胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力28例外科治疗分析

目的提高胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的外科治疗水平。方法对28例经过手术治疗的胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力患者的临床资料及随访资料进行分析。结果全组无围术期死亡。术后5例患者发生重症肌无力危象,经延长呼吸机辅助通气治疗安全度过围术期。出院后进行定期随访,随访时间6个月至6年。完全缓解12例,改善8例,无效5例,死亡3例。结论合理选择病例、彻底手术切除、完善围术期管理、减少肌无力危象的发生,外科治疗胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力可获得良好的疗效。     

24例胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力围术期治疗体会

目的研究胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力患者的围术期治疗。方法对我科自1990年至2004年收治的24例胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力病人围术期治疗进行回顾性研究。结果本组中3例患者术后出现重症肌无力危象,治疗后痊愈;其余患者术后均顺利康复;全组无围术期死亡病例。结论降低手术并发症及死亡率的关键;合理使用抗胆碱酯酶药物和激素;尽早拔除气管插管,选用有效抗生素防治肺部感染;必要时气管切开、呼吸机辅助呼吸。     

外科治疗重症肌无力的疗效分析

目的评价外科治疗重症肌无力的效果,探讨影响术后肌无力危象发生的因素以及预防治疗要点。方法回顾性分析1985年6月至2005年6月78例接受外科治疗重症肌无力患者的临床资料,对影响术后肌无力危象发生及程度的因素进行分析,比较不同围手术期处理方案的疗效差异。结果肌无力症状完全缓解21例,明显改善38例,改善11例,无变化8例。病程长短、血清抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体水平、Osserman分期和胸腺病理类型均是术后肌无力危象发生的独立相关危险因素。在围手术期处理方面,新方案疗效明显优于旧方案。结论外科治疗重症肌无力具有良好的效果和可行性。     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的外科治疗

目的报告1988年～2000年12月手术治疗36例胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力(MG)的结果.方法全部患者均行手术治疗,按Masaoka临床分期Ⅰ期6例,Ⅱ期15例,Ⅲ期12例,Ⅳ期3例.结果术后18例出现重症肌无力危象,均行气管切开及辅助呼吸,1例死于危象.术后随访半年～10年,3年内MG缓解率为72.2%,5年生存率为65.4%,10年生存率为24.8%.结论胸腺切除手术是治疗胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的主要方法,术后肌无力危象发生率高,及时行气管切开及辅助呼吸是处理的关键.     

重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤手术治疗的近期疗效及危象发生的临床分析

目的观察重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤的手术治疗的近期疗效及危象发生的情况，分析疗效和危象的相关因素。方法1994年1月至2005年1月手术治疗重症肌无力（MG）436例，其中58例合并胸腺瘤。肌无力按改良Osserman分型，Ⅰ型17例，Ⅱa型23例，Ⅱb型12例，Ⅲ型6例；胸腺瘤Masaoka分期Ⅰ期30例，Ⅱ期18，Ⅲ期7例，Ⅳ期3例。对术后近期疗效和发生危象发生情况进行统计分析。结果手术后缓解16例（27．59％），无效18例（31．03％），恶化11例（18．97％），危象及死亡13例（22．41％）。Logistic回归分析发现，MG合并胸腺瘤者发生危象的可能性是无胸腺瘤者的1．286倍，MG伴有胸腺瘤者、MGⅡ型及以上者是术后发生危象的高危人群。Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型及以上者术后近期的危象发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期及以上胸腺瘤者术后近期的危象发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论MG合并胸腺瘤的病人术后危象的发生率明显增加，MGⅡ型及以上型术后更容易发生危象，危象的发生与胸腺瘤的病理分期无相关性。     

胸腺瘤术后并发重症肌无力危象的原因和护理

目的探讨胸腺瘤术后并发重症肌无力危象的主要原因及护理干预的重要作用和临床意义。方法重视术前准备、手术时机及手术方式的选择,抗胆碱酯酶药物、糖皮质激素及麻醉药物的管理,加强呼吸支持,控制肺部感染,积极的心理护理,高度警惕重症肌无力危象发生的可能,加强临床症状的观察并采取积极的救治措施。结果 38例胸腺瘤术后患者中,6例发生重症肌无力危象,术后气管切开2例,拔管后再次机械辅助呼吸4例,经积极救治痊愈。结论重视术前风险防范,采取全面有效的护理和急救措施,使胸腺瘤术后患者顺利康复,尽量避免重症肌无力危象的发生。     

