支撑喉镜下CO2激光单侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带麻痹

目的 探讨支撑喉镜下CO2激光单侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带麻痹的疗效.方法 对6例双侧声带外展麻痹(均有不同程度呼吸困难)和3例双侧声带完全麻痹(有不同程度声嘶及呼吸不畅)患者实施了支撑喉镜下CO2激光单侧杓状软骨切除术,其中,8例进行了手术创面黏膜吻合术.所有患者手术前后均行频闪喉镜检查观察声门裂大小及通气情况,并由患者本人和医疗小组共同完成发声质量评估.结果 术前行频闪喉镜检查示:6例声带不完全麻痹者声带内收正常,外展受限,仅达旁正中位,其中3例已行气管切开者吸气时声门裂后端宽约1～2 mm,3例双声带完全麻痹者发声时声门不能闭合,吸气时声门裂后端宽约3～3.5 mm.术后随访11～34个月,7例无呼吸困难,均能保持术前的嗓音质量,1例术后1个月局部肉芽增生,另1例术后6个月后瘢痕挛缩,不能堵管,该2例均再次手术后呼吸平稳,未再次出现呼吸困难,但1例发声质量较前次手术后差.术后频闪喉镜检查,所有患者喉内手术创面黏膜愈合良好,声门裂后1/3形成近三角形裂隙,声门裂后端深吸气时宽度均大于4 mm.结论 CO2激光单侧杓状软骨切除术可有效改善双侧声带麻痹导致的呼吸困难,发声功能较满意.     

喉神经肌蒂移檀术:避免错误与并发症

喉神经肌蒂移植术,选择好病人是手术成功的基础,其适应征是双侧喉返神经麻痹已一年且无一侧有恢复希望者。患者大多为颈部手术如甲状腺癌或其他病变手术所致。作者分析了200例双侧声带麻痹至少已一年者,有三分之一伴单或双侧环杓关节固定或活动严重受限。此类患者作神经移植毫无意义,确定方法是在全麻下经前连合镜探触的杓状软骨是否固定。触诊器械要放在喉后部,不要放在声带突顶或声带本身。正常声带活动是杓状软骨体向外侧移位,后声门裂明显增大;如环杓关节固定强硬,可能杓状软骨带动喉部一齐移动,可见对侧杓状软骨同时被牵拉,而后声门裂不见增大。触诊器如放在声带或声带     

单侧杓状软骨黏膜下次全切除并同侧声带外移治疗双侧声带外展麻痹

目的 探讨支撑喉镜下单侧杓状软骨黏膜下次全切除并同侧声带外移治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的适应证及临床意义.方法 支撑喉镜下对9例双侧声带外展麻痹伴呼吸困难的患者实施半导体激光(6例)或自制长针状单极电刀(3例)单侧杓状软骨次全切除术,然后利用穿刺针导入缝线于声带突后缘将声带拉向外侧,固定于甲状软骨上,其中8例为初次手术,1例为单侧杓状软骨激光部分切除术后失败病例.术后通过纤维喉镜检查患者声门的情况,并行发声质量主观评估.结果 9例患者中8例术后恢复了捕意的呼吸功能,其中3例发声质量无明显下降,5例声音质量较术前轻微下降,但不影响日常交流.术后7～14天8例即能全封管,观察至1～3个月拔管,平均拔管时间为45天.术后随访6～25个月,没有出现创面肉芽和再狭窄等并发症.1例(曾手术失败的病例)术后堵管失败,未能拔管,喉镜下见声门裂后端宽约2 mm.结论 支撑喉镜下单侧杓状软骨黏膜下次全切除并同侧声带外移可有效治疗双侧声带外展麻痹,方法简单易行,创伤小,拔管率高,患者的发声功能亦得到了满意的恢复和保留.     

