颅外蝶窦内颈内动脉海绵窦段创伤性假性动脉瘤

目的提高对颅外蝶窦内颈内动脉海绵窦段创伤性假性动脉瘤的认识。方法回顾分析2例经全脑血管数字减影造影检查(DSA)明确诊断颅外蝶窦内颈内动脉海绵窦段创伤性假性动脉瘤的临床资料。结果延迟性鼻衄常发生于颅脑损伤1-3个月之后。伤后MRI表现为蝶窦内血肿，伴血肿内流空现象。1例病人行选择血管内介入可脱球囊闭塞并旷置载瘤的颈内动脉；1例病人行选择颈部颈内动脉结扎术，2例病人疗效均佳。结论对于伴有单眼盲、颅底骨折和蝶窦内血肿以及严重鼻衄的病人要高度怀疑颅外蝶窦内颈内动脉创伤性假性动脉瘤的可能，可先行头部MRI筛选诊断。若出现延迟性严重鼻衄，及早行全脑血管DSA明确诊断。根据病人脑动脉环侧支循环情况选择治疗方法。     

隐匿性脑血管畸形的诊断与治疗

报道15例经手术和病理证实的隐匿性脑血管畸形。由于病变血管内机化、血肿压迫血管、畸形血管团太小以及可能在出血过程中畸形血管被破坏等因素存在，故而这种血管畸形难以在一般脑血管造影检查时发现。CT、MR、DSA是术前诊断的重要依据。治疗主要采用手术方法。     

数字减影血管造影在蛛网膜下腔出血病因诊断中的应用

目的 探讨数字减影血管造影术(DSA)对自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)病因诊断的价值。方法 对120例经临床和CT诊断为SAH的患者经股动脉穿刺插管进行选择性的全脑血管DSA检查，部分病因明确病例进行栓塞治疗。回顾性对所有造影结果进行分析。结果 正常者8例(6．7％)，阳性者112例(93．3％)，其中颅内动脉瘤79例(70．5％)、血管畸形17例(15．2％)和脑动脉狭窄及闭塞16例(14．3％)，为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的主要原因。结论 DSA全脑血管造影是蛛网膜下腔出血病因的最直接和最可靠的检查方法，并能为血管内栓塞治疗或外科手术治疗提供可靠解剖形态。     

脑动静脉畸形出血的急诊手术

目的 探讨CTA对脑动静脉畸形出血急诊手术的意义. 方法 回顾性分析脑动静脉畸形出血急诊手术患者15例的临床资料,术前均行脑血管3D-CTA检查,根据CTA结果行手术治疗. 结果 全组患者术前3D-CTA检查均提示脑动静脉畸形,入院后急诊行开颅血肿清除及脑动静脉畸形切除术.术后死亡1例,植物状态生存2例,轻残2例,其余恢复良好.术后DSA检查12例,脑动静脉畸形全切除9例,1例行主要供血动脉阻断,未行畸形血管切除,2例有脑动静脉畸形部分残留后行伽马刀治疗. 结论 脑动静脉畸形出血急诊手术清除血肿及切除畸形血管是首选治疗方法,术前3D-CTA检查对手术有重要意义.     

脑动静脉畸形并出血的显微手术治疗

目的 回顾性分析78例脑动静脉畸形（AVM）并出血的显微外科手术治疗结果，探讨AVM并出血的显微手术技巧及适应证。方法 所有病例术前均接受CT检查，术后均接受CT及MRI检查，其中25例接受了DSA检查。所有病例均在全麻状态下进行显微外科手术治疗，少部分AVM未能全切的病例，术后用γ-刀或血管内介入治疗。结果 血肿全清除69例，大部分清除9例；AVM全切除70例，8例部分切除或未能切除，加用γ-刀或血管内介入治疗。手术后死亡6例（8．0％），偏瘫4例（5．1％），失语2例（2．6％），偏盲1例（1．3％），脑神经功能障碍4例（5．1％），无颅内感染。结论 应用显微外科手术治疗脑AVM并出血安全有效，而且并发症、后遗症较少，应成为脑AVM并出血患者治疗的最佳选择，对特殊位置的AVM，不宜强行切除，手术时只作血肿清除，术后加用γ-刀或血管内介入治疗。     

多层螺旋CT、MRI、DSA对颈动脉海绵窦瘘的诊断价值(附8例报告)

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)、MRI和数字减影血管造影(DSA)等影像学检查在颈动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析我院经外科及血管内栓塞治疗成功的CCF共8例,行MSCT检查5例,MRI检查5例,两者同时检查2例,所有病例均行DSA检查。结果MR、CT主要表现:所有患者眼球突出、海绵窦扩大、患侧眼上静脉扩张,部分患者眼下静脉、内眦静脉、面静脉、小脑半球上表面外侧脑膜静脉扩张,岩上、下窦扩张,眼外肌肿胀,眼球壁增厚。DSA主要表现:患侧海绵窦扩大,患侧眼上静脉充盈扩张,并可发现瘘口、引流静脉及盗血现象。结论CT、MRI、DSA检查均可独立作为诊断CCF手段,CTA和MRA技术在诊断领域内一定程度上可替代DSA。但DSA提供CCF血流动力学改变情况,仍是诊断CCF的金标准,不可完全取代。     

