为一种安全、有效的肝癌肝切除方法.     

原发性肝癌规则与非规则性肝切除术式探讨

目的 分析原发性肝癌规则性肝切除和非规则性肝切除的围手术期因素,探讨原发性肝癌治疗中二者手术适应证。方法 回顾性分析中国人民解放军空军总医院1990-2010年原发性肝癌中274例规则性肝切除术和586例非规则性肝切除术病人的临床资料。结果 统计分析表明,规则性肝切除与非规则性肝切除相比,对术前病人肝功能状态要求更加严格,术中切除肝体积以及出血量、输血量均较非规则性肝切除组显著增多,手术时间延长,术后并发症发生率增加。但实施规则性肝切除术病人的肿瘤体积明显大于非规则性肝切除病人,切除肝段数目大于三段者所占比例亦显著高于非规则性肝切除组。结论 对于＜5cm的肝癌病人,采用非规则性肝切除保留更多功能性肝实质,可能更有利于病人术后恢复,减少相关并发症的发生。     

肝门部大肝癌的手术切除

目的 探讨肝门部大肝癌切除的安全性和可行性.方法 对平均直径8.3 cm的83例巨大肝门肿瘤,采用入肝血流阻断方法下进行肝肿瘤切除.结果 83例巨大肝门部肿瘤均得以顺利切除,术后无严重并发症发生,肝门阻断时间平均12.7 min,出血量平均327 ml.结论 肝门部巨大肿瘤切除手术难度大,但只要方法得当,围手术期处理适宜,仍是安全可行的.     

中肝叶巨大原发性肝癌的手术切除

目的 探讨中肝叶巨大肝癌的手术切除技术。方法 回顾性分析1996年10月至2001年12月施行肝切除术的166例中肝叶巨大肝癌的术中处理，术后并发症及原因。结果 全组均为常温间歇性第一肝门阻断下切肝，单例总阻断时间最长68min，最短7min，平均24.5min；输血量最多为5200ml ,54例未输血；肿瘤切除123例（74．1％），规则性肝叶切除43例（25．9％）；术后并发症9例（5．4％），手术死亡2例（1．2％）。结论 术前良好的肝功能储备是保证中肝叶巨大肝癌手术切除术后顺利恢复的首要条件，术中仔细操作是降低术后并发症的关键。     

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??Objective:To study the factors associated with postoperative complications of resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods:Consecutive 378 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma between June 1988 and April 2005 at Xiangya Hospital were summarized retrospectively.Single??variant and multivariate stepwise regression model were used to analysis the factors associated with postoperative complications of resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Results:The overall morbidity rate and mortality rate were 17.7% and 1.3% respectively.Single??variant analysis showed that the age,pringle maneuver,intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion were associated with postoperative complications.Furthermore,multivariate stepwise regression analysis revealed that the age,pringle maneuver,intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion volume were the independent risk factors of morbidity rate of resections of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion:The surgical excisions of hepatocellular carcinomas are safe and feasible only if the liver function reserve could be judged accurately before operation and the intraoperative hemorrhage and blood transfusion could be controlled effectively and the duration of portal clamping could be shortened during the operation.     

Risk factors for perioperative morbidity and mortality after extended hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Extended hepatectomy with resection of more than four segments is a high-risk operation, especially in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated with chronic liver disease. This study evaluated the risk factors for morbidity and mortality following extended hepatectomy for HCC. METHODS: Preoperative and intraoperative variables of 155 patients who underwent extended hepatectomy for HCC were analysed to identify risk factors for postoperative morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: The overall morbidity rate was 55.5 per cent (n = 86). Most morbidity was due to ascites or pleural effusion. Significant life-threatening complications occurred in 20.0 per cent (n = 31). The perioperative mortality rate was 8.4 per cent (n = 13). Multivariate analysis found that portal clamping (P = 0.023) and perioperative blood transfusion (P < 0.001) were risk factors for morbidity, whereas perioperative blood transfusion (P < 0.001) was the only risk factor for significant morbidity. Co-morbid illness (P = 0.019) and perioperative blood transfusion (P = 0.004) were risk factors for perioperative mortality. CONCLUSION: Meticulous operative techniques to minimize blood loss and transfusion, while avoiding a prolonged Pringle manoeuvre, may help reduce postoperative morbidity. Avoidance of perioperative blood transfusion and careful preoperative selection of patients in terms of overall physiological status are important measures to reduce the postoperative mortality rate.     

Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma: toward zero hospital deaths

OBJECTIVE: The authors report on the surgical techniques and protocol for perioperative care that have yielded a zero hospital mortality rate in 110 consecutive patients undergoing hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hepatectomy results are analyzed with the aim of further reducing the postoperative morbidity rate. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In recent years, hepatectomy has been performed with a mortality rate of <10% in patients with HCC, but a zero hospital mortality rate in a large patient series has never been reported. At Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, the surgical techniques and perioperative management in hepatectomy for HCC have evolved yearly into a final standardized protocol that reduced the hospital mortality rate from 28% in 1989 to 0% in 1996 and 1997. METHODS: Surgical techniques were designed to reduce intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion, and ischemic injury to the liver remnant in hepatectomy. Postoperative care was focused on preservation and promotion of liver function by providing adequate tissue oxygenation and immediate postoperative nutritional support that consisted of branched-chain amino acid-enriched solution, low-dose dextrose, medium-chain triglycerides, and phosphate. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative data were collected prospectively and analyzed each year to assess the influence of the evolving surgical techniques and perioperative care on outcome. RESULTS: Of 330 patients undergoing hepatectomy for HCC, underlying cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis were present in 161 (49%) and 108 (33%) patients, respectively. There were no significant changes in the patient characteristics throughout the 9-year period, but there were significant reductions in intraoperative blood loss and blood transfusion requirements. From 1994 to 1997, the median blood transfusion requirement was 0 ml, and 64% of the patients did not require a blood transfusion. The postoperative morbidity rate remained the same throughout the study period. Complications in the patients operated on during 1996 and 1997 were primarily wound infections; the potentially fatal complications seen in the early years, such as subphrenic sepsis, biliary leakage, and hepatic coma, were absent. By univariate analysis, the volume of blood loss, volume of blood transfusions, and operation time were correlated positively with postoperative morbidity rates in 1996 and 1997. Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that the operation time was the only parameter that correlated significantly with the postoperative morbidity rate. CONCLUSION: With appropriate surgical techniques and perioperative management to preserve function of the liver remnant, hepatectomy for HCC can be performed without hospital deaths. To improve surgical outcome further, strategies to reduce the operation time are being investigated.     

大肝癌手术切除术中不同肝血流阻断方法的临床研究

目的：比较大肝癌手术切除术中3种不同的入肝血流阻断法的临床效果。
　　方法：回顾性分析2011年1月—2013年3月期间218例大肝癌（>5cm）手术患者的临床资料,术中88例采用Pringle法间断阻断全肝血流（肝门阻断组）,51例行选择性的半肝血流阻断（半肝阻断组）,79例行肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流（联合阻断组）。比较3组患者的术中与术后的相关指标。
　　结果：3组患者的术前情况、手术时间、入肝血流阻断时间及肝切除量的差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;半肝阻断组与联合阻断组的术中出血量、输血量、输血率均明显低于肝门阻断组,且联合阻断组的输血量、输血率明显低于半肝阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组患者术后第1天肝功能指标差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,但半肝阻断组与联合阻断组第3、7天的转氨酶和总胆红素水平均明显低于肝门阻断组（均P<0.05）;3组术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
　　结论：大肝癌切除术术中采用肝下下腔静脉阻断联合Pringle法阻断入肝血流不仅能够有效减少术中失血量,而且有利于术后肝功能的恢复。     

围手术期全程血液管理在老年腰椎退行性疾病治疗中的应用

目的观察围手术期全程血液管理对老年腰椎退行性疾病患者术中出血量、术后引流量以及输血量的影响,探讨减少围手术期出血的有效方法。方法回顾性分析2014年1月—2016年12月收治的90例老年退行性腰椎疾病患者,早期45例患者采用围手术期常规血液管理模式(常规组),后期45例患者采用围手术期全程血管理模式(全程组)。记录并比较2组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、输血例数及输血量、血红蛋白浓度和红细胞压积。结果全程组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、输血例数、输血量均低于常规组,术后3 d及1周血红蛋白浓度、红细胞压积均高于常规组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年腰椎退行性疾病患者采用围手术期全程血液管理可有效降低术中出血量和术后引流量,降低输血量和输血率,有利于患者术后恢复。     

No-mortality liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients: is there a way? A prospective analysis of our approach.

BACKGROUND: Low resectability rates and significant morbidity and mortality rates often make surgery for hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) unfeasible. HYPOTHESIS: Our policy for surgical treatment of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients with HCC is adequate and safe. DESIGN: Prospective validation cohort study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred seven consecutive patients with HCCs. Associated cirrhosis was present in 64 (59.8%), and only 7 (6.5%) had normal livers. INTERVENTIONS: The presence of ascites, serum bilirubin level, and indocyanine green retention rate at 15 minutes were considered when selecting patients for surgery. Preoperative recovery of liver function was achieved with portal venous branch embolization, liver volumetry, bed rest, and control of serum aminotransferase levels. The surgical techniques mainly involved bloodless dissection using intraoperative ultrasonography and intermittent warm ischemia. The main perioperative care regimen was fresh frozen plasma infusion and strict limitation of blood transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The 30-day postoperative mortality and morbidity rates. RESULTS: All the patients underwent surgery (37 major resections, 45 segmentectomies, and 25 limited resections), with no 30-day postoperative mortality, overall morbidity of 26.2%, and no major complications. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that only the type of operation was associated with a significantly higher morbidity risk (P = .05). CONCLUSION: With high resectability, low morbidity, and no mortality, our policy represents a solution to the drawbacks of surgical resection for treatment of HCCs, especially in patients with associated liver cirrhosis.