正常儿童喉部的超声解剖学研究

目的探讨正常儿童喉部的超声影像学表现。方法对照研究3个儿童离体喉标本相应断面的声像图与组织大切片,确认甲状软骨、杓状软骨、环状软骨、会厌软骨、会厌前间隙、声门旁间隙、室带、声带、喉室、杓肌的超声表现;然后对33名正常儿童进行喉部超声检查,确认各结构声像图表现。结果正常儿童甲状软骨为盾形等回声结构;杓状软骨为低回声结构,横断面为镰刀形,纵切面为类三角形;横断面环状软骨为"n"形低回声结构,纵切面显示环状软骨板为类长方形等回声结构;会厌软骨为细带状等回声结构;会厌前间隙和声门旁间隙是高回声结构;声带为长三角形等回声结构;室带为高回声结构。杓肌表现为双侧杓状软骨后方的等回声。结论超声对儿童喉部甲状软骨、杓状软骨、环状软骨、会厌软骨、会厌前间隙、声门旁间隙、室带、声带和杓肌显示良好。     

CO2激光单侧杓状软骨次全切除术治疗双侧外展性声带麻痹

目的　探讨CO2 激光单侧杓状软骨次全切除术治疗双侧外展性声带麻痹手术的适应证及临床意义。方法　支撑喉镜下对 8例双侧外展性声带麻痹伴呼吸困难的患者实施了CO2 激光单侧杓状软骨次全切除术和手术创面黏膜吻合术。其中 ,继发于双侧甲状腺切除术 5例 ,外伤所致双侧外展性声带麻痹 2例 ,原因不明 1例。术前接受气管造口术 5例 ,气管切开术 1例。术后通过纤维喉镜检查患者新建声门裂的通气情况 ,发音质量主观评估由患者本人和医疗小组共同完成。结果8例患者术后均恢复了满意的呼吸功能 ,发音质量均无明显下降 ,平均气管套管拔除时间为 44 2d。术后随访 5～ 43个月 ,没有出现误吸和再狭窄等并发症。结论　支撑喉镜下CO2 激光单侧杓状软骨次全切除术和创面黏膜吻合术简单易行 ,创面小 ,术后愈合快 ,可避免肉芽组织增生和瘢痕形成所导致的声门区再狭窄 ,患者的呼吸和发音功能均得到了满意的恢复和保留     

CO2激光单侧杓状软骨次全切除术治疗双侧外展性声带麻痹

目的 探讨CO2激光单侧杓状软骨次全切除术治疗双侧外展性声带麻痹手术的适应证及临床意义。方法 支撑喉镜下对8例双侧外展性声带麻痹伴呼吸困难的患者实施了CO2激光单侧杓状软骨次全切除术和手术创面黏膜吻合术。其中，继发于双侧甲状腺切除术5例，外伤所致双侧外展性声带麻痹2例，原因不明1例。术前接受气管造口术5例，气管切开术1例。术后通过纤维喉镜检查患者新建声门裂的通气情况，发音质量主观评估由患者本人和医疗小组共同完成。结果 8例患者术后均恢复了满意的呼吸功能，发音质量均无明显下降，平均气管套管拔除时间为44．2d。术后随访5—43个月，没有出现误吸和再狭窄等并发症。结论 支撑喉镜下CO2激光单侧杓状软骨次全切除术和创面黏膜吻合术简单易行，创面小，术后愈合快，可避免肉芽组织增生和瘢痕形成所导致的声门区再狭窄，患者的呼吸和发音功能均得到了满意的恢复和保留。     

红宝石激光同期杓状软骨内侧切除治疗双侧声带麻痹

目的 :探讨支撑喉镜下以红宝石激光同期切除双侧杓状软骨内侧治疗双侧声带麻痹的疗效。方法 :全部患者均行气管切开插管麻醉 ,以红宝石激光同期切除双侧杓状软骨的内侧。结果 :无手术并发症。全部患者随访 3～ 13个月 ,呼吸平稳 ,喉内无瘢痕粘连 ,发音明显好转 ,声门呼吸部较术前扩大≥ 4mm。结论 :以红宝石激光同期行双侧杓状软骨内侧切除治疗双侧声带麻痹是切实可行的。     

