海洛因、麻黄素对小鼠仔鼠下丘脑、海马组织结构及胆碱乙酰基转移酶活性的影响

目的 探讨海洛因和麻黄素对仔鼠下丘脑、海马组织结构及胆碱乙酰基转移酶(ChAT)活性的影响,观察Bax蛋白和角质细胞生长因子(KGF)在下丘脑、海马的表达。 方法 108只昆明小鼠仔鼠,采用递增剂量连续腹腔注射海洛因和麻黄素,利用吉姆萨染色及免疫组织化学方法观察下丘脑和海马凋亡细胞的变化及Bax蛋白和KGF的表达,利用比色法检测下丘脑和海马ChAT活性的变化。 结果 仔鼠注射海洛因、麻黄素5d、10d、15d、20d,下丘脑和海马凋亡细胞及Bax蛋白和KGF阳性表达细胞的数量均高于对照组,ChAT的活性低于对照组,差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);海洛因组仔鼠下丘脑和海马的上述4项指标与麻黄素组相比,差异显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。随着海洛因和麻黄素剂量的递增,仔鼠下丘脑和海马凋亡细胞及Bax蛋白和KGF阳性表达细胞的数量呈增多趋势。 结论 海洛因和麻黄素影响仔鼠下丘脑和海马的组织结构及ChAT活性,其机制可能与下丘脑和海马组织的细胞凋亡有一定相关性。     

犬小肠缺血再灌注后血中NO和SOD与小肠粘膜凋亡相关基因表达的改变

研究犬小肠缺血再灌注后氧自由基和c-fos、增殖性细胞核抗原（PCNA）及Bax的表达改变及其相关性。于阻断小肠动脉前及再灌注0、30、及60min采集伴行静脉血液标本及小肠组织进行各项指标检测。结果显示，再灌注0min，N烽SOD的血中浓度明显下降，c-fos、PCNA和Bax在小肠粘膜上皮及小肠腺的表达明显增强。再灌注30min，NO和SOD浓度降至最低、c-fos、PCNA和Bax的表达达最高峰。至再灌注60min，NO和SOD有所升高，而三种基因的表达则显著减少。NO和SOD的改变与三种基因表达的相关性分析显示出它们之间密切的相关关系。犬小肠缺血再灌注可造成氧自由基的增多和c-fos、PCNA和Bax的表达增加，可能与损伤后的修复重建等有关，氧自由基的增多与相关基因的表达有密切关系。     

中医表型组学的数据特征与研究方法展望

人类表型组学构建了跨尺度组学数据的关联,对精准医学的实现具有重要价值。中医学与表型组学都关注人体复杂系统中各种表型的变化规律,二者的理念与技术可以相互促进和补充,中医表型组学研究将有助于实现中西医融合协同发展和促进。本研究首先总结了现有中医特色表型的数据特征、表型收集和量化的方法,随后从大数据和人工智能角度简述中医表型的数据处理、跨尺度关联和精细调控机制的手段,最后提出了现存的挑战与未来的研究方向,以期为中医表型组学研究者提供参考。     

儿童气管的解剖学观测和临床应用

目的研究支气管镜操作术的成功率和安全性。方法通过44例儿童尸体观测气管的解剖长度、临床长度和气管的横径、矢状径,并与儿童身高和上部量进行相关分析,另外分析临床资料85例,其中58例在使用支气管镜前做了气管横径、矢状和长度的预测。结果两性儿童的身高和上部量与气管的解剖长度、临床长度、气管内径之间密切相关。结论只要先测量儿童的身高和上部量就可根据他们之间的回归方程计算出气管的长度和内径大小,为临床准确选用气管镜型号和插管的深度提供可靠的依据,从而保证了气管插管的一次性成功率和安全性。     

Correlation between some stress-realizing and stress-limiting systems in an acute period of ischemic stroke

Concentrations of stimulating (glutamate, aspartate) and inhibitory (GAMK, glycin) amino acids were measured in cerebrospinal liquid of 67 patients with ischemic stroke. The condition of stress-realising and stress-limiting systems (SRS and SLS) was assessed by dynamics of stimulating and inhibitory amino acids. High and rapidly increasing concentration of glutamate within the first 24 h of the disease predicts a poor prognosis. Early rise of GAMK concentration is a favourable and reliable prognostic sign. Hyperactivation of glutamatergic system and deficiency of inhibitory GAMK-ergic system cause imbalance between mediators and metabolites of SRS and SLS. The severity and duration of this imbalance determine severity of clinical symptoms and outcome of the disease.     

