复合型人工骨预制体在颌面骨缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨计算机辅助设计与制造（CAD／CAM）技术制作的复合型人工骨预制体在个性化颌面骨缺损修复中的临床应用价值。方法对6例颌面骨缺损的患者利用复合人工骨进行骨缺损修复,术前对颌面骨缺损部位进行螺旋cT扫描并三维重建,应用计算机辅助设计软件、计算机辅助制造快速成型机、复合人工骨材料及一系列的工序处理后制成三维颌面模型及个性化的颌面骨预制体．术中在模型指导下将颌面骨预制体精确定位与固定。其中3例并明显皮肤软组织缺损患者．则予同期或二期行皮肤软组织缺损的修复。结果全部颌面预制体术中能准确快速的就位及固定．无预制体断裂等发生,转移修复皮肤软组织缺损的皮瓣血运良好．除1例经口内切口患者术后部分伤口裂开予二期清创缝合后伤口愈合外,余伤口愈合良好。随访6个月至4年,无预制体移位、排斥等并发症发生,双侧颌面外形基本对称,外形满意。结论应用CAD／CAM制成的个性化复合材料颌面骨预制体能达到颌面骨缺损的精确重建．有效地解决植入体塑形困难．简化了手术程序及缩短手术时间．且并发症少,效果良好,值得临床推广应用。     

快速成型技术应用于颌面部骨畸形的整复研究

目的：评估快速成型技术在颌面部骨畸形整复中的应用效果。方法：针对面部各类骨畸形患者行三维CT扫描,扫描数据转换后在计算机软件上进行切割和设计个性化修复体,然后传人快速成型机床,制作出颌面部实体模型,在模型上详细分析畸形程度和部位等并进行测量,模拟外科手术,确定手术部位、截骨点、去骨厚度与方向等;对于骨量不足的畸形,在模型上制作树脂模型;术中,根据术前模拟的方案确定去骨修整的位点、方向和厚度,或者根据树脂模型修整植入衬垫体的形态,一步就位并固定。结果：术前模拟外科对术中发挥了显著的指导作用,手术过程明显快捷、顺利、出血不多,对于颌面部各类上下颌骨、颧骨等畸形均有实用价值。术后患者的双侧面形对称,医患满意度均较高。结论：对比传统方法,应用快速成型技术可精确、快速地整复面部畸形和恢复面部对称性等,是一种简便、有效、可推广的方法。     

Oral rehabilitation using pre-shaped Epitec fixation systems after extensive maxillary tumor surgery

Reconstruction of maxillary defects represents a major challenge for reconstructive surgeons. The authors describe two cases of malignant tumor on the maxilla that were successfully repaired using the immediate installation of prostheses supported with an Epitec-system during maxilla reconstruction. The Epitec-plates provided a strong retention source for the maxillodental prosthesis. To reduce the operation time and improve conformity to the remaining bone shape, a craniofacial skull model was fabricated using stereo-lithographic techniques. After trimming the model to simulate segmental resection, Epitec-plates were shaped to match the defect. A united Epitec-plate was fixed to the remaining bone immediately and easily after tumor resection. An immediate maxillary prosthesis was placed and was functional at the end of surgery. The Epitec-system provides effective materials for immediate prosthesis of extensive maxillary defects.     

单侧上颌骨缺损闭合式重建时赝复体的三维有限元分析

目的：在单侧上颌骨缺损闭合式重建后,对赝复体修复方法进行力学分析。方法：利用已有的单侧上颌骨缺损的三维有限元模型,在ANSYS程序中分别建立利用皮瓣封闭缺损腔时,颌骨情况及相应赝复体的模型,并进行三维有限元力学分析。结果：应力集中区位于健侧腭部与封闭区的交界处,且在封闭缺损区的黏膜上有一定的应力集中。健侧后牙受力较为均匀。结论：在进行单侧上颌骨缺损外科闭合式重建手术时,要为今后的赝复体修复提供相应的基础,应加强科室间的合作,以使赝复体获得良好的临床效果。     

