经前路部分切除胸骨上端入路手术治疗上胸椎病变

【摘要】 目的：探讨经前路部分切除胸骨上端行上胸段脊柱前路手术的方法和临床效果。方法：2005年7月～2010年9月采用胸骨上端部分截骨前入路手术治疗17例上胸椎病变患者,男8例,女9例;年龄27～77岁,平均57.7岁。T3动脉瘤样骨囊肿2例,T2~T3结核7例,T3~T4结核3例,T2骨巨细胞瘤2例,T3骨巨细胞瘤2例,T2软骨肉瘤1例。术前分析上胸椎矢状位CT片,确定手术需要显露的范围。半月形去除胸骨柄上部部分骨质,保留两侧胸锁韧带,从头臂动脉内侧窗或外侧窗显露病变部位,行病灶清除或切除、植骨或重建内固定。记录患者术中及术后并发症情况,随访治疗效果。结果：17例患者经部分切除胸骨上端前入路均顺利完成手术,对上胸椎病灶显露良好。3例患者术中出现心跳缓慢、低血压或气道阻力增加,去除牵拉后很快恢复。手术时间2~3h,出血量200～700ml,平均400ml。术后1例患者出现短暂性声音嘶哑,术后2个月痊愈;无其他并发症发生。随访17~27个月,平均22.7个月,植骨均获骨性融合,颈胸段生理弧度恢复,无内固定失败,脊柱稳定性好。17例患者术后神经症状均有所改善。结论：部分切除胸骨上端前入路可以在完整保留胸锁关节下有效显露T2~T4范围,操作简易,并发症少,是处理上胸椎病变较理想的入路。     

经胸骨柄“U”形切除入路治疗上胸椎爆裂骨折并截瘫

目的探讨经胸骨柄“U”形切除入路治疗上胸椎爆裂骨折的可行性及临床疗效。方法12例上胸椎爆裂骨折并截瘫患者，全部采用经胸骨柄“U”形切除入路行伤椎次全切除减压、植骨、颈椎前路钢板内固定术。结果随访1～7年，椎间植骨均愈合好，内固定无松动、断裂，无切口感染、颈前血肿、窒息、气胸、乳糜漏、肺部感染等并发症。9例术后感觉、运动神经功能均有不同程度改善。Frankel分级：术前A级6例术后恢复至B级1例、C级2例、3例无明显改善；B级1例恢复至C级；C级3例恢复至D级2例、E级1例；D级2例恢复至E级。结论经胸骨柄“U”形切除入路解决了低位下颈椎前方入路因胸骨柄遮挡带来的操作不便，又可避免切断胸骨、锁骨的相关并发症。通常能显露至T4，并能在直视下完成T3及以上椎体的前方减压、植骨和钢板内固定，是治疗上胸椎爆裂骨折理想的手术入路。     

经胸骨入路治疗颈胸段脊柱损伤

目的探讨经胸骨入路行椎体切除及钢板内固定治疗颈胸段脊柱损伤的可行性及效果。方法对12例颈胸段脊柱骨折、脱位的患者行颈胸段前路C7-L3间1-2个椎体次全切除、植骨及颈椎前路钢板固定术。结果所有患者随访6个月-3年,植骨均在3-4个月内完全融合。12例脊髓神经功能有不同程度的改善,未发生钢板螺钉松动。1例出现暂时性声音嘶哑,3个月后恢复。结论经胸骨入路可以充分显露C7-T4节段,可用于颈胸段脊柱疾患的治疗。     

胸骨不全切开前入路治疗颈胸段椎体结核

目的探讨胸骨不全切前入路治疗颈胸段椎体结核的疗效。方法回顾3例C7-T2椎体结核病例,经颈胸联合切口显露胸骨柄,纵行切开胸骨至胸骨角,单臂撑开器＂V＂形撑开胸骨,从颈动脉鞘与内脏鞘间做钝性分离,直至颈椎前,再钝性往下分离显露上胸椎,行病灶清除、植骨内固定。结果3例患者获得6-18个月随访,脊髓神经压迫症状消失,内固定无松动,植骨已融合,血沉正常。结论该入路能很好地处理C6-T3病灶,损伤少,满足内固定操作的要求,是颈胸段病灶的一种理想、安全治疗方式。     