Advances in synthesis of calcium phosphate crystals with controlled size and shape

Calcium phosphate (CaP) materials have a wide range of applications, including biomaterials, adsorbents, chemical engineering materials, catalysts and catalyst supports and mechanical reinforcements. The size and shape of CaP crystals and aggregates play critical roles in their applications. The main inorganic building blocks of human bones and teeth are nanocrystalline CaPs; recently, much progress has been made in the application of CaP nanocrystals and their composites for clinical repair of damaged bone and tooth. For example, CaPs with special micro- and nanostructures can better imitate the biomimetic features of human bone and tooth, and this offers significantly enhanced biological performances. Therefore, the design of CaP nano-/microcrystals, and the shape and hierarchical structures of CaPs, have great potential to revolutionize the field of hard tissue engineering, starting from bone/tooth repair and augmentation to controlled drug delivery devices. Previously, a number of reviews have reported the synthesis and properties of CaP materials, especially for hydroxyapatite (HAp). However, most of them mainly focused on the characterizations and physicochemical and biological properties of HAp particles. There are few reviews about the control of particle size and size distribution of CaPs, and in particular the control of nano-/microstructures on bulk CaP ceramic surfaces, which is a big challenge technically and may have great potential in tissue engineering applications. This review summarizes the current state of the art for the synthesis of CaP crystals with controlled sizes from the nano- to the macroscale, and the diverse shapes including the zero-dimensional shapes of particles and spheres, the one-dimensional shapes of rods, fibers, wires and whiskers, the two-dimensional shapes of sheets, disks, plates, belts, ribbons and flakes and the three-dimensional (3-D) shapes of porous, hollow, and biomimetic structures similar to biological bone and tooth. In addition, this review will also summarize studies on the controlled formation of nano-/microstructures on the surface of bulk ceramics, and the preparation of macroscopical bone grafts with 3-D architecture nano-/microstructured surfaces. Moreover, the possible directions of future research and development in this field, such as the detailed mechanisms behind the size and shape control in various strategies, the importance of theoretical simulation, self-assembly, biomineralization and sacrificial precursor strategies in the fabrication of biomimetic bone-like and enamel-like CaP materials are proposed.     

缺氧性肺动脉高压时一氧化氮合酶,左旋精氨酸及亚硝基左旋？…

研究一氧化氮在缺氧肺动脉高压发病中的作用。方法烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸－黄递酶和免疫组化ＡＢＣ方法检测原生型和诱型一氧化氮合酶在正常和缺氧在鼠肺内的表达和分布。     

Role of district and local self-government in disability prevention

Prevention of common chronic diseases in the development of temporary and/or permanent working disability is not only a significant public health problem but also a serious economic and social issue. The epidemic of traffic-related injuries, work-related injuries and, unfortunately, injuries sustained during sports and recreational activities is pretty disturbing. Article 69 of the Croatian Constitution states that all residents of Croatia have a right to healthy life. The State provides special care for disabled persons and promotes their inclusion into the society (Article 57), and each Croatian citizen is entitled to health care and protection (Article 58). In addition to the issue of disabled workers in the Zagreb area, there is an ever-growing problem of disabled veterans and persons with congenital physical and/or psychological disorders. Article 2, item 2 of the Health Care Act states that "citizens should participate in all health prevention activities introduced at their place of residence and work for the purpose of improvement and protection of their health as well as prevention of diseases". Item 5 relates to the treatment and rehabilitation of diseased, physically and mentally handicapped and injured persons, and item 6 quotes measures of special health surveillance in the victims of war and in the population over 60 years of age. Primary prevention measures are as follows: (1) Identification, recording, follow-up, analysis, reporting and assessment of health needs and functional abilities of the elderly. (2) Prophylactic individual counseling of healthy and ill health care users, (3) Stimulation of self-responsibility for own health. (4) Coordination of services engaged in health protection of the elderly and continuous education of workers and volunteers engaged in health protection. (5) Social, psychological and even legal counseling of health care users and their family members. (6) Identification of environmental conditions in which elderly persons live (ergonomics of their environment) in order to estimate the needs for home treatment, care, rehabilitation and physical and spiritual recreation. The author discusses the need for closer cooperation between gerontology centers and non-government professional organizations, voluntary associations of citizens and corporations for the purpose of promoting common interests (ecological, economic, humanitarian, cultural, sports, health, scientific, informative and other). In addition to positive laws of the Republic of Croatia, the Act on Legal Position of Religious Communities allows comprehensive charitable activities. Accordingly, sports and recreation must be incorporated into projects of collaboration aimed at prevention and/or solution of health issues of disabled persons. Past experience and the possibility of joining European and international processes of integration are also discussed.     

