骨肿瘤的MR灌注和扩散加权成像研究

目的 对临床常见的骨肿瘤进行MR灌注成像(PWI)和扩散加权成像(DWI)研究,探讨其在骨肿瘤定性诊断中的价值.方法 收集恶性骨肿瘤18例,良性骨肿瘤21例,行MR PWI和MR DWI,应用Functool 2软件分析,于灌注像上得到病灶时间一信号曲线(TIC)、首过期(FP)信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率、两次稳态信号差值;于DWI上获得病灶表观扩散系数(ADC)值;采用SPSS 13.0统计分析软件,将从良、恶性骨肿瘤两组样本中获得的各种参数用成组设计的两样本均数进行t检验,采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线选择良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的阈值,计算MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的敏感度、特异度、和准确度.结果 MRP PWI显示,17/21的良性骨肿瘤TIC表现为Ⅰ型(平稳型)及Ⅱ型(缓降缓升型),恶性骨肿瘤TIC表现为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型(速降型);良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的FP信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率及两次稳态信号差值在良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的差异均具有显著性统计学意义,其据此诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为82.1%、79.5%和87.2%;有4例良性骨肿瘤可根据其MR-PWI作定性判断,结果误诊为恶性肿瘤.MR DWI显示:b=300 s/mm2时,良、恶性骨肿瘤的ADC值的差异具有统计学意义;若以ADCI.63x103mm3/s为恶性阈值,其诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度为79.5%.MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为89.7%和79.5%.结论 MR PWI比MR DWI更有助于鉴别良、恶性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变,但恶性骨肿瘤与富血供良性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的灌注参数存在重叠,此时结合MR DWI可以提高诊断准确度.     

软组织肿瘤MR扩散成像与灌注成像的比较研究

目的 通过分析一组软组织肿瘤同一病例相同ROI的MR DWI及PWI的影像信息,比较这2种MR功能成像技术用于软组织肿瘤的定性诊断价值.方法 对50例软组织肿瘤(良性24例,恶性26例)同时行DWI及PWI.通过扩散及灌注软件分析DWI及PWI参数在良、恶性肿瘤中的表现,进行差异的t检验,对所获两法的诊断符合率进行x2检验.采用受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)分析曲线下面积(AUC),确定诊断阈值并对2种诊断方法进行评价.结果 良、恶性软组织肿瘤的ADC值[(良、恶性分别为(2.03±0.36)和(1.52±0.39)×10-3mm2/s]、首过灌注(FP)期信号强度丢失率[良、恶性分别为(13.54±3.37)%和(47.57±5.21)%]的差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.515和2.938,P值均<0.05),时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)最大线性斜率[良、恶性分别为(5.51±2.54)%和(7.94±3.33)%]的差异无统计学意义(t值为1.272,P>0.05);以ADC值1.866×10-3mm2/s为阈值,DWI诊断恶性肿瘤的敏感度为84.6%(22/26),特异度为83.3%(20/24);以FP期最大信号丢失率40.33%为阈值,PWI诊断恶性肿瘤的敏感度为88.5%(23/26),特异度为75.0%(18/24);TIC类型的Ⅰa型在良性肿瘤中占3/24,在恶性肿瘤中占20/26;Ⅰb型在良性肿瘤中占14/24,在恶性肿瘤中占3/26;Ⅰc型在恶性肿瘤中占3/26.Ⅱ型TIC在良性肿瘤中占7/24.在DWI上用ADC值、PWI上用FP期最大信号强度丢失率作诊断,诊断符合率分别为84.0%(42/50)和82.0%(41/50),两者的差异无统计学意义(x2=0.8,P>0.05);AUC测得的准确度分别为81.7%和83.6%,PWI诊断恶性软组织肿瘤的敏感度高.结论 以DWI和PWI的ADC值、FP期信号强度丢失率分别为1.866×10-3mm2/s和40.33%为阈值时,均有利于软组织肿瘤良、恶性的鉴别;TIC最大线性斜率对于软组织肿瘤良、恶性的鉴别意义不大;软组织肿瘤的TIC形态有助于肿瘤良、恶性的鉴别.DWI和PWI用于诊断恶性软组织肿瘤的准确性均为中等,在DWI与PWI用于诊断恶性软组织肿瘤的准确性相近时,应选择诊断敏感度较高的PWI.     

