盐酸氨溴索干混悬剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的研究盐酸氨溴索干混悬剂和盐酸氨溴索片的生物等效性.方法24名健康志愿者分别单剂量口服盐酸氨溴索干混悬剂(受试制剂)和盐酸氨溴索片(参比制剂)各90 mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中盐酸氨溴索的浓度.采用Das 2.0程序计算其药动学参数.结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为t1/2(7.968±3.212)和(7.176±3.512)h;Cmax(0.173±0.070)和(0.174±0.072)μg·mL-1;Tmax(0.969±0.450)和(0.927±0.116)h;AUC0-t(1.149±0.237)和(1.141±0.244)μg·h·mL-1.以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂相比受试制剂中盐酸氨溴索的平均相对生物利用度为(102.0±15.1)%.结论两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

进口精氨洛芬颗粒剂人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究进口精氨洛芬颗粒剂在健康人体内的生物等效性.方法:20例健康男性志愿者按双周期随机交叉口服单剂量400mg试验药精氨洛芬颗粒剂与对照药布洛芬颗粒剂两种制剂.用HPLC-UV法测定血清中布洛芬的浓度,利用3p97软件处理数据,对2种制剂的生物等效性进行评价.结果:单剂量口服精氨洛芬颗粒剂及布洛芬颗粒剂后,布洛芬的Cmax分别为(54.747±9.888)和(44.032±7.046)μg·mL-1;Tmax分别为(0.53±0.39)和(1.69±0.81)h;t1/2ke分别为(1.83±0.27)和(1.82±0.26)h;AUC0～8h分别为(145.927±30.114)和(139.444±23.709)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0～∞分别为(155.144±34.458)和(150.000±26.987)μg·h·mL-1;精氨洛芬颗粒剂的相对生物利用度为(105.72±18.17)%.结论:精氨洛芬颗粒剂与布洛芬颗粒剂具有生物等效性.     

法罗培南钠胶囊和颗粒剂在健康人体的相对生物利用度及生物等效性

目的比较同一厂家生产的3种法罗培南钠(β内酰胺类抗生素)制剂中法罗培南在人体的药代动力学参数,评价3种制剂的生物等效性。方法 21名健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服法罗培南钠胶囊剂、颗粒剂和参比制剂片剂300 mg后,采用HPLC法测定血浆中法罗培南的浓度,计算其药代动力学参数,AUC、Cmax经对数转换后进行方差分析,计算90%置信区间,并评价2种受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性。结果单剂量口服法罗培南钠胶囊、颗粒剂和参比制剂片剂后,血浆中法罗培南的AUC0-6分别为(5.28±2.35),(4.78±2.40)和(4.93±2.19)μg.h.mL-1;Cmax分别(2.75±0.89),(2.79±1.24)和(2.81±1.04)μg.mL-1;tmax分别为(1.06±0.44),(0.79±0.22)和(0.89±0.43)h;t1/2分别为(0.89±0.11),(0.87±0.11)和(0.97±0.10)h。法罗培南钠胶囊和颗粒中法罗培南的相对生物利用度分别为(111.5±35.0)%和(97.8±35.0)%。结论受试制剂法罗培南钠胶囊和颗粒剂与参比制剂片剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸阿比朵尔分散片的生物等效性研究

目的:建立 LC-MS 测定人血浆中阿比朵尔浓度的方法,测定盐酸阿比朵尔分散片的生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者交叉口服盐酸阿比朵尔分散片和盐酸阿比朵尔胶囊,采集到的血浆样品加入地西泮为内标,碱化后经乙醚提取,进行 LC-MS 测定。色谱柱为 Shiseido C_(18)(3 μm,100 mm×2.0 mm),流动相为甲醇-5%甲酸水溶液(72:28),流速为0.3 mL·min~(-1);ESI 选择正离子检测。结果:测得受试制剂和参比制剂的消除半衰期分别为(6.0±4.3)h 和(7.0±5.0)h,达峰时间分别为(0.8±0.3)h 和(0.7±0.3)h,达峰浓度分别为(419.6±110.4)ng·mL~(-1)和(481.5±85.1)ng·mL~(-1)。以 AUC_(0～72h)计算的受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(105.6±27.2)%。结论:受试的分散片剂和参比的胶囊剂生物等效。     

盐酸阿比朵尔缓释微丸在犬体内的药动学

目的评价自制盐酸阿比朵尔(arbidol hydrochloride,AH)缓释微丸在犬体内的药动学.方法6只犬分别单剂量服用自制盐酸阿比朵尔缓释胶囊和市售阿比朵尔普通胶囊,剂量均为200 mg.1周后2组交叉用药.采用HPLC法,以磷酸苯丙哌林为内标测定犬绐药后不同时间的血药浓度,用以估算药动学参数和相对生物利用度.结果AH速释胶囊和缓释微丸的峰质量浓度(Cmax)分别为(1289.2±356.7)μg·L-1和(602.3±179.0)/μtg·L-1,达峰时(tmax)分别为(1.62±0.32)h和(4.6±1.3)h.缓释微丸相对于速释胶囊生物利用度为116.0%,两者制剂吸收程度等效.结论AH缓释微丸具有明显的缓释特征.     