Comparison between clinical examination, transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of deep endometriosis

BACKGROUND: Deeply infiltrating endometriosis affecting the retrocervical region and the rectosigmoid generally requires surgical treatment. Clinical examination, transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in the preoperative diagnosis of the involvement of these sites. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of digital vaginal examination, TVUS and MRI to diagnose rectosigmoid and retrocervical involvement. METHODS: A total of 104 patients with clinically suspected endometriosis were submitted to clinical examination, pelvic MRI and TVUS until 3 months prior to videolaparoscopy and the findings of these methods were matched with histopathological confirmation of endometriosis. RESULTS: Endometriosis was histologically confirmed in 98 of 104 (94.2%) patients. With respect to the rectosigmoid and retrocervical sites, respectively, digital vaginal examination had a sensitivity of 72 and 68%, specificity of 54 and 46%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 63 and 45%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 64 and 69% and accuracy of 63 and 55%. For TVUS, sensitivity was 98 and 95%, specificity 100 and 98%, PPV 100 and 98%, NPV 98 and 97% and accuracy 99 and 97%. MRI had a sensitivity of 83 and 76%, specificity of 98 and 68%, PPV of 98 and 61%, NPV of 85 and 81% and accuracy of 90 and 71%. CONCULSIONS: TVUS had better sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy in cases of deep retrocervical and rectosigmoid endometriosis when compared with MRI and digital vaginal examination, confirming that it is an important preoperative examination for the definition of surgical strategies.     

子痫前期患者血清及胎盘中IGF-I、瘦素水平变化及相关性研究

目的:探讨子痫前期患者血清及胎盘中胰岛素样生长因子-I(IGF-I)、瘦素(leptin)水平变化及其相互关系。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法及免疫组织化学法分别检测80例重度子痫前期患者和50例正常妊娠妇女血清及胎盘组织中IGF-1、leptin的水平。结果:轻度和重度子痫前期组孕妇分娩前和脐静脉血IGF-I水平均明显低于对照组孕妇,leptin水平均明显高于对照组孕妇,且随子痫前期的病情加重,分娩前和脐静脉血IGF-I水平亦随之降低,leptin水平亦随之增加,各组两两比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。在对照组、轻度子痫前期组、重度子痫前期组胎盘组织中IGF-I和leptin的表达比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:IGF-I和leptin可能参与了子痫前期的发生发展过程,且可作为监测患者病情变化的参考指标。     

膝关节矢状断层影像解剖学

目的 为膝关节疾患的影像学诊断提供矢状断层解剖学基础。方法 用成年男尸右膝部标本5例(新鲜3，福尔马林固定2)，按解剖骨性标志画线，其中1例标本先行矢状位MRI扫描，所有标本冻硬后，切制矢状断层解剖标本，每例切5个断层，皆观察其内侧面。结果 观察了构成膝关节的主要结构，交叉韧带、半月板及其周围软组织的形态特征、位置、毗邻及其在连续断层的变化规律，并匹配同一断层之MRI。测量股骨内、外侧髁关节软骨厚为2．3mm和2．4mm，胫骨内、外侧髁关节软骨厚为2．5mm和2．6mm，髌骨关节软骨厚为5．3mm，前交叉韧带长36．1mm，前、后交叉韧带中部矢状径为6．32mm和6．51mm，内、外侧半月板矢状径为42．4mm和33．2mm，内侧半月板前、后部厚度为5．1mm和5．8mm，外侧半月板为6．5mm和7．1mm。结论 膝关节的矢状断层解剖各结构形态、位置及变化规律，对骨科及影像学诊断和治疗有重要的价值。     