经前路胸骨劈开手术治疗颈胸段脊柱损伤

[目的]探讨经前路胸骨劈开治疗颈胸段脊柱损伤的可行性及效果。[方法]对12例颈胸段脊柱骨折、脱位的患者经前路胸骨劈开行颈胸段前路椎体次全切除、植骨及钢板固定术。[结果]所有患者随访6个月~3年,植骨均在3~4个月内完全融合,12例脊髓神经功能有不同程度的改善,未发生钢板螺钉松动,1例出现暂时性声音嘶哑。[结论]经前路胸骨劈开可充分显露C7~T4节段,可用于颈胸段脊柱疾患的治疗。     

三种方法治疗颈胸交界处椎体病变

目的应用三种不同术式治疗颈胸交界处椎体病变,观察其疗效并进行对比,探讨其手术适应证及优缺点。方法应用经胸骨柄前入路、后侧方关节突切除及前后联合入路治疗颈胸交界处椎体病变26例。结果经胸骨柄前入路的12例中出现喉返神经损伤2例,后侧方关节突切除入路的10例中出现急性脊髓损伤2例,经术后大剂量激素冲击治疗后恢复,前后联合入路治疗4例。所有患者术中无大血管、气管、食管、胸导管意外损伤,患者均得到随访,平均3.6年,未出现内固定钢板螺钉断裂、退出等并发症,未出现术区椎管再狭窄、脊柱畸形等,植骨均骨性愈合,无假关节形成。神经功能按Frankel分级均有1级以上的改善。结论掌握手术适应证,根据不同的病种,需要减压的范围或切除病变椎体的部位,脊柱重建所要达到的强度,患者对手术的耐受程度等几方面去选择合理的个体化手术方案,从而达到有效治疗的目的。     

经胸骨前路减压治疗颈胸段脊髓压迫症

观察经胸骨前路椎体扩大开窗减压,椎间植骨融合术治疗颈胸段脊髓压迫症的疗效。方法３例颈胸段脊髓压迫症中,２例为后纵韧带骨化,１例为胸椎骨折。手术取颈胸部联合切口,纵行劈开胸骨,显露颈胸段椎体,用切骨刀及气动球磨钻扩大开窗减压,去除椎体骨质,突出椎间盘或骨化的后纵韧带,取髂骨块行椎间植骨融合。     

经胸骨上端行颈胸段脊柱前路手术的影像及解剖研究

目的 探讨部分切除胸骨上端行颈胸段脊柱前路手术的可行性.方法 采用100例行胸部CT检查者的胸部薄层CT影像,测量胸骨柄最窄部位及对应颈胸段椎体宽度;采用100例行颈胸段MRI检查者的颈胸段正中矢状位MRI影像,测量胸骨角及对应颈胸段椎体解剖关系.根据术前CT及MRI上测量数据进行胸骨上端截骨,对12具新鲜成人尸体标本进行模拟手术,观察颈胸段脊柱显露情况.结果 胸骨柄最窄部位宽度大于对应椎体宽度,胸骨角水平低于T3,4椎间隙.模拟手术,根据术前测量数据进行胸骨上端截骨,能够良好的显露颈胸段脊柱C7～T3,能提供足够的术野宽度进行T3及以上椎体的手术操作.结论 经前路部分切除胸骨上端是处理上胸椎病变较理想的入路.     