MR T2WI灌注成像在鉴别良恶性骨肿瘤中的应用

目的：评估多层MR T2WI灌注成像在良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别诊断中的应用。方法：39例骨肿瘤患者行MR T2WI灌注成像，其中组织学证实良性21例，恶性18例。时间强度曲线（TIC）分4型，分别比较良恶性病变的首过时间和最大斜率的信号衰减。结果：在良恶性病变中，首过时间和最大斜率的信号衰减有明显不同。TIC曲线分为4型。恶性组的曲线分布：     

整合动态增强MRI半定量指标与ADC值对乳腺良恶性病灶的诊断价值

目的:探讨动态增强MRI时间-信号曲线(TIC)、半定量指标与ADC值对乳腺良恶性病灶的鉴别.诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析乳腺MRI检查并经病理证实的56个乳腺病灶的时间-信号曲线(TIC)类型,半定量指标以及ADC数值。分析测定的6个半定量指标包括达峰时间(TTP)、正性增强积分(PEI)、时间最大密度投影(TMIP)、最大上升斜率(MSI)、流入(WI)、流出(WO),用独立样本t检验评价6个半定量参数在良恶性病灶间的分布是否具有统计学意义。同时研究联合MRI时间-信号曲线(TIC)类型、半定量参数、ADC值得最佳诊断组合及最佳切值。结果:良性病灶38个,恶性18个。良性病灶多见TIC类型为I型,共29个(76.3%),TTP≥180s(79.4%)、MSI≤1500;恶性病灶多见TIC类型为I型,共14个(77.7%),TTP<180 s(91.79%)、MSI>1500。ADC数值良恶性病灶的分界为1.04×10^3mm^2/s。TIC类型、达峰时间(TTP)、最大上升斜率(MSI)、ADC值联合诊断敏感度98.2%、特异度93.3%。结论:TIC类型、达峰时间(TTP)、最火上升斜率(MSI)、ADC值对乳腺良恶性病灶的鉴别诊断均有价值。且联合使用使得诊断敏感度、特异度明显提高。     

MR动态增强成像在诊断良恶性骨病中的应用价值

目的:探讨MR动态增强成像在诊断良恶性骨病中的应用价值。方法:36例骨病患者(良性14例,恶性22例)行DCE-MRI检查。于动态增强图像上测量信号增强幅度(SEE)、早期动态增强斜率值(Slope值)、向心性增强率(DER),判断TIC曲线类型,采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线选择良恶性病变鉴别诊断的阈值,计算各参数对病变潜在恶性估计的敏感度、特异度和准确度。结果:①36例病例中,恶性病变组共22例,均为Ⅲ型(100%);良性病变组共14例,呈Ⅲ型者2例(14.29%),呈Ⅱ型者5例(35.71%),Ⅰ型者7例(50%)。若以Ⅲ型为恶性病变,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型均视为良性病变为诊断标准,则TIC类型对病变潜在恶性评估的准确度为94.3%;②良恶性两组间SEE、Slope值、DER分别为227.96±172.08、325.6±125.86(P0.05);(0.97±0.67)%/s、(2.53±0.91)%/s(P0.05);0.2043±0.0487、0.2267±0.0402(P0.05)。Slope值对病变潜在恶性估计的准确度为91.4%。结论:DCE-MRI可以反应病变组织的血管化与灌注,有助于鉴别骨骼系统病变的良恶性,且以TIC类型准确度最高,最有价值。     