The relationship between the metabolic syndrome and energy-utilization deficit in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced osteoarthritis

We propose that the pathogenesis of obesity-induced osteoarthritis may be explained by the metabolic changes in the striated muscle induced by the interaction of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in obese individuals with metabolic syndrome being osteoarthritis the latest consequence by the physiological changes seen in the metabolic syndrome. Increased levels of TH1 cytokines are produced by activated macrophages in the presence of an acute or chronic infectious disease and suppress the sensitivity of insulin receptors on the membrane of muscle cell and adipocytes. Both cells are activated by inflammatory cytokines and contribute to enhance acute inflammation and to maintain a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation in apparently healthy obese individuals. The increased number of macrophage in the adipose tissue of obese individuals acts as an amplifier of inflammation. Patients with osteoarthritis and metabolic syndrome frequently are complaining about hotness and recurrent edema of feet and hands. It is probable that hyperinsulinemia in the presence of insulin resistance and inflammation, induce vasodilation through the TNF mediated-iNOS overexpression. Patients with metabolic syndrome express clinically the consequence of a poor uptake, storage and energy expenditure by the muscle and any other insulin dependent tissue and the consequence of high insulin plasma levels are vasodilation and increased protein synthesis. The fatigue and muscle weakness induced by insulin resistance and inflammation in obese patients with metabolic syndrome increase the frequency and the intensity of traumatic events of peripheral or axial joints that result in stretch and breaking of tenoperiosteal junction and abrasive damage of cartilage and therefore in these patients with metabolic syndrome and pro-inflammatory state the reparative process of cartilage and periarticular tissues would be severely modified by the growth factor activity in presence of high levels of insulin.     

CD44介导的透明质酸对单核细胞黏附和迁移的作用

目的研究透明质酸（HA）在单核细胞中的分布,HA受体CD44和细胞问黏附分子-1（ICAM-1）在单核细胞中的表达以及HA及其受体对单核细胞黏附和迁移的影响.方法用Percoll非连续密度梯度离心法分离狗外周血单核细胞,然后用免疫荧光染色法标记单核细胞的HA、CD44和ICAM-1.通过用透明质酸酶（HAase）消化细胞表面的HA、在培养皿底面和细胞培养池膜上涂布HA和在培养液中添加HA,观察细胞表面的HA、底物HA和游离HA对细胞黏附和迁移的影响.以抗体阻断剂抑制CD44或ICAM-1,研究HA受体的介导作用.结果单核细胞表面和细胞内存在HA,并表达CD44和ICAM-1.消化细胞表面HA后,黏附和迁移的单核细胞数减少.在培养皿底面和细胞培养池膜上铺HA,黏附和迁移的细胞数增加.培养液中加入HA,黏附和迁移的细胞数减少.阻断CD44后,HA底物上黏附和迁移的细胞数减少,而阻断ICAM-1后黏附和迁移的单核细胞数无明显变化.结论单核细胞内外分布有HA.单核细胞表面的HA和底物HA促进细胞的黏附和迁移,但游离HA阻碍单核细胞的黏附和迁移.CD44介导HA对单核细胞黏附和迁移的作用.     

S-100蛋白和RANTES在B16黑色素瘤荷瘤鼠中的表达

目的 检测荷瘤鼠体内S-100蛋白及RANTES（T细胞特异性趋化因子）的表达,探讨其与肿瘤发生和转移的关系。方法 将培养的B16黑色素瘤细胞于实验组c57小鼠背部皮下注射,待肿瘤形成后,取局部淋巴结和肿瘤病变中心区及交界区皮肤,作免疫组化染色。结果 肿瘤早期组S-100蛋白和RANTES阳性反应物的面密度和数密度在淋巴结和肿瘤组织、癌周皮肤明显高于正常对照组和肿瘤晚期组（P〈0．05）。结论 S-100蛋白和IRANTES的表达程度与肿瘤的侵袭和进程呈负相关。     

