IL-22 in the endometriotic milieu promotes the proliferation of endometrial stromal cells via stimulating the secretion of CCL2 and IL-8

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family and plays critical roles in inflammation, immune surveillance, and tissue homeostasis. However, whether IL-22 regulates the growth of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), and participates in the pathogenesis of endometriosis remain unclear. In this study, we found that the expression of IL-22 and it receptors (IL-22R1 and IL-10R2) in eutopic endometrium and ectopic lesion of women with endometriosis was higher than that from healthy control. Recombinant human IL-22 (rhIL-22) stimulated the proliferation of ESCs in a dosage-dependent manner. On the contrary, anti-human IL-22 neutralizing antibody inhibited the proliferation of ESCs in vitro. The stimulatory effect of IL-22 on the proliferation of ESCs could be reversed by inhibitor of STAT5, ERK1/2 or AKT signal pathway. However, blocking STAT3, JNK or P38 signal pathway had no these effects. By Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry assay, we demonstrated the rhIL-22 not only stimulate the secretion of CCL2 and IL-8, but also significantly up-regulate the expression of IL-8 receptor CXCR1 on ESCs. Meanwhile, STAT5, ERK1/2 and or AKT signal inhibitors could abrogate the increase of CCL2, IL-8 and CXCR1 levels induced by rhIL-22. However, rhIL-22 had not similar influence on CCL2 receptor CCR2. Our current results suggested that the higher level of IL-22 and it receptors in eutopic endometrium may stimulate the expression of CCL2, IL-8/CXCR1, and further promote the growth of ESCs possibly through activating STAT5, MAPK/ERK1/2 and or AKT signal pathways, which may be involved in the occurrence and development of endometriosis.     

DHT对卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达的调节作用

目的 初步探讨雄激素对卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达的调节作用及作用机制.方法 选择兼有雄激素受体(AR)、IL-6和IL-8及其受体表达的卵巢癌细胞系SKOV-3和OVCAR-3作为研究模型,观察5a-二氢睾酮(DHT)对IL-6、IL-8及其受体表达以及NF-κB加转录的调节作用.结果 DHT可促进卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8分泌及相应mRNA表达,并增强IL-6基因启动子的转录活性,DHT的上述作用可被AR阻断剂氟他胺完全阻断.DHT显著提高卵巢癌细胞NF-κB加亚单位p50、p65(RelA)mRNA的表达水平,其中对后者的作用与对IL-6、IL-8 mRNA的作用相平行.此外,DHT尚能调节IL-6、IL-8受体的表达.结论 雄激素可能通过NF-κB信号传导途径促进卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8的分泌,同时对二者受体的表达也有一定的凋节作用.     

DHT、IL-6和IL-8对卵巢癌细胞体外增殖的作用

目的探讨雄激素与细胞因子在上皮性卵巢癌生长中可能存在的相互调节作用。方法应用免疫印迹（Western blot）和RT-PCR技术对5种常见的上皮性卵巢癌细胞系雄激素受体（AR）、ID6受体（IL-6Rα、gp130）及IL-8受体（IL-8RA、IL-8RB）的表达进行检测，选择兼有AB、IL-6R及IL-8R的卵巢癌细胞系作为研究模型，应用MTT法观察5α-二氢睾酮（5α-dihydrotestosterone，DHT）及IL-6、ID-8两种细胞因子对卵巢癌细胞体外增殖作用的影响。结果（1）5种上皮性卵巢癌细胞系中AR、ID-6Rα、gp130、IL-8RA以及IL-8RB的表达存在差异性。（2）在SKOV-3细胞，低剂量DHT（0．1～1nmol／L）作用后的前72h抑制细胞增殖，中高剂量DHT（1～100nmol／L）作用后的72、96、120h促进细胞增殖；在OVCAR-3细胞，与对照组相比，DHT作用48h时细胞增殖差异无统计学意义，作用96h和144h时才有明显的促增殖作用。DHT对这两种细胞增殖的作用具有明显的剂量依赖性和时间依赖性。（3）AR阻断剂氟他胺（flutamide，Flu）可完全阻断DHT的促增殖作用，而抗IL-6中和抗体和抗IL-8中和抗体则可部分阻断其促增殖作用。（4）ID6和ID8可促进SKOV-3和OVCAR-3细胞增殖，其促增殖作用亦具有一定的剂量依赖性和时间依赖性，且二者在SKOV-3细胞有一定的协同效应，而在OVCAR-3细胞则未见到。ID-6和ID-8诱导的促增殖作用可被其相应的中和抗体完全阻断，而不能被无关抗体即同种型羊IgG所阻断。结论雄激素促进上皮性卵巢癌生长的作用机制可能有二：一是雄激素的直接刺激作用，二是通过调节细胞因子（如ID-6和IL-8）分泌和/或其受体表达量，从而促进细胞的生长。     

