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目的　研究接受外科治疗的甲状腺疾病的构成 ,总结治疗效果。方法　回顾性分析 1992～ 2 0 0 3年间第二军医大学长海医院收治的 30 91例甲状腺手术病人的临床资料。结果　外科治疗的甲状腺疾病明显增加 ,该组以结节性甲状腺肿 (5 9 95 % )、甲状腺癌 (16 5 9% )为主 ,甲亢手术减少 (P <0 0 1) ,桥本病有所增加 (P <0 0 5 ) ;局限于一侧的良性疾病近来以单侧腺叶切除术 (2 1 32 % )为主 ,甲状腺癌的手术方式主要为患侧腺叶、峡部联合对侧次全切除术 ,不主张行预防性颈淋巴结清扫术 ;麻醉方式以全身麻醉为主 ;总体手术并发症发生率3 95 % ,其中术后出血 0 39% ,喉返神经损伤 0 5 8% ,喉上神经损伤 1 0 3% ,甲状旁腺永久性损伤 0 0 6 % ,甲状腺功能低下 0 5 5 % ,甲状腺危象 0 2 2 % ,死亡 2例 (0 0 6 % ) ;重视术后规范、系统的替代治疗 ;总体术后复发率2 0 1% ,近年来复发率有下降 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　该组甲状腺疾病以结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺癌为主 ;手术方式应根据病变性质、部位、大小及淋巴结转移情况而采取个体化方案 ;专业化培训、细致操作以及全身麻醉等措施可有效减少并发症的发生 ;规范、系统的替代治疗可降低术后复发率     

结节性甲状腺肿的外科治疗

目的　探讨结节性甲状腺肿与甲癌的关系以及结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的原因。方法　对湘雅医院普外科近 12年手术治疗的 199例结节性甲状腺肿患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　经病理检查证实 ,199例结节性甲状腺肿并发甲癌 7例 (包括 2例微小癌 ) ,均为乳头状癌。术后结节复发 18例 (11.5 %)。结果显示术后未服药者复发率显著高于服药者。结论　结节性甲状腺肿发生甲癌的危险很小。结节性甲状腺肿手术治疗后必须采取甲状腺激素治疗 ,才能有效降低术后复发率。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后复发原因及防治

目的 分析结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的原因，并探讨防治其术后复发的有效方法。方法 回顾性分析1988～2000年我院收治的结节性甲状腺肿术后复发病人76例。结果 76例中首次手术表现为结节性甲状腺肿58例，甲状腺腺瘤样改变18例。行单纯结节切除16例，腺叶部分切除34例，一侧次全切除加对侧结节摘除18例，双侧腺叶次全切除8例。再次手术均行双侧甲状腺叶次全切除术。术后无严重并发症。再次术后给予甲状腺素片治疗。随访2～10年，无一例复发。结论 结节性甲状腺肿术后复发与病变性质，手术适应证的掌握以及手术方式密切相关。严格掌握手术指征，正确选择手术方式以及术后系统的服用甲状腺素，可以降低结节性甲状腺肿术后复发。     

Endocrinological disorders in association with alopecia areata-a 27 patients study

Alopecia areata is a dermatological disease, characterized by the loss of hair, which affect men, women and children and can evaluate alone or in association with a variety of other disorders. Between these endocrinological diseases, especial thyroid disorders, have a high incidence. Twenty-seven patients with alopecia areata (12 women and 15 men) aged between 3 and 46 years were endocrinologically investigated. Eighteen of them (66.6%) had endocrinological disorders. Thyroid diseases were present in 10 cases (37%): 4 cases with endemic goiter, 2 cases with nodular goiter and 4 cases with hypothyroidism (1 case with autoimmune thyroiditis, 1 case with nodular goiter, 1 case with cystic goiter and 1 case with hypothyroidism post thyroidectomy for thyroidal lymphoma). Twelve cases (44.4%) were found with tetania. The incidence of thyroid diseases in alopecia areata is higher then in general population (2%), as well as the incidence of tetania. These evidences suggest that it is necessary to make a screening of endocrinological disorders in patients with alopecia areata.     