口服索法酮干混悬剂后的人体药动学研究

目的:建立HPLC-UV法测定人血浆中索法酮浓度,研究口服索法酮干混悬剂后的药动学。方法:20名健康志愿者分两组,分别口服低(50 mg)、中(100 mg)、高(200 mg)3种剂量的索法酮。进行单剂量药动学试验,并对中间剂量进行多次给药及稳态试验。用DAS 2.0进行药动学参数计算。结果:单次口服低、中、高3种不同剂量索法酮干混悬剂后的药动学参数:Cmax分别为(0.39±0.18),(1.27±0.51)和(2.11±0.68)μg.mL-1;Tmax分别为(0.8±0.1),(0.9±0.3)和(0.7±0.2)h;t1/2(λz)分别为(3.29±1.93),(2.17±0.32)和(3.38±0.97)h;AUC0~12分别为(1.26±0.54),(3.99±1.02)和(5.48±1.92)h.μg.mL-1;AUC0~∞分别为(1.35±0.57),(4.13±1.08)和(5.95±2.18)h.μg.mL-1;多剂量口服索法酮干混悬剂100 mg达稳后药动学参数:Css_min为(0.10±0.02)μg.mL-1;Css_max为(1.27±0.41)μg.mL-1;Css_av为(0.56±0.12)μg.mL-1;DF为(2.08±0.59);Tmax为(2.3±1.1)h;t1/2(λz)为(3.88±0.67)h;AUCss为(4.51±0.93)h.μg.mL-1。结论:建立的HPLC方法专属准确,适用于索法酮干混悬剂药动学研究。健康志愿者单剂量口服索法酮干混悬剂后的Tmax,t1/2(λz)和MRT基本不受剂量变化的影响,吸收(AUC,Cmax)随剂量的增大而增加。稳态时索法酮在体内基本无蓄积。主要药动学参数无显著性男女性别差异(P>0.05)。     

复方对乙酰氨基酚片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究复方对乙酰氨基酚片(解热镇痛药)在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法24名健康受试者单剂量随机交叉口服2种国产复方对乙酰氨基酚片(试验与参比制剂)2片,用高效液相色谱法测定对乙酰氨基酚、异丙安替比林和咖啡因的血药浓度,用DAS软件拟合计算药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂生物等效性。结果药代动力学参数如下。对乙酰氨基酚:tmax分别为(0.81±0.48),(0.78±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(9.29±2.23),(8.76±1.83)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(31.49±6.83),(31.64±7.77)μg·h·mL-1。异丙安替比林:tmax分别为(0.90±0.33),(0.88±0.30)h;Cmax分别为(6.99±1.79),(7.00±1.60)μg·mL-1;AUC0-24分别为(21.92±9.43),(19.51±5.22)μg·h·mL-1。复方中2种成分相对生物利用度分别为(102.3±22.4)%,(112.8±37.4)%。结论试验与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

小儿氨酚伪麻分散片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的研究小儿氨酚伪麻分散片和氨酚伪麻滴剂(解热镇痛药)在健康人体内的药代动力学和生物等效性。方法用随机单剂量交叉,22名男性受试者口服试验药和对照药350mg后,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算其药代动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果试验药和对照药的药代动力学参数,盐酸伪麻黄碱:t1/2ke分别为(4.21±0.70),(4.16±0.97)h;tmax分别为(1.27±0.42),(1.36±0.58)h;Cmax分别为(144.65±30.56),(148.56±29.99)ng.mL-1,AUC0-12分别为(840.35±171.14)(841.33±177.70)ng.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(983.19±213.43),(988.98±235.31)ng.h.mL-1;F(AUC0-12)为(103.04±26.54)%,F(AUC0-∞)为(102.79±26.85)%。对乙酰氨基酚:t1/2ke分别为(2.95±0.50),(3.05±0.54)h;tmax分别为(0.57±0.35),(0.49±0.22)h;Cmax分别为(5.15±1.07),(5.43±1.45)μg.mL-1;AUC0-12分别为(17.60±3.71),(19.21±5.72)μg.h.mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(18.90±4.24),(20.67±6.45)μg.h.mL-1;F(AUC0-12)为(95.02±18.58)%,F(AUC0-∞)为(94.83±18.23)%。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的研究2种盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法18名健康男性受试者随机交叉单剂量口服盐酸左氧氟沙星胶囊受试制剂或参比试剂,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的tm ax分别为(1.0±0.1)h和(1.0±0.1)h,Cm ax分别为(3.1±0.7)μg.mL-1和(3.3±0.9)μg.mL-1,t1/2分别为(6.8±1.4)h和(6.9±1.7)h,AUC0-t分别为(20.7±6.1)μg.h.mL-1和(20.1±5.4)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(22.1±6.1)μg.h.mL-1和(21.6±5.5)μg.h.mL-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.0±8.2)%。结论盐酸左氧氟沙星2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产阿奇霉素颗粒剂在健康受试者中的生物等效性

目的:测定国产阿奇霉素颗粒剂生物等效性。方法:采用随机双周期、双交叉试验设计,20名健康志愿者分别单剂空腹口服阿奇霉素受试和参比颗粒剂1000 mg,于不同时间采集血样,以微生物法测定其血清药物浓度,以DAS统计软件计算药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:20名受试者单剂空腹口服阿奇霉素受试和参比颗粒剂后,Cmax分别为(1.419±0.262)和(1.481±0.272)μg.mL-1,Tmax分别为(1.15±0.37)和(1.08±0.18)h,AUC0~144 h分别为(12.62±2.23)和(11.95±2.01)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞分别为(13.74±2.31)和(13.21±2.29)μg.h.mL-1,平均消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为(50.44±18.19)和(53.09±14.49)h。两制剂间主要药动学参数均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。以参比颗粒剂为对照,受试颗粒剂相对生物利用度为(104.10±15.15)%。结论:阿奇霉素受试颗粒剂与参比颗粒剂具生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.