Variations in cervical IL-10 and IL-8 concentrations throughout gestation in normal pregnancies

PROBLEM: Data regarding cervical interleukin 18 (IL-8) and IL-10 concentrations during pregnancy is limited. METHOD OF STUDY: This was a cross sectional study of healthy pregnant women. Specimens were collected from the cervical os secretions. IL-8 and IL-10 levels were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Median (range) cytokine concentrations were derived for each trimester and compared across trimesters. The relationship between gestational age and cytokine levels was assessed by regression analysis. The mean of the ratios of IL-8 to IL-10 was compared in each trimester using anova. RESULTS: The median (range) IL-8 concentrations in cervical secretions were in pg/mL: 1562 (1210-4100), 2460 (1047-4688), 3660 (1451-4748) (P < 0.0021); the median (range) IL-10 concentrations in cervical secretions were in pg/mL: 38.3 (6.8-227.9), 10.9 (0-263.3), 9.5 (0-35.6); the mean IL10/IL-8 x 100 (+/- standard deviation) concentrations were: 3.33 +/- 0.65, 1.47 +/- 0.41, 0.38 +/- 0.52 (P = 0.0035) during the first, second and third trimesters, respectively. CONCLUSION: The patterns of cervical IL-8 concentration is inversely related to gestational age, and the ratio of IL-10/IL-8 decreases with advancing gestation.     

Polarized secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by human retinal pigment epithelial cells

A number of cell types situated along interfaces of various tissues and organs such as the peritoneum and the intestine have been shown to secrete inflammatory cytokines in a polarized fashion. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are positioned at the interface between the vascularized choroid and the avascular retina, forming part of the blood–retina barrier. These cells are potent producers of inflammatory cytokines and are therefore considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ocular inflammation. Whether cytokine secretion by these cells also follows a vectorial pattern is not yet known, and was therefore the subject of this study. Monolayers of human RPE cells (primary cultures and the ARPE-19 cell line) cultured on transwell filters were stimulated to produce IL-6 and IL-8 by adding IL-1β (100 U/ml) to either the upper or the lower compartment. After stimulation, the human RPE cell lines showed polarized secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 towards the basal side, irrespective of the side of stimulation. The ARPE-19 cell line also secreted IL-6 and IL-8 in a polarized fashion towards the basal side after basal stimulation; polarized secretion was, however, not apparent after apical stimulation. The observation that human RPE cells secrete IL-6 and IL-8 in a polarized fashion towards the choroid may represent a mechanism to prevent damage to the adjacent fragile retinal tissue.     

IL-22 secreted by decidual stromal cells and NK cells promotes the survival of human trophoblasts

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been implicated as an important immune regulator in many physiologic and pathological processes, but little is known about the IL-22 in the fetal-maternal interface. In this study, we demonstrated that co-culture of decidual stromal cells (DSCs) and decidual natural killer (dNK) cells resulted in increased secretion of IL-22, compared to culture of DSCs or dNK cells alone. The trophoblast cell line, HTR8/SVneo, expresses IL-22 receptor α1 (IL-22R1). Combinant human (rh) IL-22 significantly promoted the proliferation and viability, and inhibited the apoptosis of HTR8/SVneo cells. By Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we confirmed that villi expressed IL-22R1, and the villi from unexplained spontaneous miscarriage patients expressed reduced levels of IL-22R1 than those from normal early pregnancy. These findings indicate that the IL-22 secreted by DSCs and dNK might promote the survival of trophoblasts and participate in the maintenance of pregnancy by binding to the IL-22R1. The reduced level of IL-22/IL-22R1 in villi might be involved in the occurrence of spontaneous miscarriage.     

卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8分泌与其化疗敏感性及耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因表达关系的初步探讨

目的 分析比较4种常见的人E皮性卵巢癌细胞系IL-6、IL-8分泌与其化疗敏感性及部分耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因表达的关系,为今后研究IL-6、IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对化疗药物产生耐药的机制奠定基础.方法 IL-6、IL-8及其受体的表达采用RT-PCR、ELISA及免疫印迹技术进行检测,卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性采用M1Tr试验进行分析,耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因的表达则采用RT-PCR进行测定.结果 1)4种卵巢癌细胞除A2780细胞外均组成性分泌IL-6和IL-8,二者转录水平与其蛋白水平基本一致.2)4种卵巢癌细胞均表达IL-6受体和IL-8受体.3)4种卵巢癌细胞对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性不同,其中A2780细胞最敏感,ES-2细胞次之,CAOV-3和SKOV-3细胞则有不同程度的耐药性.4)部分耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因在A2780和ES-2细胞中的表达水平均较低,而在CAOV-3和SKOV-3细胞中的表达水平均较高.结论 卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8的自分泌水平(尤其是IL-6的水平)与其对顺铂和紫杉醇的敏感性基本呈负相关趋势,与其部分耐药相关基因和凋亡抑制基因的表达水平相一致.     

Regulation and production of IL-8 by human proximal tubular epithelial cells in vitro

A number of inflammatory kidney diseases are associated with interstitial nephritis and influx of leucocytes in the renal interstitium. Potentially the influx of neutrophils in the interstitium may be induced by the chemotactic cytokine IL-8. In the present study we have analysed the production of IL-8 by cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) in response to a number of proinflammatory cytokines. Primary cell lines of proximal tubular epithelium obtained from ten different kidneys, and cultured under serum-free conditions, were found to produce IL-8 to different degrees from not detectable levels up to 10·8±1·5 ng IL-8 per 1×10⁵ cells in 72 h. Gel filtration chromatography of PTEC supernatant indicated that the size of IL-8 of PTEC is 15·1 and 8·1 kD, and is chemotactically active for polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Addition of 0·5 ng/ml rIL-1α or 1000 U/ml recombinant tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) to the culture media of PTEC induced an up-regulation of IL-8 production up to 6·3-fold and 3·0-fold, respectively. The up-regulation by IL-1α and TNF-α was dose- and time-dependent. In contrast, 500 U/ml recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-γ) down-regulated the production of IL-8 3·4-fold. Northern blot analysis showed that IL-1α and TNF-α increased the expression of IL-8 mRNA, whereas IFN-γ reduced IL-8 mRNA expression. Taken together, these experiments indicate that human PTEC are a potential source of IL-8 in the kidney, and that IL-8 produced in the proximal tubule can be induced by various proinflammatory cytokines.     

IL-21R expression on CD8+ T cells promotes CD8+ T cell activation in coxsackievirus B3 induced myocarditis