基于快速成型技术即刻精确修复下颌骨缺损的临床研究

目的：探索应用快速成型技术对下颌骨部分缺损进行即刻、精确与功能性修复的方法。方法：5例下颌骨缺损需即刻行外形和功能修复的患者,先行三维CT扫描获得颌面部影像数据,在计算机内进行三维重建;应用快速成型技术制作颌面部实体模型,在模型上进行模拟外科,确定手术部位、截骨点、重建钛板的方向和角度;同时,制作出缺损区骨质的树脂模型,指导修整移植骨块。术中,切除部分下颌骨后,根据术前模拟的方案,进行血管化的髂骨移植加重建钛板固定,或者单纯重建钛板固定。结果：5例下颌骨病变切除后均即刻行修复重建治疗。手术过程明显快捷、顺利,移植骨和重建钛板均简单修整即就位植入,术后患者的双侧面形对称,余留牙咬合关系良好、稳定,医患满意度均较高。结论：应用快速成型技术,对精确、快速地修复下颌骨缺损、恢复面部对称性、重建咬合功能等,是一种简便、有效、可推广的方法。     

Transformation of a vascularised iliac crest or scapula bone to a pedicled osteomuscular transplant for reconstruction of distant defects in the head and neck region: A new method of transforming two island flaps to one longer island flap

ObjectiveBone defects in the maxillofacial region after ablative surgery require reconstructive surgery, usually using microvascular free flaps. This paper presents a new method of reconstructing extensive defects in patients not suitable for microvascular surgery using prefabrication of a vascularised osteomuscular flap from the scapula or iliac crest bone.MethodsThree patients who were treated with this new technique are presented. Two patients (one mandibular defect and one defect in the maxillary region) received prefabricated osteomuscular flaps from the iliac crest bone using the latissimus dorsi muscle as a pedicle. One patient also presenting a mandibular defect after tumour surgery received a scapula transplant for reconstruction of the defect using the pectoralis major muscle as pedicle.ResultsIn all three cases vital bone could be transplanted. The pedicle was strainless in all three cases. Minor bone loss could be seen initially only in one case. The results are stable now and one patient received dental implants for later prosthetic treatment.ConclusionThe presented two-step surgery provides an excellent method for reconstruction of bony defects in the maxillofacial region in patients where microvascular surgery is not possible due to reduced state of health or lack of recipient vessels.     

Virtual reality surgical planning for maxillofacial distraction osteogenesis: the role of reverse engineering rapid prototyping and cooperative work.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is the demonstration of virtual reality (VR) and rapid prototyping (RP) in surgical planning in maxillofacial surgery. The authors emphasize the role of reverse engineering (RE) and RP, suggesting a model of cooperative work, with the interaction of maxillofacial surgeons, radiologists, and engineers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data acquisition is performed using computed tomography. The 3D model is the result of RE practices based on image segmentation, and the real model is produced via stereolithography. Virtual simulations are performed on the 3D model obtained from image segmentation. All these stages require the interaction and collaboration of various experts: maxillofacial surgeons, radiologists, and RE and RP experts. RESULTS: VR and stereolithography models represent a new technology to help the surgeon who has to work in cooperation with engineers and radiologists to improve the results in surgical planning of maxillofacial distraction. CONCLUSION: When performing the VR simulation, surgeons and engineers operate together in order to optimize the exploitation of the instruments available. Both VR and RP, with different and complementary advantages and limitations, can improve surgical planning activities and this is particularly effective when dealing with complex anatomical structures in maxillofacial surgery.     

