妊娠合并血小板减少144例分析

目的:分析妊娠合并血小板减少患者影响母儿预后的因素及改善预后的措施。方法:回顾性分析1993~2003年我院妊娠合并血小板减少的144例患者的临床资料。诊断标准为孕期两次血小板<100×109/L。结果:妊娠合并血小板减少患者中特发性血小板减少者最多,占61.1%,其次为合并妊高征者(17.4%)和特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)(11.1%);各组之间发生产后出血的量无显著差异;分娩前血小板水平<50×109/L的27例孕产妇中,有8例为经阴道分娩,19例剖宫产分娩,其中2例采用全麻,1例采用连续硬膜外麻醉,7例腰麻,9例腰麻加连续硬膜外麻醉,术后未出现硬膜外血肿等并发症。在围分娩期静脉应用地塞米松20 mg/d组分娩后血小板水平显著高于10 mg/d组(P<0.05)。结论:在围分娩期静脉应用地塞米松20 mg/d,有助于血小板水平的提高。在分娩前孕妇的血小板水平<20×109/L或伴有自发出血倾向,或胎儿血小板水平<50×109/L时,应首选剖宫产分娩,对于分娩前的血小板水平在(20~30)×109/L的产妇,可根据胎儿的大小、产妇宫颈b ishop评分等选择分娩方式,放宽剖宫产指征。血小板水平<50×109/L时,可在积极治疗血小板减少的前提下采用腰麻。     

妊娠合并血小板减少134例分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并血小板减少的原因及围生期处理方法。方法:回顾性分析1997~2007年收治的134例妊娠合并血小板减少患者的临床资料。结果:妊娠合并血小板减少的主要原因有妊娠相关性血小板减少症(PAT)、特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)和妊娠期高血压疾病,PAT一般不需要特殊处理。血小板<50×109/L或有明显出血倾向时,予以糖皮质激素或/和免疫球蛋白治疗,输注血小板只用于血小板<50×109/L并有明显出血倾向或紧急手术前。分娩方式视血小板多少及有无产科指征而定。结论:多种原因可以导致妊娠妇女血小板减少,PAT是最常见类型。血小板计数>50×109/L的孕妇,如无产科指征,以阴道分娩为宜;血小板<50×109/L时,应在术前输注浓缩血小板后行剖宫产。     

脾切除治疗原发性血小板减少性紫癜40例

目的评价原发性血小板减少性紫癜患者脾切除治疗的远期疗效,探讨围手术期的特殊处理.方法对1996年1月～2006年1月脾切除治疗原发性血小板减少性紫癜40例的临床资料进行回顾性分析,依临床症状改善情况分为有效组和无效组.结果术后并发症3例(7.5%),远期随访,有效组32例(其中显效19例,良好13例),无效组8例.术后血小板上升速度1w内≥100×109/L者共28例,有效组22例,占有效组69.1%,无效组6例,占无效组25.0%(χ2=19.46, P<0.01);术后血小板上升峰值≥200×109/L者12例,有效组11例,占有效组34.4%,无效组1例,占无效组12.5%(χ2=19.03,P<0.01).结论术后1w内血小板≥100×109/L或血小板峰值≥200×109/L者均预示脾切除远期疗效好.     

三种血细胞去除术的临床应用比较

目的对三种血细胞去除术进行比较.方法采用连续流动血细胞分离机对37例高细胞性血液病患者进行40例次血细胞去除术.结果行白细胞去除术后,患者外周血白细胞数由(231.52±79.5)×109/L降至(140.64±51.62)×109/L(P＜0.01);行血小板去除术后,患者外周血血小板数由(944.69±311.69)×109/L降至(458.15±198.35)×109/L(P＜0.01);行红细胞去除术后,患者外周血血红蛋白数由(192.14±32.2)g/L降至(149.43±34.54)g/L(P＜0.01).临床症状明显改善.去除过程中有3例出现口唇麻木,经治疗后症状缓解.结论血细胞去除术是一种快速有效安全的治疗方法.     