上胸椎病变的前路手术途径及术式探讨

目的探讨上胸椎病变前路不同手术途径,病变切除术式及不同内固定方法的选择,将结果和并发症进行统计学分析。方法总结上胸椎病变29例,完全病灶切除加植骨加钢板或钉棒内固定器械23例,完全病灶切除 植骨4例,大部病灶切除 植骨2例。经延长的颈前斜切口13例,经胸骨柄入路5例,经胸腔8例,胸膜外3例。结果术后神经功能均有明显改善。1例出现喉返神经牵拉伤,2个月后症状缓解,死亡1例。结论根据胸椎病变的部位、性质、范围及内固定放置可靠来选择相应的手术途径及切除方式。一期病灶切除 植骨 内固定术有利于上胸椎术后重建和稳定。     

前后联合入路一期全脊椎切除脊柱重建治疗颈胸交接部脊椎肿瘤

目的 探讨颈胸交接部脊椎肿瘤通过前后联合入路一期全椎切除脊柱重建治疗的可行性.方法 对8例颈胸交接部脊椎肿瘤选用改良的颈胸交接部前方入路及传统后方入路,一期行病椎全椎切除,脊柱重建方法.结果 术后1个月,除1例T2血管瘤神经功能A级恢复至C级,其余患者为E级(3例E级术后未加重).结论 选用改良的颈胸交接部前方入路及传统后方入路,一期行病椎全椎切除、椎体间植骨、前后联合固定重建脊柱,为治疗颈胸交接部脊椎肿瘤的一种可行方法.     

胸锁关节的CT研究

目的 了解正常胸锁关节、锁骨胸骨端和胸骨柄在CT图像上的径线长度,确定由内固定物向胸骨柄钻孔的安全角度和长度.方法 对50名健康志愿者的胸锁关节进行CT扫描成像,成像角度包括矢状面、冠状面和横断面.测量锁骨近端的高度与前后径、锁切迹的长度与前后径、锁切迹与胸骨的成角、胸骨柄与身体长轴的成角、胸骨柄的厚度、胸锁关节间隙大小以及锁骨间距.并确定由内固定物向胸骨柄钻孔的安全角度和长度结果左、右侧的各项测量指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).冠状面上胸骨柄锁切迹的长度和锁骨内侧端的长度接近,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).横断面上锁切迹的前后径比锁骨内侧端的前后径短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).胸骨后方重要组织中,头臂干、左右头臂静脉贴近胸骨柄的后缘,术中应以安全角度(α＞46°β＜-49°)进钻,或将进钻深度控制在安全深度(2.38±0.61)cm以内.结论 本研究明确了 CT图像上正常胸锁关节的特征,并定量描述了胸骨柄与其后方重要组织的伴行关系,对胸锁关节脱位的诊断与治疗提供了参考.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate anatomical features of the sternoclavicular joint on computed tomography (CT) scans to determine the safe angle and length of drilling into the manubrium sterni for implants. Methods CT scans were taken in 50 healthy human volunteers.Reconstructive images on coronal,sagittal and transverse planes of the sternoclavicular region,from the superior border of the clavicle to the sternal angle,were obtained.Measurements were conducted on the images to determine the height and the anteroposterior dimension of the proximal end of the clavicle,the length and the anteroposterior dimension of the clavicular notch,the angle between the clavicular notch and the sternum,the angle between the manubrium sterni and the trunk,thickness of the manubrium sterni and the distance between the bilateral clavicles.The safe angle and length of drilling into the manubrium sterni for implants were determined.Results There were no significant differences between the above left and right measurements (P＞ 0.05).There were no significant differences in length between the clavicular notch and the internal extremity of clavicle on the coronal image (P＞0.05).The anternposterior dimension of the clavicular notch was significantly shorter than that of the internal extremity of clavicle on the cross section ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Of the tissues behind the sternum,the anonyma and the bilateral innominate veins were the nearest to the manubrium sterni.The safe angle and length of drilling into the manubrium sterni for implants were α ＞ 46° or β ＜-49° and 2.38 ± 0.61 cm respectively. Conclusion This investigation provides specific and quantitative CT data of the sternoclavicular joint which may help clitical diagnosis and treatment of the sternoclavicular dislocation.     