The prenatal development of the human femur

The study reported here is the result of a detailed investigation of the changes in shape of the femur with growth and torsion, the type, rate and character of ossification, and the onset, subsequent course, and general features of remodeling. Forty pairs of femurs, from a series of embryos and fetuses ranging from 26 to 342 mm in crown-rump length, were measured, radiographed, and sectioned for microscopic study. A primary bony collar was present before the end of the embryonic period, and in a 27 mm embryo it extended for about one-fifth of the length of the femur. Erosion of the collar was evident at 34 mm. and invasion and destruction of calcified cartilage were occurring by 37 mm. Cartilage canals first appeared in the proximal epiphysis at 57 mm and in the distal epiphysis at 61 mm. Along with the progression of endochondral ossification proximally and distally and the establishment of growth zones, periosteal bone formation also proceeded in both directions, and, until 275 mm, extended about 1 mm beyond the zones of cartilage destruction. After 275 mm, the extents of periosteal and endochondral ossification were the same and at term occupied almost four-fifths of the length of the femur. Trabeculation of the bony collar was first noted at 37 mm. Fusion of endochondral trabeculae with the inner aspect of the periosteal shell began by 61 mm. A central marrow cavity free of trabeculae was present at 86 mm and thereafter. Evidence of reconstruction appeared in both proximal and distal ends by 92 mm, and was consistently present in both ends in all specimens of 111 mm and larger.     

龟龄集对 AD 小鼠皮层和海马 Fas/ FasL 表达及神经元凋亡的影响

目的 探究龟龄集对阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimer’s disease, AD) 小鼠皮层和海马 Fas/ FasL 表达及 神经元凋亡的影响。 方法 构建 AD 小鼠模型, 小鼠随机分为对照组、 模型组、 多奈哌齐组及龟龄集低、 中、 高剂量组。 Morris 水迷宫检测干预前后小鼠的学习记忆能力; HE 染色检测小鼠皮层、 海马神经元病理 学改变情况; TUNEL 染色检测神经元凋亡情况; Western 印迹及 Real time PCR 分别检测 Fas、 FasL 的蛋白 表达水平及 mRNA 表达水平。 结果 与模型组比较, 龟龄集各组和多奈哌齐组小鼠学习记忆能力明显提高 (P< 0. 05), 皮层和海马神经元病理学损害及神经元凋亡改善 (P< 0. 05), Fas、 FasL 蛋白和 mRNA 水平下 降 (P< 0. 05)。 结论 龟龄集可能通过抑制 Fas/ FasL 表达抑制 AD 模型小鼠皮层、 海马神经元凋亡, 并改 善其学习记忆能力。     

"What took you so long?" The impact of PEPFAR on the expansion of HIV testing and counseling services in Africa

HIV testing and counseling services in Africa began in the early 1990s, with limited availability and coverage. Fears of stigma and discrimination, complex laboratory systems, and lack of available care and treatment services hampered expansion. Use of rapid point-of-care tests, introduction of services to prevent mother-to-child transmission, and increasing provision of antiretroviral drugs were key events in the late 1990s and early 2000s that facilitated the expansion of HIV testing and counseling services. Innovations in service delivery included providing HIV testing in both clinical and community sites, including mobile and home testing. Promotional campaigns were conducted in many countries, and evolutions in policies and guidance facilitated expansion and uptake. Support from President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and national governments, other donors, and the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria contributed to significant increases in the numbers of persons tested in many countries. Quality of both testing and counseling, limited number of health care workers, uptake by couples, and effectiveness of linkages and referral systems remain challenges. Expansion of antiretroviral treatment, especially in light of the evidence that treatment contributes to prevention of transmission, will require greater yet strategic coverage of testing services, especially in clinical settings and in combination with other high-impact HIV prevention strategies. Continued support from President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, governments, and other donors is required for the expansion of testing needed to achieve international targets for the scale-up of treatment and universal access to knowledge of HIV status.     

Spatial pattern of nerve fiber abnormality indicative of pathologic mechanism.