重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤的外科治疗(附31例报告)

报告１９８０年至１９９６年１０月手术治疗３１例重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤的结果。３１例占同期手术治疗１２０例重症肌无力之２５．８％。按Ｍａｓａｏｋａ分期属Ｉ期７例，Ｉ期８例，ＩＩ期１５例，ＩＶ期１例，术后１５例发生危象，均采用气管切开及辅助呼吸，１例死于危象。随访半年至８年，平均３７个月，５年内死亡６例，其中ＩＩ期４例，Ｉ期２例。结论：重症肌无力合并胸腺瘤术后危象的发生率远较未合并胸腺瘤者高，及时气管切开行辅助呼吸是处理的关键；胸腺瘤的Ｍａｓａｏｋａ病理分期与预后明显相关，肌无力的严重程度对预后亦有重要影响     

重症肌无力病人胸腺切除围术期的处理

1978年1月到1994年10月，采用胸腺切除术治疗重症无力23例，1985年以前，围手术期处理不当，7例病人术后发生肌无力危象5例，胆碱能危象3例，3例因危象死亡，1985年以后，加强改进围手术期处理，16例病人术后发生肌无力危象3例，胆碱能危象1例，无手术死亡，本文对术前准备，术后处理要点，以及气管切开，呼吸机治疗在防治术后肌无力，胆碱能危象中的作用，进行了讨论。     

胸腺癌并重症肌无力危象的围手术期治疗

重症肌无力（MG）危象是胸腺瘤病人术后最严重的并发症之一,死亡率高,及时诊断、处理是抢救成功的关键。我们自1985年6月至1998年12月共手术治疗46例胸腺瘤合并MG的病人,15例术后发生MG危象,均抢救成菌,无围手术期死亡,现将抢救体会总结如下。     

胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力500例

目的 总结胸腔镜胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力(MG)的经验,对比胸腺瘤和非胸腺瘤MG患者的术后效果,分析胸腔镜联合纵隔镜和单纯胸腔镜治疗非胸腺瘤MG的远期效果.方法 2001年至2011年,采用胸腔镜胸腺扩大切除术治疗MG患者500例,根据是否合并胸腺瘤和术中是否联合纵隔镜分组:胸腔镜胸腺瘤组(A组)118例,胸腔镜非胸腺瘤组(B组)301例,胸腔镜联合纵隔镜非胸腺瘤组(C组)81例.结果 全组无术中死亡.完全电视胸腔镜下完成手术495例.A组手术(128.5±77.8) min,术后24.6％患者出现肌无力危象;B组手术(111.3±31.6) min,术后11.0％患者出现肌无力危象;C组手术(145.0 ±71.6) min,术后9.9％患者出现肌无力危象.术后随访3个月至11年,A、B、C组患者完全缓解率(CSR)分别为28.7％、37.3％、36.5％.无病生存曲线示术后3年B、C组CSR高于A组,术后5年C组CSR高于B组.术后第5年C组CSR接近60％,B组为50％,而A组仅为36％.结论 胸腔镜基础上联合纵隔镜胸腺扩大切除手术清除颈部、前纵隔脂肪组织及异位胸腺更为彻底,远期效果更加理想.与非胸腺瘤MG患者相比,胸腺瘤MG患者术后远期效果较差.     

胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力与单纯重症肌无力的临床特征及手术疗效分析

目的　探讨胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力 (MG)与单纯MG的临床特征及手术疗效。方法回顾性分析 1978年至 2 0 0 3年 2 4 3例MG患者临床资料 ,比较胸腺瘤合并MG组 (6 8例 )与单纯MG组 (175例 )的临床特点 ,以及术后并发症、缓解率、生存情况。结果　胸腺瘤合并MG组较单纯MG组年龄大 [平均年龄分别为 (41± 14 )与 (2 8± 16 )岁 ,t=6 .138,P =0 0 0 0 ]、病程短 (平均分别为 10、2 4个月 ,t =3 783,P =0 0 0 0 ) ,术后肌无力危象发生率高 [分别为 5 0 0 % (34/ 6 8)与 5 7% (10 / 175 ) ,χ2=6 4 77,P =0 0 0 0〗 ,两组Osserman分型差异无显著意义 (χ2 =7 6 78,P =0 10 4 )。胸腺瘤合并MG组肌无力症状完全缓解率、部分缓解率 ,术后 1年分别为 10 2 % (6例 )、6 2 7% (37例 ) ,术后 3年分别为 2 1 6 % (8例 )、75 7% (2 8例 ) ,低于单纯MG组 [术后 1年分别为 2 2 1% (30例 )、94 1% (12 8例 ) ,术后 3年分别为 4 4 4 % (44例 )、94 9% (94例 ) ,P值分别为 0 0 4 9、0 0 0 0、0 0 15、0 0 10 ];术后 5年两组比较肌无力症状完全缓解率、部分缓解率差异无显著意义 (P =0 4 5 7,P =0 6 99)。胸腺瘤合并MG组 3、5年生存率分别为 96 3%、84 4 % ,显著低于单纯MG组的 98     

Role of flourine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in thymic pathology.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utilization of positron emission tomography (PET) scan with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in thymic pathology. METHODS: Twenty-five consecutive patients with thymic pathology underwent FDG-PET after being evaluated by computed tomography (CT). The indication for CT was myasthenia gravis in 10, anterior mediastinal mass in 7, and recurrent thymic tumor after surgical excision in 8 patients. The results of PET were compared with results obtained by CT, and histopathologic examination of the surgical specimens. RESULTS: All mediastinal abnormal thymic tissue showed FDG uptakes. FDG-PET managed to differentiate between thymic hyperplasia and thymoma in myasthenia gravis group (n=10) in which CT images were questionable in two patients. There was one case of ectopic thymic tissue which was not diagnosed preoperatively. There were no false-negative results for both CT and FDG-PET in seven patients with thymoma presented as anterior mediastinal mass. However, PET scan predicted thymic carcinoma in one patient. PET was superior to CT scan in localization of recurrent thymoma in two patients, and equal to CT in detecting metastatic lesions in six patients during the follow-up after thymoma excision. CONCLUSIONS: In myasthenia gravis, selective use of FDG-PET is useful in differentiating thymoma from hyperplasia, especially when CT scan is controversial, but fails to recognize ectopic thymic tissue. FDG-PET may differentiate thymoma from thymic carcinoma. FDG-PET is also useful in follow-up patients, who underwent thymoma excision, when there is suspicion of recurrence or metastasis.     

Surgical approach in thymectomy: Our experience and review of the literature

AimThymectomy is the main treatment for thymoma and patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). The traditional approach is through a median sternotomy, but, recently, thymectomy through minimally invasive approaches is increasingly performed. Our purpose is an analysis and discussion of the clinical presentation, the diagnostic procedures and the surgical technique. We also consider post-operative complications and results, over a period of 5 years (May 2011–June 2016), in thymic masses admitted in our Thoracic Surgery Unit.MethodsWe analyzed 8 patients who underwent surgical treatment for thymic masses over a period of 5 years. 6 patients (75%) had thymoma, 2 patients (25%) had thymic carcinomas. 2 patients with thymoma (33%) had myasthenia gravis. We performed a complete surgical resection with median sternotomy as standard approach.ResultsOne patient (12%) died in the postoperative period. The histological study revealed 6 (75%) thymoma and 2 (25%) thymic carcinomas. Post-operative morbidity occurred in 2 patients (25%) and were: pneumonia in 1 case (12%), atrial fibrillation and pleural effusion in 2 patients (25%). One patient with thymoma type A recurred at skeletal muscle 2-years after surgery.ConclusionsThymic malignancies are rare tumors. Surgical resection is the main treatment, but a multimodal approach is useful for many patients. Radical thymectomy is completed removing all the soft tissue in the anterior mediastinum between the two phrenic nerves and this is the most important factor in controlling myasthenia and influencing survival in patients with thymoma. Open (median sternotomy) approach has been the standard approach for thymectomy for the better visualization of the anatomical structures. Actually, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) thymectomy and robotic video-assisted thoracoscopic (R-VATS) approach versus open surgery has an equal if not superior oncological efficacy, better perioperative complications and survival outcomes.     