MR动态增强鉴别良恶性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的价值

目的探讨磁共振动态增强时间-信号强度曲线(time-signal intensity curve,TIC)和动态强化参数早期动态增强的斜率值(Slope)、边缘-中心向心强化程度比(Rrim-center)在鉴别良、恶性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的价值。资料与方法选择临床资料完整的骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变患者61例行动态增强扫描,利用工作站配置的MeanCurve分析软件直接得到病变实质、邻近肌肉及相同层面的动脉TIC,测量指标包括TIC类型、Slope、Rrim-center。统计学分析结果以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 61例良恶性骨肿瘤TIC类型:23例良性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变中,I型0例,Ⅱ型7例(30.4%),Ⅲ型13例(56.5%),Ⅳ型3例(13.0%);38例恶性骨肿瘤中,I型11例(28.9%),Ⅱ型17例(44.7%),Ⅲ型10例(26.4%),Ⅳ型0例;良、恶性骨肿瘤TIC类型分布差异有统计学意义;TIC取I、Ⅱ型曲线为恶性诊断标准,诊断恶性肿瘤的敏感性为73.68%,特异性为69.57%,准确性为72.13%,阳性预测值为80%,阴性预测值为61.54%。动态增强参数比较,良性骨肿瘤Slope...     

单、双指数扩散加权成像联合动态增强磁共振成像对乳腺TIC Ⅱ型良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨单、双指数扩散加权成像联合动态增强磁共振成像(DWI+IVIM+DCE-MRI模型)对TICⅡ型乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的乳腺肿块患者115例,TICⅡ型良性组30例,恶性组85例,所有病例均行DWI、IVIM及DCE-MRI检查。分析两组间的表观扩散系数(ADC)、纯扩散系数(D)、灌注相关扩散系数(D^*)、灌注分数(f)及容量转移常数(K^trans)、血管外细胞外间隙容积比(V_e)、速率常数(K_ep)值;绘制ROC曲线比较其诊断效能。结果 TICⅡ型良性组ADC、D值高于恶性组,而K^trans、K_ep、V_e值低于恶性组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ADC、D、K^trans、K_ep、V_e的AUC差异不具有统计学意义(Z=0.01～1.64,P>0.05),但D值的特异度及准确度最高。DWI模型的AUC为0.725,...     

扩散加权成像与动态增强技术在乳腺病变诊断中的应用

目的 探讨扩散加权成像(DWI)及MRI动态增强(DCE-MRI)技术对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析47例经病理证实的乳腺肿块患者资料.采用1.5 TMR行乳腺肿块DWI,对感兴趣区( ROI)求得表观扩散系数(ADC)值,然后行动态增强扫描,获得第一分钟强化率及时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)类型.分析病变的MR信号、ADC值及TIC,并经统计学处理,比较良恶性病变的差异.结果 乳腺ADC值分别为:恶性肿块组(0.826±0.064)×10- 3mm2/s,良性病变组(1.214 +0.028)×10- 3mm2/s,正常腺体组(1.403±O.150)×10- mm2/s,经t检验,各组间ADC值差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);乳腺第一分钟强化率良、恶性肿块组分别为(51.44±17.62)％、(68.46±14.75)％,两组差异具有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05),恶性肿块多表现为早期快速强化.26个良性病灶均表现为类圆形均匀强化,减影和最大密度投影(MIP)像上未见环状强化或血管纠集,TIC类型分别为Ⅰ型20个,Ⅱ型5个,Ⅲ型1个;24个恶性病变均表现为不均匀强化,减影后11个显示环形强化,MIP示12支迂曲的异常血管向肿块聚集,TIC类型分别为Ⅰ型6个,Ⅱ型4个,Ⅲ型14个.乳腺良恶性病变诊断预测,单独使用DWI、DCE-MRI及联合两种方法的敏感性分别为75％、80％、87.5％,特异性分别为76.92％、88％、92.3％,准确性分别为76％、84％、90％.结论 结合ADC值与TIC,较单独使用一种方法可明显提高鉴别乳腺良恶性病变诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确性.     