MRI测量对上胸椎肿瘤手术入路选择的意义

目的：探讨术前MRI测量对上胸椎肿瘤前路切除手术入路选择的意义。方法：对8例上胸椎肿瘤患者术前进行MRI检查，在MRI矢状位图片上经胸骨切迹作与胸骨柄纵轴相垂直的线P，经病变椎体尾侧紧邻正常椎体的上、下终板作两个终板的切线E1和E2，分别记录P与脊柱相交的椎体水平及E1、E2与胸骨相交的椎体水平。P经过病变椎体远侧正常椎体，E1和E2经过胸骨切迹或其上方者采用低位颈前切口；E2经过胸骨柄上部者采用部分胸骨和／或部分内侧锁骨切除入路。P经过病变椎体或E1和E2经过胸骨柄中下部者采用后外侧经胸腔人路完成手术。结果：7例患者P经过病变椎体远侧正常椎体，其中4例E2经过胸骨切迹或其上方者有3例通过低位颈前切口完成了肿瘤的前路切除，1例显露不佳，切除少量左侧锁骨内侧部分增加显露后完成手术；3例E2经过胸骨柄上部者采用部分胸骨和／或部分内侧锁骨切除人路完成手术。1例P经过病变椎体，E1和E2经过胸骨柄中下部者采用后外侧经胸腔人路完成手术。未出现与手术相关的血管和神经损伤等并发症，3个月随访时内置物无松动、移位和断裂。结论：术前MRI测量有助于选择适当的手术入路，并可帮助判断肿瘤切除后胸椎前路的融合固定方式。     

Inveterate dislocation fracture of the sternoclavicular joint

We present the case report of a 21-year-old man with a late diagnosis of retrosternal dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint with a fractured sternal end of the clavicle. The first symptom leading to the diagnosis was dysphagia associated with physical activity. The diagnosis was based on computed tomography examination. In the first place, the fragment of the medial clavicular end was fixed with two screws. During surgery the sternoclavicular joint was wrongly identified; this fact was revealed by the following radiographic examination. On revision surgery, the sternoclaviculr ligament was reconstructed using a semitendinosus tendon graft. The reconstructed ligament was augmented with two Orthocord sutures running between the clavicle and the first rib. At 2 years after surgery the functional outcome and sternoclavicular joint stability were excellent.     

A transsternal approach to the upper thoracic vertebrae

An anterior surgical approach to the upper thoracic vertebrae has been described. A T-shaped skin incision is used, with the horizontal limb 1 cm above the clavicle, and the vertical limb extending in the midline over the body of the sternum. A portion of the manubrium sterni, as well as the medial third of the clavicle, is resected; the avacular tissue plane between the carotid sheath laterally and the trachea and esophagus medially is developed to reach the prevertebral space. After surgery, immediate fusion is performed using the clavicle and manubrium. This procedure is well tolerated, and was associated with minimal morbidity and no mortality in a series of seven patients.     

Transmanubrial transclavicular approach in tumors of the brachial plexus

The standard transclavicular approach allows only limited and narrow exposure if the cervical thoracic region for the resection of tumors of the brachial plexus is involved. We report 2 cases of retroclavicular tumors of the brachial plexus. We performed a complete resection in both cases using the transmanubrial transclavicular approach. This approach consists of retracting an osteomuscular flap that involves the medial portion of the clavicle, part of the sternal manubrium, the sternoclavicular joint, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle. We describe and discuss this approach, which provides access to the entire brachial plexus and the major vessels, thereby affording excellent control of the vessels; it is the approach of choice for tumors in this location.     