上颌骨缺损的外科修复

上颌骨缺损是口腔颌面头颈肿瘤术后的常见面部畸形,对患者的面容、吞咽、咀嚼及社交活动均有重要影响。作为面中份的重要骨支撑之一,上颌骨的修复重建也是颌面外科具有挑战性的工作,针对不同类型和部位的缺损修复方式有多种选择,需要根据患者个体的具体情况和医疗机构及医生的技术条件而定。文章就常用的外科修复方式在上颌骨缺损重建中的应用做一介绍。     

单侧上颌骨缺损修复三维有限元模型的建立及力学分析

目的:建立单侧上颌骨缺损的三维有限元模型,对传统单侧上颌骨缺损修复方法进行力学分析。方法:采用螺旋CT扫描、数字影像传输,应用课题组自行开发的软件MedGraphics、UG和ANSYS软件,建立单侧上颌骨缺损及带中空阻塞器修复体的有限元模型,并对传统中空阻塞器的赝复体进行三维有限元力学分析。结果:获得了单侧上颌骨缺损状态及带中空阻塞器修复体的三维有限元模型,传统中空阻塞器的赝复体健侧后牙受力较为均匀,应力集中区域位于健侧腭部基托的近前牙区。结论:建立的单侧上颌骨缺损及带中空阻塞器修复体的有限元模型具有良好的生物相似性和几何相似性,传统中空阻塞器的赝复体符合生物力学要求。     

基于反求工程和快速原型的下颌骨缺损的修复

目的 探讨应用反求工程和快速原型技术进行下颌骨缺损修复的设计和植入体制作的可行性。方法 应用反求工程和快速原型技术完成2例下颌骨缺损的修复体设计和制作，并行修复体植入术。结果 经计算机设计和严密制作的修复体术中仅数分钟顺利就位，各部件达到设计位置，术后患者面部外形与健侧对称，咬合关系良好，下颌偏斜纠正。结论 反求结合快速原型能够完成下颌骨缺损的修复体的设计和制造，提高了手术精度，节省了手术时间，在颌骨缺损的个体化和定制化修复中有独特的优势。     

Vascularized cranial bone grafts for mandibular and maxillary reconstruction. The parietal osteofascial flap

The authors have performed 13 cases of vascularized cranial bone grafts for reconstruction of maxillofacial defects since 1986. Two types of flaps were used: the parietal osteofascial flap pedicled to the parieto-temporal fascia based on the superficial temporal artery and the temporalis osteomuscular flap pedicled to the temporalis muscle based on the deep temporal artery. Zygomatico-orbital complex, maxilla and mandible were reconstructed and hemifacial microsomia was also treated. The results of vascularized cranial bone grafts pedicled to fascia were as good as those of grafts pedicled to muscle. There were no major complications. Two types of vascularized cranial bone grafts seem to be useful in reconstruction of maxillofacial defects with avascular recipient beds because of their good blood supply. The parietal osteofascial flap has additional advantages including easy rotation of the flap to the defect, particularly a mandibular defect, and versatile use of fascia without bulkiness for reconstruction of soft tissue defects. This flap can be designed as a full- or partial-thickness cranial bone graft with good vascularity. In this paper, our technique for mandibular and maxillary reconstruction using the parietal osteofascial flap is introduced, and the results compared with our temporalis osteomuscular flap technique are reported.     

Prosthetic Rehabilitation of a Patient with Congenital Oro-Nasal Defect with an Interim Prosthesis: A Case Report

Rehabilitation in patients with facial defects requires multidisciplinary approach involving a head and neck surgeon, a maxillofacial prosthodontist and a reconstructive surgeon. Here we discuss a case of mid-facial defect due to a congenital anomaly for which a sectional impression was made. A removable nasal prosthesis obturating oro-nasal defect along with an overlay partial maxillary denture for the correction of malocclusion was given to the patient till definitive reconstructive surgery was performed.     