重度子痫前期血小板减少对母儿预后的影响

目的:探讨重度子痫前期患者血小板减少的母儿预后。方法:按血小板记数分为≥10×109/L组和<10×109/L组,回顾性分析229例重度子痫前期患者的围产期结局。结果:两组间比较,<10×109/L组患者收缩压及舒张压显著高于≥10×109/L组(P均<0.05)。AST、ALT、LDH两组间比较有显著差异(P均<0.05)。临床严重并发症方面,<10×109/L组在弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)、急性肾功能衰竭的发病率较≥10×109/L组显著增高(P均<0.05),而在产后出血、子痫、胎盘早剥、心功能不全、肺水肿、腹水的发病率及剖宫产率的比较均无显著性差异(P均>0.05),但产后出血量<10×109/L组较≥10×109/L组显著增多(P<0.05)。两组在新生儿出生体重、1minApgar评分<7分的新生儿发生率、极低体重儿率及围产儿死亡率的比较均无显著性差异。结论:重度子痫前期合并血小板减少影响患者的预后,但未发现与围产儿结局有关。     

妊娠期血小板减少44例临床分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并血小板减少的妊娠结局及处理方法。方法:回顾性分析44例妊娠期血小板减少疾病的临床资料。结果:妊娠期血小板减少的患者中,最常见的是妊娠期血小板减少症(GT)、妊娠高血压疾病(PIH)和妊娠合并血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)。GT患者不需特殊治疗,PIH及ITP患者采用糖皮质激素及免疫球蛋白治疗,术前血小板<50×109/L可输浓缩血小板。结论:多种原因可引起妊娠期血小板减少,治疗上应视不同的病因、血小板减少的轻重程度而采取不同的处理方法。分娩方式取决于血小板水平及产科相关情况,当血小板<50×109/L或合并产科情况时,可放宽剖宫产指征。     

66例妊娠期间血小板减少的临床分析

目的 探讨妊娠期间血小板减少的病因及临床处理方法。方法 收集66例妊娠合并血小板减少患者的临床资料,分析妊娠期间血小板减少的病因及相关处理措施。结果 66例患者中,单纯妊娠引起的血小板减少47例(71.21%),妊娠期高血压疾病13例(19.70%),特发性血小板减少性紫癜4例(6.06%),肝功能异常1例(1.52%)及系统性红斑狼疮1例(1.52%)。12例血小板计数＜50×109/L的患者中,7例为妊娠高血压综合征(58.33%),3例为特发性血小板减少性紫癜(25.00%)。剖宫产19例,阴道分娩47例,其中剖宫产者产前平均血小板值低于50×109/L,平均出血量300 mL,阴道分娩者平均血小板值高于60×109/L,平均出血量200 mL;未见新生儿血小板减少或死亡发生。结论 妊娠期间血小板减少是由多种内科合并症及妊娠并发症引起的围产期疾病,应根据病因进行个体化治疗,分娩方式应根据血小板及母儿情况而定。     

机采冰冻血小板与新鲜血小板临床输注效果比较

目的观察冰冻血小板与新鲜血小板临床输注效果。方法95例患者输注新鲜血小板,94例患者输注冰冻血小板。观察输注后患者的出血情况及输注后1h和24h外周血血小板计数情况。结果95例患者输注新鲜血小板后1h计数(12.57±4.99)×109/L,24h计数(28.18±11.33)×109/L;94例患者输注冰冻血小板后1h计数(12.32±5.01)×109/L,24h计数(29.38±13.34)×109/L。两者差异无显著性。     

妊娠合并严重血小板减少的临床分析

目的探讨妊娠合并严重血小板减少的病因及分娩期处理、母婴结局。方法总结1996～2004年在我院产科住院20例妊娠合并严重血小板减少的临床资料(血小板计数均<50×109/L)。结果妊娠合并血小板减少的发病原因依次为特发性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)、再生障碍性贫血、妊娠期高血压综合征(妊高征)、白血病。治疗方法:在治疗原发病的基础上、于术前或分娩期给予输新鲜血、血小板和新鲜冰冻血浆。20例中5例阴道分娩,15例剖宫产。产后出血6例,新生儿颅内出血2例。结论在术前和分娩前若能及时补充新鲜血及血小板,使血小板计数≥50×109/L以上者;无产科手术指征可阴道分娩,否则应剖宫产,这是避免或减少母婴不良结局的有效方法。     

妊娠期血小板减少临床病例分析

目的:探讨妊娠合并血小板减少的有关原因及其相关治疗方法。方法:回顾分析2005年7月～2007年6月收治的妊娠期血小板减少51例孕妇的临床资料,分析首次发现血小板减少的原因、临床表现有无出血倾向、治疗方法、分娩方式、产后出血及围生儿情况。结果:妊娠合并血小板减少的主要表现为牙龈出血、鼻出血、皮肤淤斑。处理的重点是治疗合并症和并发症,预防重度血小板减少所致的出血倾向,加强胎儿监护。血小板≥50×109/L而无临床出血表现的病人经阴道分娩是安全的。血小板<50×109/L时应在血源准备充分的情况下进行剖宫产手术。结论:任何原因引起的血小板减少在妊娠期间都可能严重威胁母婴健康,应积极查明病因,并针对病因采取相应的治疗措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.