慢性扩展性脑内血肿18例临床分析

目的 总结慢性扩展性脑内血肿的诊断与治疗经验。方法 对18例慢性扩展性脑内血肿的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 多数病变术前误诊为脑肿瘤。术后15例痊愈，2例重残，1例死亡。结论 脑内有包膜的占位性病变应考虑慢性扩展性脑内血肿的可能，最后诊断需手术及病理证实。     

肾错构瘤自发性破裂10例报告

目的：探讨肾错构瘤自发性破裂出血的诊断与治疗。方法：10例肾错构瘤自发性破裂的患者。均行B超检查,9例行CT或MRI检查。结果：8例术前CT或MRI提示为肾错构瘤破裂出血,1例MRI诊断为肾肿瘤破裂出血,1例B超诊断为肾占位病变并肾周血肿。所有患者肿瘤直径均大于6cm,9例行患侧肾切除术。结论：CT和MRI是诊断肾错构瘤破裂出血的较好方法,并能提示病变的性质以及确定出血的范围。对于肿瘤直径大于4cm,且靠近肾包膜生长的肾错构瘤应积极治疗,手术治疗时应尽量保留有功能的肾组织。     

开颅术后并发远隔部位慢性颅内血肿

为提高择期开颅术后发生远隔部位慢性颅内血肿的诊断和治疗水平，对627例择期开颅术后发生远隔部位慢性颅内血肿6例进行临床分析。手术治疗4例，保守治疗2例，均痊愈。认为出血原因复杂，诊断主要靠临床表现及CT或MRI。     

螺旋CT在慢性硬膜下血肿患者术前诊断的价值评估

目的探究螺旋CT在慢性硬膜下血肿患者术前的诊断价值。方法选取2019年1月至2021年2月本院接受手术治疗的65例慢性硬膜下血肿患者作为研究对象,术前均行螺旋CT检查,分析和总结螺旋CT在慢性硬膜下血肿患者术前的诊断价值。结果 65例慢性硬膜下血肿患者术前CT扫描显示,血肿部位右侧颅盖骨内板下21例,左侧颅盖骨内板下25例,大脑镰11例,小脑幕8例;左侧血肿25例,右侧血肿23例,双侧血肿17例;血肿量38～76ml,平均(55.82±12.41)ml;颅骨内板下方受伤部位的脑皮质浓染,边界清晰,有不同情况不同密度影的弧形、新月形血肿占位,其中低密度影17例,等密度影25例,高密度影12例,混杂密度影11例,少数患者出现局部脑萎缩和脑沟消失。此外,本研究65例患者中43例发生脑中线移位,其中31例脑中线移位5～10mm,12例脑中线移位10～20mm。与手术结果相比,螺旋CT对62例慢性硬膜下血肿患者术前的诊断正确,其诊断符合率为95.38%,其中误诊1例小脑幕等密度慢性硬膜下血肿,漏诊2例大脑镰等密度慢性硬膜下血肿。结论慢性硬膜下血肿患者术前行螺旋CT检测,有助于医生准确判断血肿位置及范围,个性化制定手术方案,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

The angiographically occult cerebrovascular malformation. Report of three cases

Three cases presenting with hemiparesis, headache, or seizures gave no history suggestive of subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Carotid arteriograms were performed, and in each case failed to demonstrate a vascular malformation. In all three cases cerebral lesions were shown by either computerized tomographic (CT) scan, radionuclide scan, or both. Surgical exploration and biopsy revealed a vascular malformation in each case. The CT scans in two of the cases showed dense lesions that could suggest vascular malformation as a diagnostic possibility.     

A case of encapsulated intracerebral hematoma mimicking metastatic brain tumor

We report a case of encapsulated intracranial hematoma (EIH) mimicking metastatic brain tumor. A 77-year-old male with a medical history of prostate cancer was admitted to our hospital presenting with progressive left hemiparesis. Previous head CT scan and MRI findings during 3 weeks before admission revealed a subcortical acute to subacute hematoma under the right precentral gyrus with growing perifocal brainedema. The Head DSA showed tumor-stain with vascular compression corresponding to the hemorrhagic mass, and Tl-201 SPECT study revealed high L/N ratio (3.0) and high L/E ratio (0.8). The preoperative diagnosis was metastatic brain tumor originating from prostate cancer, and total removal of the mass was undergone with the postoperative diagnosis of EIH. Neither tumoral component nor vascular malformation was found even by detailed pathological study. EIH is a rare variant of intracranial hemorrhage and most of cases in past reports are preoperatively misdiagnosed as malignant brain tumor. In our case, even Tl-201 SPECT and DSA, which are reported as key studies for distinguishing EIH from other brain tumors, demonstrated brain tumor-like findings. It is necessary to consider the possibility of EIH when we encounter hemorrhagic mass in the brain parenchyma even with brain tumor-like radiographical images.     