Surgical treatment of postoperative recurrences of thyrotoxicosis associated with autoimmune thyroiditis

Of 228 patients operated on for postoperative recurrence of diffuse toxic goiter, in 77 (33.8%) thyrotoxicosis was associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. The method of surgical treatment stipulated preservation of the optimal volume of thyroid gland parenchyma with regard to autoimmune processes, objectivization of a stump size, a number of technical manoeuvres. Analysis of the immediate and long-term results of treatment confirms the expediency to perform reoperations in such patients.     

Activation of immunity in patients with recurrent goiter

The authors studied the morphological pattern of the thyroid gland in patients with goiter and in those with a recurrence of the disease. They found lymphoid infiltration and autoimmune thyroiditis twice more frequently in patients with recurrent goiter. Dynamic study of features of the immune and thyroid status of patients with recurrent goiter after the operation led to the isolation of a group of patients with an increase in the relative content of T and B lymphocytes and thyroxine. These changes preceded the recurrence of goiter.     

Repeated surgeries on the thyroid gland in nodular euthyroid goiter

Medical histories of 214 patients hospitalized with diagnosis "recurrent nodular goiter" were studied retrospectively. Complex clinical, laboratory and instrumental examination was carried out in all the patients. Comparative analysis demonstrated that in the structure of recurrent goiter nodular colloid form dominated (84.1%), only in 42.1% cases repeated surgeries were indicated. Other patients (15.9%) were the ones underwent surgery for other thyroid diseases (hypertrophied form of autoimmune thyroiditis, follicular adenoma, thyroid cysts, thyroid cancer). Inadequate surgery and prophylactic therapy with iodine drugs were the main causes of recurrent goiter. Adequate iodine prophylaxis (potassium iodide 100-200 mg per day), complex examination of patients, correct indications for primary surgery and adequate surgical volume, valuable postoperative therapy (iodine drug, LT-4 if it is necessary) permit to reduce the risk of recurrent nodular (multiple-nodular, diffuse-nodular) goiter. Ways of researches for improvement of diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment results of "recurrence nodular goiter" are projected.     

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目的　探讨并发甲状腺结节的桥本病外科治疗的临床效果。方法　总结 1985年 1月至 1999年 6月外科手术治疗并经病理证实的桥本病 10 0例 ,分析手术方式和范围与术后疗效和甲状腺机能减退 (下称甲减 )之间的关系。结果　全组病例均并发甲状腺结节 ,其中甲状腺癌 (下称甲癌 ) 10例 ,甲状腺瘤 (下称甲瘤 ) 8例 ,甲状腺机能亢进 (下称甲亢 ) 14例 ,结节性甲状腺肿 18例 ,其余为桥本病淋巴瘤样肿结节。根据不同情况均采取了不同范围的甲状腺切除术 ,其中一侧或双侧甲状腺全切除和次全切除术所占比例达 71%。全组病例服用甲状腺素随访 2年 ,无甲减发生。 6 7%的病例可停药。术后随访 5年 ,除并发甲癌者继续服药外 ,其余均停药 ,只有 2例出现甲减。结论　并发甲状腺结节的桥本病应予以手术治疗 ,手术方式应根据具体情况而定 ,术后 5年甲减发生率低     