支撑喉镜下杓状软骨切除联合声带外移治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的临床研究

目的探讨支撑喉镜下单侧杓状软骨全切除联合同侧声带外移治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的手术方法和临床意义。方法支撑喉镜下对30例双侧声带外展麻痹伴呼吸困难的患者行CO2激光单侧杓状软骨全切除并用Ejnell法同侧声带外移扩宽声门,手术前、后纤维喉镜检查声门情况,嗓音分析评估发音功能,肺功能检查评估通气情况。结果 30例患者拔管率100%。随访6个月-5年,全部病例无肉芽生长和再狭窄等并发症,均保持语言交流功能。嗓音分析显示基频微扰、振幅微扰手术前、后差异无显著性意义（P均〉0.05）,但手术前、后声门噪声能量、最长声时差异有显著性意义（P均〈0.05）。肺功能显示FEV1、FEV1/FVC手术前、后差异有显著性意义（P均〈0.05）,客观反映了术后气道通气功能改善。结论支撑喉镜下单侧杓状软骨全切除联合同侧声带外移可有效治疗双侧声带外展麻痹,且拔管早,拔管率高,疗效持久,患者的发音功能得到满意的保留,是治疗该类患者的较为理想的方法。     

低温等离子单侧声带离断并同侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹

目的 探讨在内镜支撑喉镜辅助下, 采用低温等离子消融刀头行单侧声带离断加同侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹的疗效。方法 对双侧声带外展麻痹的患者19例, 采用低温等离子消融术行单侧声带离断加同侧杓状软骨切除术进行治疗, 术后随访6～42个月, 分析评估该术式的临床效果。结果 19例术后呼吸功能恢复满意, 术后1个月内安全拔管18例, 其中术前已行气管切开8例。术后瘢痕挛缩喉腔狭窄未能拔管者1例, 经再次手术行对侧杓状软骨切除后成功拔管。嗓音评估发声效果满意14例, 轻微下降但患者能接受4例, 行2次手术者声嘶较前明显加重1例。结论 低温等离子单侧声带离断及同侧杓状软骨切除术治疗双侧声带外展麻痹, 术后呼吸困难完全缓解, 拔管率高, 发声功能保留良好。此术式创伤小, 术后愈合快, 安全、有效、微创。     

杓状软骨内移联合喉返神经修复术治疗单侧声带麻痹

目的 探讨杓状软骨内移联合颈袢喉返神经吻合术治疗长期喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹的疗效.方法 病程3～22年外伤性喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹患者12例,行患侧杓状软骨内移的同时,作颈袢喉返神经吻合术.治疗前后以电子喉镜、频闪喉镜、声音评估、嗓音声学参数分析和喉肌电图检查等评价治疗效果.结果 所有患者杓状软骨内移术后即刻声嘶均明显好转,但无恢复正常者,声学四参数频率微扰、振幅微扰、标化噪音能量和最长发声时间分析均明显好转,差异均有显著性意义(P值均＜0.05);喉镜检查见杓状软骨明显内移,声门后裂隙消失9例,缩小3例.术后12个月时声音恢复正常、明显好转、好转、无改善分别为9、3、0、0例;声学四参数较术后即刻又有明显好转,差异均有显著性意义(P值均＜0.05);术侧声带虽未恢复运动,但肌张力和肌体积与健侧基本对称.肌电图检查显示术后12个月声带肌恢复与健侧同步的密集型自发电位.结论 杓状软骨内移联合颈袢喉返神经吻合治疗长期喉返神经损伤单侧声带麻痹能恢复患者的正常发音功能.     

173例声带麻痹患者的病因学特点

目的分析声带麻痹(VCP)患者的病因学特点。方法回顾性分析2016年9月—2019年9月于安徽医科大学附属省立医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科就诊的173例确诊为VCP的患者,统计其临床特征并分析致病原因。结果173例VCP患者中,92例（53.2%）左侧VCP,36例（20.8%）右侧VCP,45例（26.0%）双侧VCP。医源性损伤包括：牵拉伤、热灼伤、离断伤等,损伤部位在左侧、右侧或双侧的不同解剖位置。医源性损伤105例（60.7%）居首位;其次是喉外肿瘤和占位性病变31例（17.9%）。结论单侧VCP较双侧VCP常见,左侧较右侧更为常见。不同病因所致VCP嗓音学特点各不相同,即使同一病因所致VCP,因损伤的程度、性质及解剖位置不同,嗓音学特征差异也较大,可比性较低。医源性损伤仍是导致VCP的首要原因,其次是喉外肿瘤和占位性病变。抗病毒药物、激素联合营养神经药物的保守治疗或可作为病毒感染或特发性病因的首选治疗,但对治疗效果不应抱有过高期待。     