IL-21 is a multi-functional cytokine which can promote survival, proliferation and activation of T and B lymphocytes including CD8 T cells. Previous studies have shown that autoimmune CD8+ T cells are the primary pathogenic effector cell in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induced myocarditis in C57Bl/6 mice. To evaluate the role of IL-21 in promoting CD8+ T cell mediated cardiac injury in myocarditis, C57Bl/6 and IL-21RKO mice were infected with CVB3. IL-21RKO mice developed significantly less myocarditis than C57Bl/6 animals although cardiac virus titers were equivalent between the mouse strains. Numbers of CD8+IFNγ+ cells were decreased in IL-21RKO mice but numbers of either CD4+IFNγ+ or CD4+IL-4+ cells were not significantly different from C57Bl/6 animals indicating a selective effect of IL-21 signaling on the CD8+ T cell response. To confirm that IL-21 signaling exclusively functions at the level of the CD8+ T cell in CVB3 induced myocarditis, purified CD8+ cells were isolated from either C57Bl/6 or IL-21RKO donors and adoptively transferred into CD8KO recipients prior to CVB3 infection. CD8KO recipients given either C57Bl/6 or IL-21RKO CD8+ cells showed equivalent reconstitution of the CD8+ cells in the spleen but the recipients given C57Bl/6 CD8+ cells showed significantly greater myocarditis than recipients of IL-21RKO CD8+ cells. These data demonstrate that IL-21 signaling directly in the CD8+ cell population is required for CVB3-induced myocarditis.     

铜绿假单胞菌活菌诱导不同分化状态的U937细胞表达IL-8的研究

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aenginasa，Pα）活菌对不同分化状态的U937细胞表达IL-8的诱导作用及通过蛋白激酶C（PKC）和核因子κB（NF-κB）的调控机理。方法采用ELISA和RT-PCR法，分别对Pα诱导不同分化状态的人单核白血病细胞系U937细胞分泌IL-8及U937细胞IL-8 mRNA表达进行研究，应用Western blot检验IκB及NF-κB的蛋白表达，观察PKC和NF-κB活化抑制剂对IL-8表达的影响。结果Pα可促进U937细胞及佛波酯（PMA）分化的U937细胞IL-8 mRNA的表达及IL-8的分泌，而且具有明显的量效和时效关系。Pα能直接诱导并迅速活化NF-κB，1h达到高峰，以后逐渐下降。PKC阻断剂calphostin C及NF-κB阻断剂PDTC均能显著抑制NF-κB的活化及IL-8的表达（P〈0．01）。结论IL-8的产生可能与U937细胞的分化状态有关；Pα可能通过PKC信号通路促进NF-κB的活化，从而启动IL-8的高效表达和分泌。     

IL-15 prevents allergic rhinitis through reactivation of antigen-specific CD8+ cells

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common allergic inflammatory diseases characterized by a predominant TH2 response with antigen-specific IgE synthesis. IL-15 plays important roles in activation and maintenance of memory CD8+T cells capable of producing IFN-gamma, which regulates TH2 responses. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the roles of endogenous IL-15 in allergic inflammation, we examined allergic rhinitis in IL-15 knockout (KO) mice sensitized with ovalbumin followed by intranasal rechallenge with ovalbumin. METHODS: IL-15KO mice were sensitized intraperitoneally with ovalbumin/complete Freund's adjuvant on day 0 and ovalbumin/IFA on day 7, and then were intranasally challenged with ovalbumin on days 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25. Nasal symptoms and histologic changes were examined. IgE production and TH2 responses were measured by ELISA. Purified CD8+T cells or recombinant IL-15 were administered into ovalbumin-sensitized mice. RESULTS: The levels of IgE production and TH2 responses in IL-15KO mice were comparable to those in control mice after ovalbumin sensitization. However, sneezing, infiltration of eosinophils into the nasal mucosa, and TH2 cytokine production were aggravated in ovalbumin-sensitized IL-15KO mice after intranasal challenge with ovalbumin. Adoptive transfer of CD8+6 T cells from ovalbumin-sensitized mice suppressed the TH2 responses in mice but not in IL-15KO mice. Administration of IL-15 with ovalbumin significantly prevented the development of allergic rhinitis in ovalbumin-sensitized mice. CONCLUSION: We demonstrate with IL-15KO mice that endogenous IL-15 plays an important role in suppression of allergic rhinitis at effector phase. Intranasal administration of IL-15 is useful as a therapeutic approach to control allergic rhinitis. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Intranasal administration of recombinant IL-15 might become new immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis.     