Reoperative surgery for thyroid disease

Background and aims Reoperative surgery for thyroid disease is rare. However, it is sometimes indicated for nodular recurrence after partial surgery for initially benign thyroid disease or for a completion total thyroidectomy when a final diagnosis of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) is confirmed on a permanent section of a partially removed thyroid gland. This surgery can expose the patient to postoperative complications such as recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy or hypoparathyroidism. The aims of our study were to describe the population subjected to reoperative thyroid surgery and to evaluate postoperative morbidity to find the risk factor. Patients and methods The present study is a retrospective analysis of our experience with completion thyroidectomy: 685 consecutive patients underwent this procedure in a 14-year period, for a recurrent uninodular (85 patients) or multinodular (333 patients) goiter, recurrent thyrotoxicosis (42 patients), or a completion thyroidectomy for WDTC after partial resection of the thyroid gland (225 patients). The operative technique was standardized with identification of the RLN and parathyroid glands before removal of the thyroid gland. l-Thyroxin treatment was started the day after surgery. Postoperative rates of suffocating hematoma, wound infection, RLN palsy, hypoparathyroidism, and persistence or recurrence of hyperthyroidism were studied and compared to the same parameters in patients who underwent primary bilateral thyroid gland resection during the same period. Results The transient morbidity rate was 8%, with 5% hypoparathyroidism, 1.2% RLN palsy, 0.9% suffocating hematoma, and 0.2% wound infection. These results were higher than those from cases of primary thyroid resection for bilateral disease. Within the secondary surgery group, postoperative complications depended on the mean weight of the resected thyroid gland, hyperthyroidism, and the bilaterality of thyroid exploration during the previous surgery. The permanent morbidity rate was 3.8%, including 1.5% RLN palsy and 2.5% hypoparathyroidism. Permanent complication rates were higher than those for primary thyroid resection. Incidental carcinoma was found in 92 patients (13%): 10% (42 of 418) in patients with recurrent euthyroid nodular disease, 7% (3 of 42) in patients with recurrent hyperthyroidism, and 21% (47 of 225) in patients who underwent a completion thyroidectomy for cancer. Conclusion Because reoperative thyroid surgery can lead to potential complications, especially permanent RLN palsy or hypoparathyroidism, it should be reserved for patients who need it. The importance of respecting specific technical rules should be emphasized.     

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery on Morbidly Obese Patients with Hypothyroidism

Background It is well known that obesity is accompanied by changes in thyroid function. Hypothyroidism is associated with increased body weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the operative outcomes, weight loss, and the effect of weight loss on thyroid function in morbidly obese patients with hypothyroidism who undergo laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) surgery. Methods A retrospective review of 20 morbidly obese female patients with hypothyroidism and on thyroid replacement therapy who underwent LRYGB between January 2003 and August 2006. Results Mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 47.6 kg/m² (range 38–58.5 kg/m²). Average patient age was 44.5 years (range 21–66 years). There was one early complication (pneumonia). Late complications included one death, three anastomotic strictures, and one small bowel obstruction. The patients were followed for a mean of 13.5 months (range 3–24 months). Their mean excess body weight loss was 13 kg (22%), 24.4 kg (39.4%), 33.2 kg (63.3%), 38.4 kg (65%), 41.7 kg (70%), and 43 kg (73%) at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Change in a mean BMI was the same regardless of the patient preoperative and postoperative thyroxine dose. Hypothyroidism resolved in 5(25%) patients, improved in 2(10%) patients, unchanged in 8(40%) patients, and worsened in 5 (25%) patients. Most of the five whose hypothyroidism worsened had thyroid autoimmune disease. Conclusions Hypothyroidism appears to improve in the vast majority of morbidly obese patients who undergo LRYGB, except for those whose thyroid disease is autoimmune in nature.     

甲状腺良性结节手术后复发的再治疗

目的 探讨甲状腺良性结节手术后复发的相关因素和再治疗原则。方法 对我院18年中51例甲状腺良性结节手术后临床复发者的病理、手术适应证、术式以及再治疗进行回顾性分析。结果 甲状腺良性结节手术后复发与病变性质、单发或多发、手术适应证的掌握及术式的选择密切相关。51例复发者中结节性甲状腺肿29例,甲状腺瘤22例;其中行结节摘除21例,腺叶部分切除16例,一侧腺叶次全切除9例,一侧腺叶切除5例。再手术38例,行一侧腺叶切除19例,一侧叶切加对侧次全切除3例,一侧次全切除7例,双侧次全切除9例;无严重手术并发症。随访32例再手术者,平均7年,仅1例结节性甲状腺肿再复发。结论 对甲状腺瘤和结节性甲状腺肿的正确诊断、明确病变的单发或多发,严格掌握多发性结节性甲状腺肿的手术适应证,并废弃结节摘除和腺叶部分切除术可降低复发率和再手术率。     

Prevention of postoperative hypothyroidism in surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter

Experience of treatment of more than 1000 patients with diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) is presented. Complex of measures performed before and after operation for reduction of hypothyroidism rate is developed. Histology examination during operation permits to determine volume of residual thyroid tissue. Local laserotherapy improves long-term results of surgical treatment. Rate of postoperative hypothyroidism in patients with DTG has decreased from 43.6 to 3.3%.     