甲状腺乳头状癌累及喉返神经的处理方法

 目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌累及喉返神经的处理方法。方法根据42例甲状腺乳头状癌侵犯喉返神经情况分为包绕、黏连、压迫3组,术中根据喉返神经与肿瘤的关系结合术前声带运动情况综合考虑是否保留喉返神经。包绕组无论声带活动情况如何,喉返神经均予切除。黏连组如伴完全声带麻痹,切除喉返神经;否则喉返神经予以保留。压迫组喉返神经均予保留。观察所有患者声带术后活动情况、评估疗效。结果42例患者中甲状腺全切除23例,次全切除术19例,随访1年术后均未复发。包绕组患者均行喉返神经切除,术后声带完全麻痹;粘连组中,3例声带完全麻痹者切除喉返神经、术后声带完全麻痹,9例术前不完全声带麻痹均予以保留喉返神经,2例术后出现声带完全麻痹,3例声带不完全麻痹,4例声带运动恢复正常;压迫组无声带完全麻痹,完整保留喉返神经,术后声带运动均恢复正常。结论对甲状腺乳头状癌侵犯喉返神经的处理,应结合术前声带运动情况及术中喉返神经与肿瘤关系采取不同的处理方法。     

Extracranial internal carotid artery tortuosity may cause vocal cord palsy

Background: Clinical practice made us suspect that vocal cord palsy (VCP) can be associated with extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) tortuosity.

Objectives: To find evidence for a causative relation between ICA tortuosity and VCP.

Methods: This single-center, retrospective study comprised 66 patients with VCP. A total of 45 patients without VCP served as control group. Patient charts were reviewed for etiology and side of VCP. CT scans were reviewed independently by two radiologists for imprint in the jugular vein (JV) caused by a tortuous ICA, considered an indirect sign of potential vagus nerve affection.

Results: A total of 33 patients had idiopathic VCP. ICA tortuosity causing a JV imprint with >10% JV lumen reduction was found more frequently on the paretic sides of patients with idiopathic VCP (15–24%) than in controls (3–9%), with p<.05 for observer 2 and p=.07 for observer 1. In patients with idiopathic VCP and JV imprint with >10% JV lumen reduction on one or both sides (n?=?9), both observers found JV imprint with >10% JV lumen reduction more frequently on the side of VCP (p<.05).

Conclusions: ICA tortuosity causing a JV imprint may be the cause of VCP in some of the cases of VCP currently regarded as idiopathic.     

老年声带麻痹病因分析

目的：分析老年人声带麻痹的常见病因。方法：回顾分析92例声带麻痹患者的临床资料，均经间接喉镜或电子喉镜检查。结果：由颈、胸部肿瘤引起声带麻痹52例；颈、胸手术15例；脑血管意外7例；颅脑外伤3例；气管插管2例；高血压心脏病及左心室肥大3例；肺结核4例；癔病性1例；不明原因5例。结论：临床上对声带麻痹的老年患者，应进行系统的病因分析，并排除或早期发现恶性肿瘤，以免延误诊治。     

Restoring vocal fold movement after transection and immediate suturing of the recurrent laryngeal nerve with local application of basic fibroblast growth factor: an experimental study in the rat