sncRNAs packaged by Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles attenuate IL-8 secretion in human cells

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) play a vital role in the mechanism of host―pathogen communication, while emerging evidence suggests that OMVs regulate host immune responses through differentially packaged small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) to target host mRNA function. Therefore, we identified differentially packaged sncRNAs in Helicobacter pylori OMVs and showed transfer of OMV sncRNAs to human gastric adenocarcinoma cells in this study. Our data revealed that sncRNAs (sR-2509025 and sR-989262) were enriched in OMVs, and reduced lipopolysaccharide or OMV-induced interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion by cultured AGS cells. Collectively, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that sncRNAs in H. pylori OMVs play a novel role in the mechanism of host―pathogen interaction, whereby H. pylori evades the host immune response.     

Streptococcus gordonii lipoproteins induce IL-8 in human periodontal ligament cells

Streptococcus gordonii, a Gram-positive oral bacterium, is a life-threatening pathogen that causes infective endocarditis. It is frequently isolated from the periapical lesions of patients with apical periodontitis and has thus been implicated in inflammatory responses. However, little is known about the virulence factors of S. gordonii responsible for the induction of inflammatory responses in the periapical areas. Here, we investigated the role of S. gordonii cell wall-associated virulence factors on interleukin (IL)-8 induction in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells using ethanol-inactivated wild-type S. gordonii, a lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-deficient mutant (ΔltaS), and a lipoprotein-deficient mutant (Δlgt). Wild-type S. gordonii induced IL-8 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels in human PDL cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. A transient transfection and reporter gene assay demonstrated that wild-type S. gordonii activated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Additionally, IL-8 production induced by wild-type S. gordonii was substantially inhibited by anti-TLR2-neutralizing antibodies. Both wild-type S. gordonii and the ΔltaS mutant induced IL-8 production; however, this response was not observed when cells were stimulated with the Δlgt mutant. Interestingly, lipoproteins purified from S. gordonii induced IL-8 production, whereas purified LTA did not. In addition, purified lipoproteins stimulated TLR2 more potently than LTA. Furthermore, S. gordonii-induced IL-8 expression was specifically inhibited by blocking p38 kinase, while lipoprotein-induced IL-8 expression was inhibited by blocking p38 kinase, ERK, or JNK. Of particular note, exogenous addition of purified S. gordonii lipoproteins enhanced Δlgt-induced IL-8 production in human PDL cells to an extent similar to that induced by the wild-type strain. Collectively, these results suggest that lipoproteins are an important component of S. gordonii for the induction of IL-8 production in human PDL cells through TLR2 activation. Therefore, lipoproteins potentially contribute to inflammatory apical periodontitis.     

IL-1β promotes cervical cancer through activating NF-κB/CCL-2

Cervical cancer is a malignancy with high morbidity and mortality among women. Interleukin (IL)-1β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL-2), and activation of NF-κB have been proven to be closely related to the progression of various tumors. However, their role in cervical cancer remains unclear. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were detected using MTT, wound healing, and transwell assays. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to measure expression of target genes. IL-1β greatly promoted the release of CCL-2 from HeLa cells. Activation of NF-κB and phosphorylated NF-κB (p65) nuclear translocation were accelerated by IL-1β. TPCA-1, a blocker of NF-κB, significantly inhibited the release of CCL-2 from HeLa cells. TPCA-1 markedly reversed the promotional effect of IL-1β on viability of HeLa cells. IL-1β increased the cell migration, proliferation, and invasion of HeLa cells through targeting the NF-κB/CCL-2 pathway. IL-1β/NF-κB/CCL-2 might be a promising treatment target for cervical cancer treatment and prevention.     

卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8分泌与他莫西芬敏感性及MAPK、Akt活性和ER特异性位点磷酸化水平的关系

目的:分析比较4种常见的人上皮性卵巢癌细胞系(A2780、CAOV-3、SKOV-3和ES-2)IL-6、IL-8分泌与他莫西芬(TAM)敏感性及MAPK、Akt活性和雌激素受体(ER)特异性位点磷酸化水平的关系,探讨IL-6、IL-8诱导卵巢癌细胞对内分泌治疗产生耐药的机制。方法:RT-PCR及ELISA法检测IL-6、IL-8的表达,MTT法分析卵巢癌细胞对TAM的敏感性,免疫印迹法测定MAPK、Akt活性及ER特异性位点的磷酸化水平。结果:(1)4种卵巢癌细胞除A2780细胞外均组成性分泌IL-6和IL-8,二者转录水平与其蛋白水平基本一致;(2)4种卵巢癌细胞对TAM的敏感性不同,其中A2780细胞最敏感,CAOV-3、SKOV-3和ES-2细胞则有不同程度的耐药性,其耐药倍数分别为4.99、3.76和2.66;(3)4种卵巢癌细胞的MAPK、Akt活性存在差异,CAOV-3细胞的二者活性最强,SKOV-3细胞的MAPK活性弱于ES-2细胞,而其Akt活性则强于ES-2细胞,A2780细胞未检测到二者有活性;(4)ER的第167位丝氨酸(Ser167)在四种卵巢癌细胞中均存在不同程度的磷酸化,ER的第118位丝氨酸(Ser118)除A2780细胞外亦存在不同程度的磷酸化。结论:卵巢癌细胞IL-6、IL-8的自分泌水平与其对TAM的敏感性呈负相关,与其MAPK、Akt活性和ER特异性位点(Ser167、Ser118)的磷酸化水平相一致。     

创伤弧菌溶细胞素融合蛋白对人Caco-2细胞IL-8基因表达和IL-8分泌的影响

目的 研究创伤弧菌溶细胞素融合蛋白(rVvhA)对人肠上皮细胞(human intestinalepithelial cell,Caco-2)IL-8基因表达的影响.方法 IPTG诱导、表达、纯化、复性及Western blot鉴定rVvhA表达和纯化情况;CCK-8法检测rVvhA对Caco-2的细胞毒性作用;RT-PCR检测rVvhA诱导Caco-2细胞IL-8基因的表达情况;ELISA检测Caco-2细胞培养上清IL-8的分泌情况.结果 Ni~(2+)-NTA亲和层析柱对rVvhA进行纯化后纯度可达95%以上;CCK-8结果显示rVvhA活性蛋白显著降低了Caco-2细胞的存活率,有效浓度为1.5 HU/ml(P<0.05);RT-PCR结果显示,0.6 HU/ml rVvhA30 minllp可诱导Caco-2细胞IL-8 mRNA基因表达上调;ELISA结果显示,Caco-2细胞经rVvhA作用后,培养液上清中IL-8多肽的表达时相在4 h.RT-PCR与ELISA结果皆显示,IL-8基因的转录及IL-8表达皆具有时间-剂量依赖性.结论 rVvhA在转录水平上能诱导人Caco-2细胞IL-8 mRNA表达,促进IL-8的合成,在创伤弧菌引起的过度炎症反应和败血症的发生、发展中可能具有重要意义.     

去白细胞处理对全血保存中IL-2和IL-8水平的影响

目的:研究全血在保存过程中是否存在IL-2和IL-8的积累,保存前白细胞滤除对其保存水平的影响。方法:选10名健康捐血者,各采集 200ml全血分成2袋,其中一袋经去白细胞处理。在4℃保存不同时期测定血液中 IL-2、IL-8含量的动态变化。结果:随着保存,全血中IL-2和IL-8的浓度不断增高。经去白细胞处理后,IL-8水平在保存中无明显变化,IL-2的含量仍然增高,但在保存期末低于正常全血中的相应含量。结论:IL-2和IL-8在全血保存中存在产生和累积,而去白细胞过滤可以抑制IL-2和IL-8在全血保存中存在产生和累积,而去白细胞过滤可以抑制IL-8的升高,对预防发热性非溶血性输血反应有一定作用。