Experience in the treatment of acute fulminating myasthenia gravis]

During past 15 years, 188 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients underwent thymomectomy or thymectomy with extended resection of the adipose tissue around the thymus in our institution. Four of 188 patients (2%) had to be given respiratory support within 2 months after the onset of MG. We defined this MG as the acute fulminating type. There were 2 male and 2 female patients, ranging in age from 22 to 44 years (average, 32.5 years). Three of these patients had thymoma. One of these patients was post-thymomectomy myasthenia gravis and another patient was d-penicillamine induced myasthenia gravis. Two patients admitted on respirator for respiratory crisis. All patients underwent operation within 2 weeks after admission. The duration of respiratory support ranged from 10 to 120 days (mean 44) after operation. The period of the hospital stay ranged from 8 months to 2 years 1 month (mean 1 year 5 months). During acute stage after operation, the patients needed ACTH, steroid, immunosuppressants (azathioprine, Bredinin) and plasma pheresis depending on their severity of myasthenic symptoms. In 2 patients dose of steroid could be reduced without deterioration of the symptoms. They are doing well with small dose of steroid. In one patient plasma pheresis was performed 6 years after thymectomy. Various symptoms due to myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis has recurred 10 years after thymectomy. The titer of acetylcholine receptor antibody of this patient has been continuing in high level.     

Flow cytometric study of lymphocytes associated with thymoma and other thymic tumors

BACKGROUND. A large number of immature T lymphocytes in thymoma may reflect the biological function of the neoplastic epithelial cells. However, to confirm that this lymphocyte-inducing activity is unique to thymoma, lymphocytes associated with other thymic tumors need to be studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We used flow cytometry to study lymphocytes recovered from various thymic tumors (65 thymomas, 24 with myasthenia gravis; 5 thymic cancers; 5 germ cell tumors including 3 needle biopsy samples; and 2 other tumors) and results were analyzed in reference to those from 36 normal thymuses. RESULTS. The frequency of CD4(+)CD8(+) (DP) thymocytes in the normal thymus declined with age (0.9-94%, r = -0.83, P < 0.001) reflecting the physiological involution. Association of lymphocytes with this DP phenotype was unique to thymoma: 61 of 65 thymomas but none of the other thymic tumors had more than 3% DP cells (frequency of DP cells; thymoma without MG, 59.5 +/- 31.4%; thymoma with MG, 59.4 +/- 22.1%; and other thymic tumors, 0.8 +/- 1.0; mean +/- SD). All the thymic tumors associated with myasthenia gravis were thymomas and had more than 18% DP cells. CONCLUSION. The presence of DP cells in thymomas but not in other tumors suggests that DP cells are induced by the epithelial cells of thymoma. This characteristic may help diagnose thymic tumors; the presence of more than 3% DP cells suggests a thymoma. Also, association of myasthenia gravis suggests a thymoma.     

胸腔镜手术切除胸腺瘤治疗重症肌无力

目的探讨胸腔镜手术治疗胸腺瘤伴重症肌无力的可行性。方法2005年7月-2006年2月，采用电视胸腔镜在双腔气管插管静脉复合麻醉下行胸腺、胸腺瘤切除术10例，胸腺瘤最大6cm×4cm×3cm。于腋中线第5肋间做1cm胸腔镜口，腋前线与锁骨中线中点第4肋间做3cm主操作孔，腋前线第6肋间做1．5cm辅助操作孔。术中沿胸廓内动脉与锁骨下动脉分叉下方、胸廓内动脉内侧，剪开纵隔胸膜暴露同侧胸腺及部分对侧胸腺；沿上腔静脉或膈神经前方剪开胸膜，暴露同侧胸腺下极，自下而上游离同侧胸腺，沿头臂干静脉前方解剖、结扎胸腺静脉，同法游离对侧并切除。术后全部进行4000cGy放疗。结果手术时间70—130rain，平均110min。术中出血〈100ml。术后Masaoka分期Ⅰ期7例，Ⅱ期3例。术后无死亡，未出现心肺并发症和重症肌无力危象。术后1周重症肌无力症状缓解。10例随访8—15个月，平均13．0月，均无复发、转移，重症肌无力症状无明显加重。结论采用胸腔镜手术切除Ⅰ期或部分Ⅱ期胸腺瘤技术上是可行的，创伤小，术后并发症少，且不影响美观。     