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of basic fibro-blast growth factor (bFGF) on the recovery of vocal fold movement and the attenuation of laryngeal muscle atrophy after transection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). STUDY DESIGN: Quantitative assessment of vocal fold movement using the video cassette recorder (VCR) image-analysis method and histologic examination of the laryngeal muscle. METHODS: Fifty-eight Wistar rats underwent RLN transection and one of the following three procedures: 1) transection of the RLN alone (transection group, n = 18), 2) suture of the nerve stumps followed by local administration of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution using an osmotic pump (PBS group, n =20), or 3) suture of the nerve stumps followed by local administration of bFGF (FGF group, n = 20). Vocal fold movements were recorded with VCR by way of a rigid endoscope, and the VCR images were analyzed on a computer. Histologic changes in the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle were evaluated by measuring the cross-sectional area of the muscle and average size of muscle fibers. RESULTS: In the transection group, vocal fold movement did not recover, and atrophy of the TA muscle gradually progressed after sectioning the nerve. In contrast, vocal fold movement as assessed by VCR image-analysis recovered in some cases in the immediate suturing groups, more markedly in the FGF group (34.1 +/- 29.1%) than in the PBS group (5.5 +/- 7.9%) (P <.05). Histologically, atrophy of the laryngeal muscle was significantly attenuated by the local administration of bFGF. CONCLUSION: bFGF facilitates regeneration of the transected RLN and attenuation of intrinsic laryngeal muscle atrophy, thereby restoring laryngeal function.     

Helicobacter pylori colonization in the larynges of patients with hoarseness

OBJECTIVES: Vocal nodules and polyps are two common noninfectious causes of hoarseness. Patients with persistent hoarseness often require microscopic laryngeal surgery to excise mass lesions of the larynx despite extensive voice resting and modification of voice use behavior. Helicobacter pylori has recently been reported to present in the upper aerodigestive tract. This study applies the rapid urease test to determine the colonization of Helicobacter pylori in surgical specimens of patients with vocal nodules and polyps. METHODS: In this prospective study, 53 consecutive patients with vocal nodules (n = 20) or vocal polyps (n = 33) were investigated from November 2004 to July 2005. Microscopic laryngeal surgery was performed in all cases. Tissue specimens harvested from the larynx were analyzed using the rapid urease test. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 33 females and 20 males with a mean age of 43.1 +/- 9.9 years. Thirteen (24.5%) of the 53 patients revealed Helicobacter pylori colonization, and all were histopathologically diagnosed with vocal polyps. The difference in incidence of Helicobacter pylori colonization between vocal nodules and vocal polyps was statistically significant (0% [0/20] vs. 39.4% [13/33], P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Helicobacter pylori often colonizes in the larynxes of patients with vocal polyps. These results indicate the involvement of Helicobacter pylori in vocal polyps. However, the presence of Helicobacter pylori as an etiologic factor in vocal polyps remains inconclusive.     

Fat augmentation for glottic insufficiency

OBJECTIVES: Fat lipoinjection augmentation for glottic insufficiency has been used in patients with vocal fold paralysis. Relatively little information is available on the effectiveness of fat injection in patients with vocal atrophy, intubation trauma, and post-hemilaryngectomy defects. STUDY DESIGN: This paper retrospectively compares the efficiency of fat injection in patients with vocal cord paralysis (n = 9), vocal scar (n = 13), and vocal atrophy (n = 11). METHODS: The perceptual acoustic, phonatory function, and videolaryngostroboscopic data were evaluated before and after fat augmentation in 33 patients. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 9.7 months. Nineteen patients had excellent results. Three patients had no change. Five patients had late failure. Six patients were lost to follow-up. Phonatory function showed significant improvement in jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio, maximal phonation time, grade, asthenia, and breathiness (P < .05). Videolaryngostroboscopic rating showed significant improvement in right linearity of the vocal fold edge, amplitude of vocal fold vibration, excursion of the mucosal wave, vibratory behavior, and phase symmetry (P < .05). Anterior defects did better than posterior defects. Small vocal fold defects did better than large defects. CONCLUSIONS: Fat injection is a good autogenous implant and may be considered as an option in management of patients with vocal fold scar, defect, or atrophy. Reabsorption of fat is a problem, but the procedure may be repeated.     