腔镜甲状腺次全切除术治疗结节性甲状腺肿72例

目的 探讨腔镜下甲状腺叶次全切除术治疗结节性甲状腺肿的方法及临床意义.方法 2004年6月至2009年12月,西南医院乳腺中心共完成216例腔镜甲状腺手术中,采用腺叶次全切除术治疗结节性甲状腺肿72例,左侧22例,右侧31例,双侧19例.单发结节41例,多发结节31例,共113个结节,结节直径0.4～6.3 cm,平均2.8 cm.结果行双侧甲状腺次全切19例,手术时间80～150 min,平均97 min;单侧次全切53例,手术时间25～120 min,平均65 min.术中出血5～120 ml,平均45 ml.行颈丛加局麻68例,耐受良好66例(97%),全麻4例.术后出现暂时性声音嘶哑2例,穿刺道内出血2例.随访3～5年,医患双方对美容效果均非常满意.1例术后半年复查出现单侧结节复发,复发率为1.4%.结论 经前胸壁入路或经乳房途径腔镜下甲状腺叶次全切除是治疗结节性甲状腺肿的有效方法,局麻加颈丛在大多数病例安全可靠,游离甲状腺时避免直接抓夹甲状腺组织或肿块,采用钝性推、挡法及超声刀的正确使用可有效减少术中出血,提高安全性.     

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of diseases of the thyroid

The authors discuss the results of post-surgical examination of 451 patients with various diseases of the thyroid gland (toxic and euthyroid goiter, chronic thyroiditis). Besides other instrumental methods, thermography was conducted for establishing the diagnosis; it helps to determine the functional state of the thyroid gland. Females accounted for 88.4% of all patients who underwent operation. Most operations were performed for III degree goiter in patients whose ages ranged from 30 to 50. Surgery was conducted mostly on individuals with nodular forms (85.1%) and euthyroid goiter (73.6%); postoperative complications amounted to 1.7%.     

Modified subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease: a two-institution study

In an effort to decrease the large number of patients who develop hypothyroidism after operations for Graves' disease, an identical modification of the conventional subtotal thyroidectomy (CST) was independently designed and tested in a prospective study at two institutions. The modified subtotal thyroidectomy (MST) essentially consists of leaving an accurately measured 5 gm thyroid remnant and an intact inferior thyroid artery on each side of the neck. By use of MST, euthyroidism, as demonstrated by serial clinical and thyroid function tests, has been achieved in 92% of a combined group of 107 patients followed longer than 2 years (average 62.1 months). Postoperative hypothyroidism developed in only two cases (2%), representing a marked improvement over the 40% to 75% rate of hypothyroidism resulting from CST. Recurrent hyperthyroidism occurred in only six cases, a rate of recurrence indistinguishable from that resulting from the more extensive resection required by CST. Enlargment of total remnant size to a total of 10 gm significantly improves long-term postoperative functional results without risking an increase in recurrence. The functional results obtained after MST are superior to those obtained after treatment with radioiodine and justify renewed interest in the surgical treatment of Graves' disease.     

Long term follow-up after thyroidectomy

Surgically treated Graves' patients should be submitted to long-term follow-up in order to detect early hypothyroidism, as well as relapses of hyperthyroidism which are not exceptional. The aim of the prolonged care after thyroidectomy for non toxic goiter is to detect a recurrence of the goiter and to control the prophylactic administration of thyroid hormones which should be prescribed in most cases. The follow-up after surgery for thyroid carcinoma depends on the histology of the tumor and on the type of postsurgical treatment.     