Importance of patient-specific intraoperative guides in complex maxillofacial reconstruction

BackgroundConventional maxillofacial reconstruction often leads to suboptimal results due to inaccurate planning or surgical difficulties in adjusting a free flap and osteosynthesis plates into a three-dimensional defect.ObjectivesTo justify the importance of patient-specific intraoperative guides in complex maxillofacial reconstruction.Clinical exampleA 40-year old patient underwent a left hemimaxillectomy for an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the palate. Six years later, massive recurrence required radical resection of the left orbit and reconstruction with cranial bone grafts and a free latissimus dorsi flap. Postoperative radiotherapy resulted in local osteoradionecrosis. Surgical revision and restoration of the maxillary defect with a prefabricated fibula flap was performed. The authors provide ample information on the application of computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) and rapid prototyping at each reconstructive step.DiscussionStereolithographic models enable simulation of the resective and reconstructive phases, prebending of reconstruction plates and fabrication of surgical guides.ConclusionsOptimal restitution of complex maxillofacial defects requires meticulous planning of the surgical and prosthetic phases and effective transfer of the plan to the operating room through patient specific guides. CAD-CAM technology and stereolithographic models represent an effective strategy to achieve this. Improved patient outcomes and intraoperative efficiency certainly offset the inherent increase in costs.     

3D打印截骨导板辅助赝复体术中修复BrownⅡ类缺损的精准度评价

目的 设计制作3D打印截骨导板用于赝复体术中修复BrownⅡ类缺损,评价其临床应用的精准度.方法 8例因肿瘤致BrownⅡ类缺损患者纳入研究,术前设计制作3D打印截骨导板及赝复体,术中在截骨导板引导下完成手术,即刻戴入赝复体修复缺损,将术前虚拟计划与术后CBCT融合,对整体及局部区域行偏差分析评价手术精准度.应用SPS...     

肿瘤术后颌骨缺损的功能重建

目的：肿瘤术后造成的颌面缺损使患者丧失咀嚼、语言等功能，并导致颜面畸形。采用植骨种植功能颌面建，以提高患者的生存质量。方法：本组64例肿瘤术后颌骨缺损（上颌10例，下颌54例）所用3种方法：（1）下颌骨部分或全部缺损，采用血管化或非血管化骨移植延期（同期）牙种植，完成种植义齿修复；（2）一侧上颌骨缺损，健侧缺牙或无牙，采用健侧牙种植完成赝复修复；（3）双侧上颌骨缺损，采用颧骨种植，通过磁附着固位完成义颌赝复修复。结果：64例所用3种方法均达到恢复外形与功能理想的效果。观察时间最长12年，最短5年，其中6枚种植体未实现骨结合。上颌缺损修复的种植体存留率为97．5％；下颌骨缺损血管化植骨种植为97．1％；非血管化植骨种植为97．7％。结论：上颌骨缺损采用种植赝复修复可行，若颧骨较薄，应先植骨；植骨－种植是下颌骨功能重建理想的方法。血管化植骨种植适用于植骨床血运差的患者；非血管化植骨种植方法简单，易于推广。因缩短了移植骨的离体时间，骨细胞仍有活性，与血管化骨移植效果一致。证实了自体骨植骨块兼有骨形成、骨诱导及骨传导作用。     

Reconstruction of a Post Traumatic Anterior Maxillary Defect by Transport Distraction Osteogenesis

Rehabilitation of segmental defects of maxilla presents a reconstructive challenge to obtain an ideal osseous form and height with adequate soft tissue investment. Though variety of prosthetic and surgical reconstructive options like the use of vascularized and non vascularized bone grafts are available they produce less than optimal results. Bone transport distraction is a reliable procedure in various maxillofacial bony defect reconstruction techniques. We describe herein a technique of maxillary bone transport distraction using an indigenously designed, custom made trifocal transport distractor performed in a post traumatic avulsive defect of the anterior maxilla. Transport distraction was successful for anterior maxillary alveolar bony regeneration, with excellent soft tissue cover and vestibular depth, which also helped close an oroantral/oronasal fistula.     

