工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸正丁酯溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法的研究

目的:报道了作业场所空气中甲基丙烯酸正丁酯的气相色谱测定方法。方法:空气样品用浸渍活性炭管采集,二硫化碳解吸、FFAP极性填充柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测。结果:在本法的测定条件下,甲基丙烯酸正丁酯在2μg/ml～500μg/ml浓度范围内有良好的线性响应,相关系数r=0.9999,本法检出限为0.4μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.1 mg/m3(采样体积3.0 L),采样效率达99.89%以上,穿透容量(BTV)18.8 mg,样品解吸效率为94.30%～97.58%,甲基丙烯酸正丁酯在活性碳管中最少可稳定15 d。结论:本方法可满足工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸正丁酯浓度的监测。     

工作场所空气中乙酸的毛细管气相色谱测定法

为建立工作场所空气中乙酸的测定方法,以硅胶管采集工作场所空气中的乙酸,用甲酸解吸,采用毛细管气相色谱法进行检测,以保留时间定性,峰面积定量。该方法中乙酸的线性范围为65.6～524.5μg/mlr,=0.997。方法的检出限为1.0μg/ml,定量下限为2.0μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.44 mg/m3(以采样4.5 L空气样品计);实际测定范围为10～2 000μg/ml;相对标准偏差为2.57%～6.25%;加标回收率为85.1%～91.9%;平均解吸效率为84.0%。该方法分离效果好,灵敏度高,准确度好,适用于工作场所空气中乙酸浓度的监测。     

工作场所空气中萘的气相色谱测定法

目的 建立FFAP通用柱测定工作场所空气中萘的实验方法.方法 确定最佳实验条件色谱柱温度160℃,汽化室温度200℃,检测器温度200℃,载气流量60 ml/min;并用硅胶管采集工作场所空气中的萘,二硫化碳解吸,经FFAP通用柱分离、检测.结果 在0.46～300.00μg/ml范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9995,相对标准偏差为1.9%～2.5%,检出限为0.46 μg/ml,回收率为98.1%～104.2%.结论 该方法灵敏、准确、快速,适用于工作场所空气中萘的测定.     

工作场所空气中α-甲基苯乙烯的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定法

目的 建立工作场所空气中α-甲基苯乙烯浓度的气相色谱测定方法.方法 按照<工作场所空气中毒物检测方法研制规范>的要求研究了色谱条件选择、采样方法的选择、采样效率、解吸效率试验、样品的稳定性、方法的线性范围及检出限、方法的精密度等指标.结果 采用FFAP柱能将α-甲基苯乙烯与共存物分离.α-甲基苯乙烯浓度在54～2182μg/ml范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.9996,方法的检出限为0.45μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.3 mg/m3(以采集1.5 L空气样品汁).配制0、54.54、109.08、545.40、1090.80和2181.60μg/ml α-甲基苯乙烯标准溶液,方法的相对标准偏差为4.2%～4.7%.平均解吸效率为93.3%.样品于室温下可保存7 d.结论 该方法各项指标均达到<工作场所空气中毒物检测方法研制规范>的要求,适用于工作场所空气中α-甲基苯乙烯浓度的检测.     

热解吸气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中乙酸甲酯和乙酸乙酯

目的:建立工作场所空气中乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯热解吸气相色谱法测定方法。方法:活性炭采集空气中的乙酸甲酯及乙酸乙酯,在300℃用高纯氮解吸,在FFAP毛细管色谱柱上分离(FID)测定。结果:空气浓度在0~900 mg/m3时,回归方程为:乙酸甲酯Y=630139X-2431,r=0.9996;乙酸乙酯Y=553933X+1686,r=0.9998。最低检出限为:乙酸甲酯7.8×10-4μg/m l,乙酸乙酯9.0×10-4μg/m l;最低检出浓度(采集1.5 L空气样品)分别为:0.052 mg/m3和0.060 mg/m3;相对标准偏差(RSD):乙酸甲酯3.3%~6.6%,乙酸乙酯3.9%~5.7%;平均解吸效率为乙酸甲酯94.3%,乙酸乙酯91.8%;常温下样品至少可稳定7 d。结论:本方法适用于工作场所空气中乙酸甲酯和乙酸乙酯测定。     