Subtotal Thyroidectomy for Benign Multinodular Goiter: A 6-Month Postoperative Study of the Remnant’s Function and Sonographic Aspect

Background The purpose was to evaluate the thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy. Methods One hundred and nineteen patients operated on for multinodular benign goiter were included in this prospective study. Results of the surgical treatment were evaluated 6 months after operation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assay and cervical echography. Results Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels correlated inversely (r = −0.78) with the thyroid remnant volumes. Forty-seven patients presented with a hypoechoic aspect of the remnant. Isoechoic and hypoechoic remnant volumes were similar; however, 46 of the 47 patients with a hypoechoic remnant (97.9%) had TSH levels higher than 5 mU/l vs. 39 of the 72 patients (54.2%) with an isoechoic aspect. No predictive factor for the occurrence of this hypoechoic feature was found. Conclusions After sub-total thyroidectomy for benign multinodular goiter, the volume of the remnant is not the only determinant of the occurrence of postoperative hypothyroidism. The appearance of a hypoechoic aspect of the remnant is also a strong predictive factor for such an outcome. In this case the occurrence of hypothyroidism is quite constant whatever the volume of the thyroid remnant. Since this evolution toward a hypoechoic aspect of the remnant is unpredictable, our results are an additional argument in favor of total thyroidectomy for benign multinodular goiter.     

Predictive factors for recurrence after thyroid lobectomy for unilateral non-toxic goiter in an endemic area: results of a multivariate analysis

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to identify the factors that are predictive of recurrence after thyroid lobectomy for unilateral non-toxic thyroid goiter in an endemic region through a multivariate analysis. METHODS: Two hundred sixty-eight consecutive patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy and who were evaluated by the same endocrinologist were included. Univariate and multivariate analysis analyzed the relationship between sex, age, preoperative thyroid-stimulating hormone, duration of disease, duration of levothyroxine (LT4) preoperative therapy, cytologic results, histologic results, resected thyroid weight, numbers and diameters of thyroid nodules, morphologic alterations of the remnant lobe, follow-up length, postoperative LT4 therapy, ultrasonographic evidence of recurrence, and reoperation. RESULTS: The incidence of recurrence was 33.9% (91/268 patients) after a mean follow-up time of 79.9 months (range, 12-251 months), female sex ( P = .016), multiple nodules ( P = .017), and lack of postoperative LT4 therapy ( P = .0009) were predictive factors of recurrence. Reoperation was performed in 20 patients (7.4%); factors that were predictive of reoperation were the presence of multiple nodules ( P = .008), resected thyroid weight ( P = .00006), and lack of postoperative hormonal therapy ( P = .0005). CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid lobectomy for unilateral non-toxic goiter, when combined with suppressive or substitutive thyroxin therapy, resulted in a low rate of recurrence and reoperation in an endemic area.     

Surgical Management of Substernal Goiters: Clinical Experience of 170 Cases

Purpose To discuss the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, histopathological findings, and complications of patients who underwent thyroidectomy for substernal goiter in our surgical clinic.Methods We retrospectively analyzed 170 patients with substernal goiters among 2650 patients undergoing surgical treatment for various thyroid diseases between 1990 and 2003. We evaluated the clinical data, preoperative diagnostic findings, surgical treatments, histopathological results, and postoperative complications.Results The most common symptoms were a cervical mass (88%) and dyspnea (35%), but 26% of the patients were asymptomatic. Chest radiography provided the first evidence of a substernal goiter in 77% of the patients. We performed total or near total thyroidectomy and operated through a cervical incision in all but 12 of the patients. There was no operative mortality but 12 (7%) patients suffered temporary hypoparathyroidism and 4 suffered transient vocal cord paralysis (2%). Malignancy was diagnosed by histopathological examination in 22 (13%) patients.Conclusion We think that the diagnosis of a substernal goiter is an indication for thyroidectomy, which is associated with very low postoperative morbidity.     

Surgical treatment of recurrent goiter

The authors have analyzed and generalized their 20-years experience with surgical treatment of 247 patients with recurrent goiter. Among them 48 patients had recurrent toxic goiter and 199 patients had nontoxic goiter. Postoperative complications developed in 8.3% of the patients with recurrent toxic goiter and in 6% of the patients with nontoxic goiter. The overall postoperative lethality was 1.2%. Operative treatment is recommended by the authors for recurrent toxic and nontoxic goiter, conservative treatment with radioactive iodine is thought to be expedient for a repeated recurrence. For preventing recurrences of toxic and nontoxic goiter after the first operation the administration of small does of the thyroid hormones is considered to be expedient during 1.5-2 months.