一阶导数分光光度法测定盐酸麻黄碱滴鼻剂的含量

本文采用一阶导数分光光度法，不经分离直接测定盐酸麻黄碱滴鼻剂的含量，可以消除尼泊金乙醋的干扰，在５～２５μｇ／ｍｌ的浓度范围内，具有良好的线性关系，ｒ＝０．９９９９（ｎ＝５）。平均回收率为９９．８３％，相对标准差为０．４９％。方法简便快速，结果准确。     

电位滴定法测定盐酸麻黄碱糖浆的含量

采用电位滴定法测定盐酸麻黄碱糖浆的含量,盐酸麻黄碱在０．０２～０．２０ｇ范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为９９．８％,ＲＳＤ为０．０８％（ｎ＝５）,方法简单,精密度高,本法与铁铵矾指标剂汉比较,样品的测定结果有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。     

比色法测定盐酸吡多辛的含量

以钼酸铵作显色剂，用分光光度法测定盐酸吡多辛含量，测定波长７２０ｎｍ。在２～１４μｇ·ｍｌ－１浓度范围内回归方程为Ａ＝０．０１０＋０．０５２５Ｃ，ｒ＝０．９９９１，平均回收率为１００．２％（ＲＳＤ＝０．５％，ｎ＝５）。该方法具简便、快速     

HPLC测定复方盐酸多塞平胶囊中盐酸多塞平与盐酸可乐定的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定复方盐酸多塞平胶囊中盐酸多塞平与盐酸可乐定的含量。盐酸多塞平在５～３０μｇ／ｍｌ（ｒ＝０９９９８），盐酸可乐定在２～１２μｇ／ｍｌ（ｒ＝０９９９９）范围内，峰面积与其浓度呈良好线性关系；方法平均回收率分别为１００１８％（ＲＳＤ＝１０２％），１００３４％（ＲＳＤ＝１６３％）。结果表明，方法简便、快速、准确。     

高效液相色谱荧光法测定人血浆中盐酸阿呋唑嗪浓度

对盐酸阿呋唑嗪血药物浓度的测定方法及药物动力学进行研究。方法：用高效液相色谱法测定,ＬＵＮＡ Ｃ１８（２）色谱柱,５μｍ粒径（２５０ｍｍ＊４．６ｍｍ）;测定采用内标峰面积比定量,λｅｘ＝２７０ｎｍ,λｅｍ＝３７０ｎｍ结果本方法最佳线性关系为ｒ＝０．９９９９６,线性范围５０－０．７８μｇ．Ｌ＾－１,最低检测浓度为０．７μｇ．Ｌ＾－１。平均方法回刷率９８．９０％;５０,２０,１．５μｇ．Ｌ＾－１Ｒ Ｊ     

酸性染料比色法测定盐酸羟嗪片的含量

采用酸性染料比色法测定盐酸羟嗪片的含量。以溴甲酚紫（ＢＰ）为染料，氯仿为提取溶剂，测定波长为４１４ｎｍ，药物浓度在３－１３μｇ／ｍｌ范围内呈线性关系，ｒ＝０．９９９６，平均回收率为９９．９２％，ＲＳＤ＝０．７５％，本法简便，快速，结果准确。     

高效液相色谱法测定粘膜溃疡膏中盐酸丁卡因的含量

本文采用高效液相色谱法测定乳膏中盐酸丁卡因的含量，测定波长为３１０ｎｍ，其浓度在２０～１００μｇ·ｍｌ－１范围内呈良好的线性关系，ｒ＝０．９９９９，相对标准偏差＜１．０％（ｎ＝５），平均回收率为１０１．６％（ｎ＝５）。方法简单，结果满意，适于医院制剂分析。     

卡托普利片含量及其溶出度的流动注射分析

以亚硝基铁氰化钠的碱性溶液为显色剂，采用流动注射分析技术，测定卡托普利片含量及其溶出度。在２０～９０μｇ／ｍｌ的范围内其回归方程为Ｃ＝１．００２×１０￣（－５）Ｈ＋１５．４９（ｒ＝０．９９９９１），测定６０μｇ／ｍｌ样品回收率为９９．７％（ＲＳＤ＝０．６７％，ｎ＝５）。本法测定速度诀，选择性好，灵敏度高。     

尼莫地平控释片释放度试验研究

本文研究了尼莫地平控释片的释放度试验方法——转篮法，释放介质为含有２２％异丙醇的０．１ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１盐酸液；磷酸盐缓冲液（ｐＨ５．８）和ｐＨ７．２的溶液。含量测定方法：紫外分光光度法，在三种介质中尼莫地平分别在１～３０μｇ·ｍｌ－１，１０～５０μｇ·ｍｌ－１和１０～５０μｇ·ｍｌ－１的范围内，浓度与吸收度有较好的线性关系。回归方程分别为Ａ＝０．６１５Ｃ＋０．０２３（ｒ＝０．９９９９）；Ａ＝０．０６１４Ｃ＋０．０１２（ｒ＝０．９９９５）；Ａ＝０．０６１２Ｃ＋０．００８８（ｒ＝０．９９９９）。平均回收率分别为９９．６３％，９９．９８％及１００．７７％，ＲＳＤ（％）分别为１．３４％，１．５９％及１．４１％。本方法的体外释放百分率与体内吸收分数有较好的相关性（ｒ＝０．９９１）。     

HPLC法测定盐酸吡格列酮片的含量

采用反相 ＨＰＬＣ法,以Ｃ１８为固定相,乙腈－１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ醋酸铵缓冲液（ｐＨ ６．０）（６０： ４０）为流动相,检测波长为２２９ｎｍ,流速为１．０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ,测定了盐酸吡格列酮片的含量。线性范围为１０～２００μｇ／ｍｌ,平均回收率为９９．７３％（ＲＳＤ＝１．２２％）。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.