A surgical approach to the cervicothoracic spine

We describe a method for approaching the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine, the brachial plexus and related vessels. The method involves the elevation of the medial corner of the manubrium, the sternoclavicular joint, and the medial half of the clavicle on a pedicle of the sternomastoid muscle. We have used this exposure in 17 cases with few complications and good results. Its successful performance requires high standards of anaesthesia, surgical technique and postoperative care.     

Treatment of posterior epiphyseal disruption of the medial clavicle with a modified Balser plate

BACKGROUND: Acute posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint is a rare but dangerous injury that is often difficult to diagnose. Because of late closure of the medial clavicular epiphysis, epiphyseal disruption must be taken into consideration in patients up to 25 years of age with an apparent diagnosis of posterior sternoclavicular dislocation. We developed a novel method of treating epiphyseal disruptions with a modified Balser plate. METHODS: This method was used in a 19-year-old patient with a posterior epiphyseal disruption of the left medial clavicle. After molding of the plate, the hook was introduced into the manubrium sterni and the plate was fixed on the clavicle with screws. RESULTS: The new method could be applied safely and achieved a good functional result without any external immobilization. The postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSION: Fixation of the posterior epiphyseal disruption of the medial clavicle with a modified Balser plate is feasible and may be an alternative to traditional methods.     

Approaching the upper thoracic vertebrae without sternotomy or thoracotomy: a radiographic analysis with clinical application

STUDY DESIGN: The distribution of the lowest vertebra tangential to the suprasternal notch and the lowest intervertebral disc visualized above the sternum was determined on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. The method is illustrated in seven patients undergoing upper thoracic spinal reconstruction to define a surgical approach without sternotomy or thoracotomy. OBJECTIVES: The relation of the sternal notch to thoracic vertebrae was examined by MRI to estimate the thoracic level approachable anteriorly without sternotomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Upper thoracic spine (T1-T4) visualization is considered difficult. The thoracic vertebrae that can be visualized anteriorly without sternotomy is unknown. METHODS: The vertebral level tangential to the suprasternal notch and the lowest intervertebral disc visualized in its entirety above the sternum was determined from 106 consecutive midsagittal cervicothoracic MRI studies. The method was evaluated in seven patients to illustrate application of a low suprasternal, lateral extracavitary, or transpedicular approach to performing upper thoracic reconstruction. RESULTS: The midportion of the T3 vertebra is often above the sternal notch, whereas the trajectory of the T1-T2 intervertebral disc is usually rostral to the sternum. All four patients with disease above the sternal notch on MRI underwent a low left suprasternal approach, whereas three others were treated with a lateral extracavitary or transpedicular approach. No patient worsened neurologically and all ambulated independently after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Upper thoracic vertebrae can be exposed without sternotomy or thoracotomy by a low left suprasternal approach. Midsagittal cervicothoracic MRI can identify the thoracic vertebrae above the sternum, thereby determining whether a low suprasternal approach is feasible. Otherwise, a lateral extracavitary or transpedicular approach can be used to avoid sternotomy or thoracotomy.     

自体肋骨移植在胸骨缺损重建中的应用

目的探讨自体肋骨移植方式在胸骨缺损重建过程中的应用。 方法回顾性分析浙江大学附属第二医院自2003年3月至2014年3月期间13例行胸骨切除,并使用自体肋骨移植方式重建胸骨缺损患者的病例资料。 结果13例患者中,胸骨柄患者9例,胸骨体患者4例。术后病理证实：软骨肉瘤3例,骨髓炎3例,骨软骨瘤3例,淋巴瘤2例,骨巨细胞瘤1例,韧带样瘤1例。所有患者平稳度过围手术期。在长期随诊过程中,共有2例患者死亡,其中1例患者因非霍奇金淋巴瘤复发在术后6个月去世,另1例患者因心脏病在术后26个月去世;其余患者均胸廓塑形良好,未出现反常呼吸、外观畸形和胸廓不稳等情况。 结论对于胸骨切除术后缺损的患者,建议使用自体肋骨移植的方式来重建缺损区域。