快速成型技术在口腔修复中的应用

快速成型技术是一种由计算机辅助设计三维模型,快速制作工件实体模型的原型制造技术。该技术无需任何传统工模具或机械加工,以快速灵活以及高度柔韧性、高度集成化等优点应用于工业制造领域。其目前已广泛应用于口腔医学,从以前制作模型,转变为制作可直接应用的生理性功能组件。特别是在口腔修复中的应用已经成为一个热点,通过各种快速成型方法和手段可以直接成型所需的各种修复体,开辟了口腔修复的一个崭新的数字化制作领域。本文主要介绍快速成型技术在口腔修复体、口腔颌面部赝复体、功能梯度材料等方面的设计和制作,并对其进行总结和展望。     

血管化复合组织瓣修复全上颌骨缺损的临床进展

上颌骨、软腭、颊等组成的面中份结构不仅支撑面部外形、决定个人的面容,同时参与完成咀嚼、吞咽、语音和维持正常视觉等重要功能。因此,上颌骨重建是头颈部缺损修复中最复杂、最有争议的临床课题之一,其中以保留眶内容物的全上颌骨缺损（James Brown Ⅲb类）重建尤为困难。本文对保留眶内容物全上颌骨缺损的血管化复合组织瓣的修复重建目标、方法选择以及相关问题作一综述。     

充气式硅橡胶赝复体修复单侧上颌骨缺损的研究

目的：建立充气式硅橡胶赝复体的制备方法,探讨其在单侧上颌骨缺损修复中的应用。方法：单侧上颌骨缺损且张口不受限患者,采用分层法获取缺损区模型,对单侧上颌骨缺损伴张口受限的患者,采用螺旋CT扫描数据三维重建和快速成型技术制作上颌骨缺损区三维实体模型,再采用高温硫化法制备医用硅橡胶赝复体外囊,改良软组织扩张器为内囊,采用磁性固位体连接赝复体与义齿。结果：14例上颌骨缺损修复,其中8例为单侧上颌骨缺损且张口不受限患者,6例为单侧上颌骨缺损伴中度张口受限患者,4例张口不受限患者采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯赝复体修复,其余均采用充气式硅橡胶赝复体修复,戴用赝复体1个月后进行临床效果评价,并随访1-3年,硅橡胶赝复体均固位良好,面部外形、语音和咀嚼功能均恢复良好,取戴方便,软硬组织面均无红肿糜烂。结论：充气式硅橡胶赝复体是修复上颌骨缺损的一种比较好的方法,能较好地解决单侧上颌骨缺损伴中度张口受限患者常规赝复体固位不良及取戴不便的问题。     

Reconstruction of a severe maxillofacial deformity after tumorectomy and irradiation using distraction osteogenesis and LeFort I osteotomy before vascularized bone graft

We present the successful reconstruction of a large mandibular defect with a severe maxillofacial deformity after malignant tumor resection and irradiation. The patient was a 16-year-old boy with a defect in the left mandible, which extended from the mandibular body to the condylar process and hypoplasia of the maxillozygomatic complex on the left side as a result of ablation and radiotherapy of a grown rhabdomyosarcoma in the left infratemporal fossa at the age of 10. We planned a two-stage reconstruction because of his wide mandibular defect and hypoplasia. LeFort I type osteotomy to correct the maxillary declination was combined with mandibular lengthening to decrease the width of the defect in the first stage. New bone formation was confirmed at the distraction site 4 months after surgery, and the second stage was performed. A free latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap with a vascularized scapula and rib was transferred to reconstruct the ramus of the mandible, zygomatic arch, and soft tissues. This procedure resulted in satisfactory results. In conclusion, the combination of distraction osteogenesis and microsurgical bone transplantation facilitated the straightforward reconstruction of a three-dimensional deformity with huge bony defects. We think that this combined surgical procedure will become a favorable option in the treatment of severe maxillomandibular deformities with bone defects.