Estimates of the number, density, and size distribution of myelinated fibers at selected levels of roots, spinal tracts, and sampled levels of peripheral nerves may be used in the detection and characterization of alterations of motor, sensory, and autonomic neurons and their axons with development, aging and disease. Use of imaging techniques, now available, increases the reliability, versatility, and speed of such analysis. In this study, the authors evaluated the spatial pattern of fibers in sampled frames and contour areas of transverse sections of nerve fascicles, utilizing, the coefficient of variation and index of dispersion (ID), the latter extensively employed by plant ecologists. The ID was used for recognization of increased, normal, or decreased variability of density within fascicles, between fascicles, and between nerves in health and in various experimental neuropathies. In addition, various morphometric measurements were made in transverse sections at defined levels along the hind limb nerves of rats in acute and chronic ischemia, after rhizotomy and in galactose neuropathy. These stereomorphometric studies, emphasizing the number, size, shape, and spatial pattern of fibers, revealed differences among experimental neuropathies and may be found to be helpful in the characterization and prediction of pathologic mechanisms in neuropathies of unknown cause. Specifically, these approaches could be used for study of whether fiber loss in human diabetic neuropathy is multifocal and determination of the levels of such losses.     

RNA Foci, CUGBP1, and ZNF9 are the primary targets of the mutant CUG and CCUG repeats expanded in myotonic dystrophies type 1 and type 2

Expansions of noncoding CUG and CCUG repeats in myotonic dystrophies type 1 (DM1) and DM2 cause complex molecular pathology, the features of which include accumulation of RNA aggregates and misregulation of the RNA-binding proteins muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1) and CUG-binding protein 1 (CUGBP1). CCUG repeats also decrease amounts of the nucleic acid binding protein ZNF9. Using tetracycline (Tet)-regulated monoclonal cell models that express CUG and CCUG repeats, we found that low levels of long CUG and CCUG repeats result in nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA aggregation with a simultaneous increase of CUGBP1 and a reduction of ZNF9. Elevation of CUGBP1 and reduction of ZNF9 were also observed before strong aggregation of the mutant CUG/CCUG repeats. Degradation of CUG and CCUG repeats normalizes ZNF9 and CUGBP1 levels. Comparison of short and long CUG and CCUG RNAs showed that great expression of short repeats form foci and alter CUGBP1 and ZNF9; however, long CUG/CCUG repeats misregulate CUGBP1 and ZNF9 much faster than high levels of the short repeats. These data suggest that correction of DM1 and DM2 might be achieved by complete and efficient degradation of CUG and CCUG repeats or by a simultaneous disruption of CUG/CCUG foci and correction of CUGBP1 and ZNF9.     

ABO, Rh, MNS, Duffy, Kidd,Yt, Scianna, and Colton blood group systems in indigenous Chinese

The frequencies of selected alleles in the ABO, Rh, MNS, Duffy, Kidd, Yt, Scianna, and Colton blood group systems were determined among four indigenous Chinese ethnic populations: Han, Tajik, She, and Yugu. Genotypes were determined by PCR or PCR with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). In the Han population, the frequencies of A1, A2, B, and O1 alleles were 0.189, 0.003, 0.170, and 0.638, respectively, and the O2 allele was not identified. Among D+ Hans, the frequencies of C and c alleles were 0.67 and 0.33 and the frequencies of E and e were 0.22 and 0.78, respectively. Among D- Hans, the frequencies of C and c alleles were 0.23 and 0.77 and the frequencies of E and e were 0.04 and 0.96, respectively. The frequencies of M and N alleles were 0.478 and 0.522 among Hans and 0.655 and 0.345 among Tajiks, respectively. The frequencies of Fya and Fyb alleles were 0.94 and 0.06 among Hans and 0.98 and 0.02 among Shes, respectively. The frequencies of Jka and Jkb alleles were 0.49 and 0.51 among Hans and 0.56 and 0.44 among Shes, respectively. The frequency of the Yta allele was 1.00 among Hans. The frequencies of Yta and Ytb alleles were 0.94 and 0.06 among Tajiks, respectively. The frequency of the Sc1 allele was 1.00 in both Han and Tajik ethnic populations. The frequency of the Coa allele was 1.00 in Han, She, and Tajik ethnic populations.