Co-existence of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

Summary Objective. Primary hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH) is caused by a rupture of a small endartery, and diagnosis is made either by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Vascular abnormalities are not always evaluated in detail. In this study, we aimed to clarify the incidence of co-existing vascular abnormalities, especially unruptured cerebral aneurysms by reviewing selective intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images in PICH patients.Methods. The cases of 169 hypertensive PICH patients who underwent selective intra-arterial DSA were reviewed. In all cases, CT or MRI showed no abnormality other than PICH, such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, component of arterio-venous malformation or cerebral tumor. The main reason for performing DSA was to exclude other causes of intracerebral hemorrhage such as ruptured cerebral aneurysm or small arterio-venous malformation prior to surgical removal of the hematoma.Results. There were 33 patients with vascular abnormalities: unruptured cerebral aneurysm (n=24, 14.2%), major vessels occlusion or stenosis (n=8, 4.7%), and dural arterio-venous fistula (n=1). Unruptured cerebral aneurysms were found in 9.4% of men and 20.5% of women.Conclusion. Vascular abnormalities co-existing with PICH are not rare, suggesting the necessity for angiographic evaluation. Special attention should be given to female PICH patients who have a high incidence of having an unruptured cerebral aneurysm.     

A case of posttraumatic vascular abnormality similar to dural arteriovenous malformation

A case of posttraumatic vascular abnormality similar to dural arteriovenous malformation is reported. A 21-year-old man was injured in the traffic accident and admitted to our hospital with comatose state. Bilateral carotid angiograms revealed no abnormal findings. Then, he was treated conservatively as a diagnosis of cerebral contusion. Nine years after the initial admission, he was fallen into comatose state suddenly and admitted to a local hospital. On the next day, he was transferred to our hospital. Neurological examination disclosed comatose state, right oculomotor palsy, and left hemiparesis. CT scan showed a crescent shaped high density area in the right subdural space, right temporal intracerebral high density area, and left frontal low density area, suggesting right acute subdural hematoma, right temporal intracerebral hematoma, and left frontal old cerebral contusion respectively. Right carotid angiogram revealed an abnormal vascularity in the right middle fossa, which was fed by the middle meningeal artery and drained into the superior sagittal sinus and the transverse sinus. Surgical treatment was performed immediately. Following the evacuation of intracerebral hematoma, the abnormal vascular mass suggesting a nidus of arteriovenous malformation was removed totally, that was attached to the dura mater. Pathological specimen showed large veins and arteries with thrombus, however, no characteristic feature of arteriovenous malformation. Then, this was thought to be an arteriovenous fistula between the branches of middle meningeal artery and the veins of fibroglial scar following by the cerebral contusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. A clinical, radiographic, and pathological study of 29 consecutive operated cases with negative angiography.

The authors operated consecutively on 50 patients with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage during a prospectively designed study period from January, 1986, to March, 1990. They investigated the correlations between the underlying causes and the clinicoradiographic features in 29 patients who showed no angiographic vascular abnormalities, in order to elucidate the operative indication for such cases. Patients with ruptured saccular aneurysm or trauma were not included in this study. There were 15 males and 14 females, ranging in age from 7 to 76 years (mean 52.4 years). Histological diagnoses of the surgical specimens were as follows: vascular malformation in nine cases (arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in six and cavernous malformation in three), microaneurysm in 11, cerebral amyloid angiopathy in six, and brain tumor in two; in the remaining case the cause was not verified histologically. The underlying cause was determined in 96.5% of cases. The mean patient age was lowest in the cavernous malformation group (27.0 years), followed by the AVM (45.8 years), microaneurysm (59.8 years), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (70.0 years) groups. Four patients with vascular malformation (three AVM's and one cavernous malformation) had previous episodes of bleeding at the same site, whereas none of those with microaneurysms or cerebral amyloid angiopathy had such episodes. On computerized tomography (CT) scans, the round to oval hematoma was related to the presence of an AVM or cavernous malformation in contrast to microaneurysms and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Upon infusion of contrast material, variable enhancement was seen in five (two AVM's and three cavernous malformations) of the nine vascular malformations while no enhancement was noted in any patient with microaneurysm or cerebral amyloid angiopathy at the acute stage. Subarachnoid extension of the hematoma was associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy significantly more frequently than with AVM's (p less than 0.05) and microaneurysms (p less than 0.01). The results suggest that clinicoradiographic pictures in cases with negative angiography are quite different among the three major pathological categories; namely, vascular malformation (AVM and cavernous malformation), microaneurysm, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. It is suggested that the underlying etiology of a given lobar intracerebral hemorrhage with negative angiography may be predicted by a combination of patient age, history of previous bleeding at the same site, hematoma shape, and subarachnoid extension of the hematoma on CT scans. Based upon these findings, the authors discuss operative indications for such cases.     