乳腺DCE-MRI与ADC值及ADC差值的临床应用价值

目的 探讨动态增强磁共振成像(DCE-MRI)、扩散加权成像(DWI)对鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的临床应用价值.方法 对临床拟诊乳腺病变的60例患者行MR检查,将病灶形态学、早期增强率、时间-信号曲线(TIC)、表观扩散系数(ADC)值、病灶周围组织与病灶ADC的差值诊断结果进行比较分析.结果 早期增强率、TIC、ADC值、ADC差值受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.741、0.808、0.882、0.959,早期增强率、ADC值、ADC差值最佳诊断阈值分别为163％、1.30×10-3mm2/s、0.47×10-3 mm2/s.形态学、早期增强率、Ⅲ型曲线、Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型曲线、ADC值、ADC差值鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变的敏感性分别为53.1％、59.4％、43.8％、90.6％、93.8％、96.9％,特异性分别为85.7％、82.1％、89.3％、57.1％、75.0％、82.1％,阳性预测值分别为81.0％、79.2％、82.4％、70.7％、81.1％、86.1％,阴性预测值分别为61.5％、63.9％、58.1％、84.2％、91.3％、95.8％,准确率分别为68.3％、70.0％、65.0％、75.0％、85.0％、90.0％.结论 DCE MRI与DWl对乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断有重要作用,其中ADC差值诊断效能最高,需多种方法综合诊断互补不足,以提高诊断准确性.     

乳腺MR灌注时间-信号强度曲线表现及价值研究

目的探讨乳腺MRT2*WI首次通过灌注时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)表现及其在乳腺病变鉴别诊断中的价值。资料与方法对40例乳腺肿瘤患者行乳腺动态增强成像扫描,绘制T2*WI首次通过灌注TIC及T1WI动态增强TIC。采用Fisher’s确切概率法检验,判定良、恶性病灶T1WI动态增强及灌注TIC的差异。结果良、恶性病灶灌注TIC之间差异具有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05=0.000);良、恶性病灶T1WI动态增强TIC之间差异有显著性统计学意义(P<0.05=0.011),但在平台型曲线类型中良恶性病灶有较大重叠。结论乳腺MR灌注TIC在良、恶性病灶具有显著差别,恶性病灶灌注TIC主要表现为信号快速下降后缓慢回升(A型)与快速下降后不回升(B型);良性病灶灌注TIC主要表现为平直型(C型)及缓慢上升后平台型(D型)。灌注TIC与病灶形态学结合可大大提高乳腺疾病诊断的准确性。     

DSA功能性参数的提取与利用

本文介绍了在临床实际中利用功能性参数，对冠状动脉ＤＳＡ心肌血流灌注成像、冠状动脉血流量测定、左心室功能测定、肺动脉高压程度的评价等项目研究结果。重点讨论了提取ＤＳＡ功能性参数的一般方法，认为功能性参数在现代影像诊断学中的作用是对疾病做出程度、定量、动态及功能诊断。     

Head and neck imaging: the role of CT and MRI

High-resolution computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have become indispensable tools for the evaluation of conditions involving the head and neck. Complex anatomic structures and regions, such as the orbit, skull base, paranasal sinuses, deep spaces of the neck, larynx, and lymph nodes, require that the radiologist be familiar with the imaging modalities available and their appropriate applications. The purpose of this article is to review the techniques of CT and MRI and the roles they play in clinical practice, including head and neck disorders.     

A monitoring,feedback, and triggering system for reproducible breath-hold MR imaging

A technique is described that provides improved reproducibility of breath-holding for MR image acquisition by monitoring the superior-inferior (S/I) position of the diaphragm. The method incorporates detection of the level of inspiration using an MR signal, rapid display to the patient of diaphragm position to enable breath-hold adjustment, and triggering of image data acquisition once appropriate position is attained. The response time of the system is short, approximately 10 ms. Studies in six volunteers using this method demonstrate a considerable decrease in the S/I range of diaphragm position over 10 consecutive periods of suspended respiration. The mean range is 1.3 mm with the system, while it is 8.3 mm without using it is expected that this method will be of assistance in many abdominal and cardiothoracic studies that use breath-hold techniques.     