声带麻痹病因分析和治疗方法的探讨

目的：寻找声带麻痹的病因和有效的治疗方法。方法：分析65例声带麻痹患者的临床资料，65例患者均经间接喉镜、动态喉镜或电子喉镜检查；其中31例行杓状软骨拨动术治疗。结果：由颈、胸部肿瘤引起声带麻痹14例；感染引起9例；颈、胸、腹部手术引起16例；气管插管引起12例；胃管插管引起3例；不明原因11例。治疗后声带麻痹消失37例，好转1例，有效率为58．46％；无效27例。结论：临床上对声音嘶哑的患者，应进行常规的间接喉镜、动态喉镜或电子喉镜检查。对有声带麻痹的患者应尽早在间接喉镜、直接喉镜或支撑喉镜下行杓状软骨拨动术。     

Chronic vocal cord palsy in Thuringia,Germany: a population-based study on epidemiology and outcome

Although surgical treatment of patients with chronic vocal cord palsy (VCP) is an integral part of clinical routine of otorhinolaryngologists, there is nearly no population-based data published on incidence and efficiency of this surgery country-wide or nation-wide. 1430 patients with chronic VCP were treated in a department of otorhinolaryngology between 2005 and 2010 in Thuringia, Germany. VCP was unilateral and bilateral in 63 and 18 %, respectively. The affected side was not documented in 20 %. Iatrogenic lesions of the recurrent nerve (42 %) and neoplastic infiltration (27 %) were the leading etiologies. 192 patients (13 %) received surgical treatment. 31 % of patient needed more than one surgery. The rate of surgeries was higher for bilateral VCP (p < 0.0001). Vocal cord augmentation was the most frequent surgery for unilateral VCP and posterior cordectomy for bilateral VCP. The complication rate was high (16 %), but not different between unilateral and bilateral VCP (p = 0.108). The risk for tracheostomy was higher in the bilateral VCP group (p < 0.0001). Voice improvement was better after treatment of unilateral VCP (p < 0.0001). Breathing improvement was more frequent after bilateral VCP (p = 0.028). Dysphagia did not improve significantly. The rate of better voice, breathing, and swallowing function was higher in patients treated surgically than without surgery (all p < 0.0001). The rate of patients admitted for treatment of vocal fold palsy was 9.9/100,000 habitants. The surgical rate of VCP was 1.38/100,000 habitants. This population-based analysis shows that surgery for VCP is performed with higher incidence than expected effectively, but with relevant risks in daily routine of otorhinolaryngologists.     

神经肌电检测对单侧喉返神经损伤预后的评价

OBJECTIVE: To determine the comprehensive prognostic value of spontaneous and evoked electromyography (EMG) in laryngeal paralysis. METHODS: The characteristics of laryngeal EMG of 91 cases with unilateral vocal cord paralysis (VCP) after thyroid surgery were assessed. All cases were divided into four groups according to the interval of laryngeal EMG after onset, which were group one (2 months shorter, n = 13), group two (2 to 4 months, n = 23), group three (4 to 6 months, n = 36), group four (6 months longer, n = 19). The waveform morphology and the amplitude of laryngeal EMG and the highest evoked compound muscular active potential (CMAP) of thyroarytenoid muscles were examined and analyzed during voluntary tasks. The potential amplitude was showed by the percentage of that of the healthy lateral. The criterion of evaluation on evoked potential was attained by calculating statistical confidence interval. RESULTS: The highest evoked CMAP in group one was significantly lower than that of the others (P < 0.05), but no significant difference was observed between group two and group three (P > 0.05), so group two and group three were analyzed together. There were 2 recovered cases and 11 unrecovered cases in group one. On the basis of this criterion that a positive prognosis for laryngeal recovery was indicated when the evoked CMAP presented and there was no misdirect generated potential, correct prognostic rate was 92% (12/13). There were 11 recovered cases and 48 unrecovered cases in group two and three. The highest evoked CMAP was much higher in the recovered than in the unrecovered, significant difference was observed between them (P < 0.001). On the basis of the criterion that a positive prognosis for laryngeal recovery was indicated when the highest evoked CMAP was higher than 26. 4%, correct prognostic rate was 90% (53/59). On the basis of the criterion that a positive prognosis for laryngeal recovery was indicated when there was no misdirect generated potential and the highest evoked CMAP was higher than 26.4%, correct prognostic rate was 93% (55/59). When the interval from onset to laryngeal EMG recovering was longer than 6 months, none of these patients had return of vocal cord mobility whatever were the outcomes of laryngeal EMG. CONCLUSIONS: Correct prognostic rate can be improved if the prognosis of VCP in different courses is judged respectively by analyzing comprehensively spontaneous and evoked EMG.