Autosensitization of neurosurgical cases by normal brain tissue antigens (author's transl)]

The leukocyte reactions of 106 neurosurgical cases, including 63 brain tumors, 10 intracerebral hematomas, 10 cerebral infarctions, 10 subarachnoidal hemorrhages, 8 cerebral injuries and 5 chronic subdural hematomas, against the extracts of gliomas and normal brain tissues were tested by capillary migration (LMI) and adherence inhibition (LAI) assays. Both tests showed specific responses with autochthonous and allogeneic glioma extracts in glioma patients. The sensitivity of LAI was superior to that of LMI, although LAI also showed adherence enhancement in the presence of weakly sensitized leukocytes or weak antigenic stimuli. Leukocytes from glioma patients showed positive inhibition with normal brain tissues from patients with glioma and intracerebral hematoma. Positive leukocyte reactions with normal brain tissues were also confirmed in patients with intracerebral hematomas, cerebral infarctions and severe cerebral lacerations, but not in those with subarachnoidal hemorrhages, minor cerebral contusions and chronic subdural hematomas. These results suggest that the leukocytes of patients with destructive brain lesions were autosensitized by normal brain antigens. The autosensitization has some advantages in that destroyed brain tissues are eliminated, but the hyperimmune state might cause postictal brain edema and should be properly controlled by steroids.     

Detection of cryptic vascular malformations by computerized tomography. Report of two cases.

Two cases of cryptic vascular malformation that were not demonstrated by cerebral angiography were detected by computerized tomography. One of these patients had a cavernous angioma in the fourth ventricle with recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhages, and the other harbored a small arteriovenous malformation and intracerebral hematoma. The usefulness and limitations of computerized tomography in the identification of cryptic vascular malformations are discussed.     

Relation of regional cerebral blood flow to hemiparesis in chronic subdural hematoma

To investigate the causative mechanism of hemiparesis in chronic subdural hematoma, 38 patients with unilateral chronic subdural hematoma were studied on the relationship between their clinical manifestations and regional cerebral blood flow measured with 133xenon inhalation (16 detectors on each side of the head, Initial Slope Index). Twenty-five patients with hemiparesis (hemiparesis group) and 13 patients with headaches only and without any neurological deficits (headache group) were examined before surgery for chronic subdural hematoma. Among the hemiparesis patients, 15 were examined after surgery. Preoperative regional cerebral blood flow values in the headache group were normal in all regions bilaterally and showed no significant regional difference in one hemisphere or interhemispheric difference between the corresponding regions in both hemispheres, whereas preoperative regional cerebral blood flow values in the hemiparesis group were generally around the lower limit of the age-matched normal value and were subnormal in some areas, and the regional cerebral blood flow values were significantly lower on the hematoma side than on the intact side in most regions. The rolandic region especially showed the lowest regional cerebral blood flow value of 32.3 in the Initial Slope Index on average and the most significant interhemispheric differences of regional cerebral blood flow. Such a preoperative reduction of regional cerebral blood flow in the hemiparesis group normalized along with clinical improvement after evacuation of the hematoma. It was suggested that localized cerebral blood flow reduction at the rolandic cortical region under the hematoma might be one of the causative factors of hemiparesis in chronic subdural hematoma.     

A case of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage associated with cerebral arteriovenous malformation and aneurysm (author's transl)

A 45-year-old man suddenly developed right hemiparesis and aphasia during work and lost conciousness next day, when he was admitted to us. Lumbar puncture showed bloody C.S.F. with the initial pressure of 220 mm H2O. Physical examination revealed hypertension and arteriosclerosis. Cerebral angiogram revealed an arteriovenous malformation in the left frontoparietal-parasagittal region and a saccular aneurysm at the left internal carotid-posterior communicating artery junction. In addition, the existence of putaminal hematoma was suspected on account of the displacement of the left anterior cerebral artery and the left lenticulostriate arteries. On the fourth day after admission his consciousness returned and the right hemiparesis gradually improved. One month later the disappearance of the displacement of the anterior cerebral artery was demonstrated by cerebral angiogram. A frontoparietal craniotomy was done and no hematoma was found around the arteriovenous malformation and the basis of the aneurysm did not adhere to the temporal lobe. Taking these findings into consideration, it is presumed that the hematoma in putaminal region was due to neither arteriovenous malformation nor aneurysm but was a hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.