Current Status of Optical Imaging for Evaluating Lymph Nodes and Lymphatic System

Optical imaging techniques use visual and near infrared rays. Despite their considerably poor penetration depth, they are widely used due to their safe and intuitive properties and potential for intraoperative usage. Optical imaging techniques have been actively investigated for clinical imaging of lymph nodes and lymphatic system. This article summarizes a variety of optical tracers and techniques used for lymph node and lymphatic imaging, and reviews their clinical applications. Emerging new optical imaging techniques and their potential are also described.     

Diffusion-weighted and diffusion-tensor imaging of normal and diseased uterus

Owing to technical advances and improvement of the software, diffusion weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DWI and DTI) greatly improved the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic region. These imaging sequences can exhibit important tissue contrast on the basis of random diffusion (Brownian motion) of water molecules in tissues. Quantitative measurements can be done with DWI and DTI by apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values respectively. ADC and FA values may be changed by various physiological and pathological conditions providing additional information to conventional MRI. The quantitative DWI assists significantly in the differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. It can demonstrate the microstructural architecture and celluler density of the normal and diseased uterine zones. On the other hand, DWI and DTI are useful for monitoring the treatment outcome of the uterine lesions. In this review, we discussed advantages of DWI and DTI of the normal and diseased uterus.     

A Velocity k-Space Analysis of Flow Effects in Echo-Planar and Spiral Imaging

A velocity k-space formalism facilitates the analysis of flow effects for imaging sequences involving time-varying gradients such as echo-planar and spiral. For each sequence, the velocity k-space trajectory can be represented by k_v (k)_r; that is, its velocity-frequency (k_r) position as a function of spatial-frequency (k_r) position. In an echo-planar sequence, k_r is discontinuous and asymmetric. However, in a spiral sequence, k_r is smoothly varying, circularly symmetric, and small near the k_r origin. To compare the effects of these trajectory differences, simulated images were generated by computing the k-space values for an in-plane vessel with parabolic flow. Whereas the resulting echo-planar images demonstrate distortions and ghosting that depend on the vessel orientation, the spiral images exhibit minimal artifacts.     

Using UNFOLD to remove artifacts in parallel imaging and in partial-Fourier imaging.

In dynamic MRI, it is often difficult to achieve the acquisition speed required to resolve or freeze the temporal variations of the imaged object. Several MRI methods aim at speeding up the image acquisition process. Through assumptions and/or prior knowledge, these dynamic MRI methods allow part of the needed data to be calculated instead of acquired. For example, partial-Fourier imaging assumes that phase varies smoothly within the object, and parallel imaging (e.g., simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH) and sensitivity encoding (SENSE)) uses prior knowledge about receiver-coil sensitivity. While these methods accelerate acquisition, they can introduce artifacts or amplify noise in doing so. The present work aims at accelerating image acquisition significantly, while introducing almost no artifacts or noise amplification. It is shown here that new, extra information is gained if dynamic MRI methods are modified so that the sampling function changes in specific ways from time-frame to time-frame. In other words, the set of k-space locations that are acquired (instead of calculated) changes with time. The present temporal strategy, based on the UNaliasing by Fourier-encoding the Overlaps in the temporaL Dimension (UNFOLD) method, can be incorporated into common dynamic MRI methods. Results with partial-Fourier, SMASH, and SENSE imaging are presented here, where UNFOLD's contribution is to very significantly reduce the artifact and/or amplified noise content. Used in this way, UNFOLD contributes indirectly, rather than directly to the improvement in image acquisition speed, as it allows companion methods to operate properly at greater acceleration settings than would otherwise be feasible.