工作场所空气中吡啶的混合溶剂解吸气相色谱测定法

目的建立混合溶剂解吸气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中吡啶的方法。方法工作场所空气中吡啶用碱性活性炭管采集,混合溶剂[10%（体积分数）甲醇二氯甲烷溶液]解吸后进样,经FFAP石英毛细管柱分离,氢焰离子化检测器检测。结果用混合溶剂代替二氯甲烷作解吸溶液,吡啶解吸效率由49.4%提高至82.0%。吡啶浓度在0～60μg/ml范围内线性关系良好,线性方程为：Y=4.31＋8.24 X（r=0.999 9）。检出限为0.07μg/ml,若采集1.5 L空气样品,则最低检出浓度为0.05 mg/m^3,平均加标回收率为98.3%～102.2%,平均解吸效率在81.1%～81.9%,相对标准偏差在0.9%～2.5%。结论该方法适用于工作场所空气中吡啶浓度的测定。     

作业场所空气中四氯乙烯气相色谱检测方法的建立与应用

[目的]建立作业场所空气中四氯乙烯的检测方法.[方法]选用活性炭管采集,二硫化碳解吸,FFAP色谱柱分离,气相色谱氢火焰检测器检测.[结果]优化色谱条件下,可将四氯乙烯与多种共存干扰物分离.四氯乙烯浓度在0～772.3 μg/ml范围内呈线性关系,相关系数为0.999 8,方法检出限为1.3 μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.9 mg/m3(以采集1.5 L空气样品计).方法的相对标准偏差为1.9%～4.5%,平均解吸效率为96%,样品于室温下可保存7 d.[结论]该方法可简便,快速,准确地测定作业场所空气中四氯乙烯的浓度.     

溶剂解吸-气相色谱法同时测定工作场所空气中二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷

根据GBZ/T 160.45—2007《工作场所空气有毒物质测定卤代烷烃类化合物》,用活性炭管吸附,二硫化碳解吸,以FFAP毛细管色谱柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测,同时测定工作场所空气中二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷。结果显示,二氯甲烷在0~318.24μg/ml范围内线性相关系数为0.999 8,检出限可达0.066μg/ml,精密度0.3%~2.2%,平均解吸效率96.35%;1,2-二氯乙烷在0~210.34μg/ml范围内线性相关系数为0.999 6,检出限可达0.024μg/ml,精密度0.2%~3.8%,平均解吸效率93.05%。提示,该方法精确度较高,具有应用及推广价值。     

工作场所空气中丙酮、乙酸乙烯酯和异丙醇溶剂解吸-气相色谱同时测定法

目的建立溶剂解吸-气相色谱法同时测定工作场所空气中丙酮、乙酸乙烯酯和异丙醇的检测方法。方法样品采用溶剂解吸型活性炭管采集、异丁醇二硫化碳溶液(1+99)解吸、DB-FFAP毛细管柱分离、气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器检测。结果丙酮线性范围0.00～2 000μg/ml、乙酸乙烯酯线性范围0.00～200μg/ml,异丙醇线性范围0.00～5 000μg/ml,相关系数分别为0.999 2、0.999 9、0.999 2,最低检出浓度分别为0.22、0.20、0.39 mg/m~3(采样体积1.5 L),平均解吸效率分别为99.9%、98.5%、100.0%,相对标准偏差均介于0.5%～6.3%,平均加标回收率在97%～103%之间。结论该法各项指标均满足工作场所空气中有害化学物质检测方法研制规范的要求,可用于工作场所空气中丙酮、乙酸乙烯酯和异丙醇的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定工作场所空气中对-茴香胺

目的:建立工作场所空气中对-茴香胺的溶剂解吸-高效液相色谱测定方法。方法:空气样品通过XAD-2树脂采样管采样,经甲醇解吸;C18液相色谱柱分离,分离条件为柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-水(25+75,V/V),流速为0.40 ml/min。结果:本法在0μg/ml～1000μg/ml范围呈线性关系;方法的检出限为1.30μg/ml;不同浓度的相对标准偏差为0.79%～2.01%;平均解吸效率为90.0%～95.2%;采样效率为99.3%～100%;150 mg XAD-2树脂对对-茴香胺的穿透容量15 mg。结论:此方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中对-茴香胺的现场监测。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.