重症肌无力术后发生肌无力危象的危险因素分析

目的分析重症肌无力术后发生肌无力危象的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2006年6月至2019年6月首都医科大学宣武医院胸外科65例重症肌无力术后发生肌无力危象患者的临床资料,其中男31例(47.7%)、女34例(52.3%),年龄15~78(45.7±17.8)岁。分析患者的手术方式、手术时间、病理类型等与术后发生肌无力危象的关系。结果手术时间、病理类型是术后肌无力危象的影响因素。Osserman分型的受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)为0.676,临界值为ⅡB型,灵敏度37.5%,特异性90.5%,约登指数0.280。Masaoka分期的AUC为0.682,临界值为Ⅱ期,灵敏度62.5%,特异性66.7%,约登指数0.292。出血量的AUC为0.658,临界值为90 mL,灵敏度87.5%,特异性69.6%,约登指数0.304。结论术前Osserman分型、病理类型、手术时间、出血量是发生术后肌无力危象的影响因素,因此充分的术前准备、快捷仔细的术中操作和积极的术后处理可减少术后肌无力危象的发生。     

"Maximal" thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Results

Thymectomy has been shown to be effective in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. The logical goal of operation has been complete removal of the thymus, but there has been controversy about the surgical technique and its relation to results. Surgical-anatomic studies have shown gross and microscopic thymus widely distributed in the neck and mediastinum. We believe that an en bloc transcervical-transsternal "maximal" thymectomy is required to remove all thymic tissue predictably. Ninety-five patients with generalized myasthenia gravis underwent "maximal" thymectomy consecutively between 1977 and 1985 and were evaluated 6 months to 89 months after operation. In Group A (N = 72), myasthenia gravis without thymoma, the uncorrected data revealed that 96% (69) had benefited from operation: 79% (57) had no symptoms; 46% (33) were in remission; 33% (24) were symptom free when receiving minimal doses of pyridostigmine; and none were worse. Life table analysis yielded a remission rate of 81% at 89 months. In group B (N = 8), myasthenia gravis without thymoma for which patients underwent reexploration for incapacitating weakness after earlier transcervical or transsternal operations, residual thymus was found in all. One patient was in remission, two were symptom free when receiving medication, one was unchanged, and none were worse. In group C (N 15), myasthenia gravis and thymoma, two patients were in remission and nine were symptom free when receiving medication. Two patients in this group died 2 and 4 years postoperatively in crisis. Response to thymectomy in group A was greater in patients with mild myasthenia gravis and may have been better in patients who had symptoms for less than 60 months preoperatively, but the response did not depend on age, sex, presence or absence of thymic hyperplasia or involution, or titers of acetylcholine receptor antibodies. The response to thymectomy in group B was striking but slower than in group A, perhaps because symptoms were more severe and of longer duration. The response in group C was also less good than in group A and proportionately fewer benefited. These results support the recommendation for thymectomy in the treatment of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis and indicate the desirability of a maximal procedure. For persistent or recurrent severe symptoms after previous transcervical or submaximal transsternal resections, reoperation by this technique is also recommended.     

Appearance of thymoma 15 years after extended thymectomy for myasthenia gravis without thymoma.

Several cases of thymoma recurrence after resection have been reported. However, thymoma appearance following an extended thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis is very rare. We report a case of thymoma in a 48-year-old woman, 15 years after an extended thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis. The importance of a complete dissection of mediastinal adipose tissue during the extended thymectomy as well as careful follow-up for such patients is also noted.     

"Maximal" thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Surgical anatomy and operative technique

Removal of all thymic tissue is the goal of surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis. In this report we describe an operation that predictably achieves that goal in most patients. The results of surgical-anatomic studies in 50 consecutive specimens obtained by this technique indicate that an en bloc transcervical-transsternal "maximal" thymectomy is required to ensure removal of all available thymus in all patients. This procedure is recommended for all patients undergoing thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis with or without thymoma and in the treatment of thymoma with or without myasthenia gravis.