人胰岛素样生长因子—1在大肠杆菌中的表达

为获得大量的人胰岛素样生长因子-1（human Insulin-like Growth Factor-1,hIGF-1)产品,构建了hIGF-1原核表达系统。设计引物,引入Nde I和Hind Ⅲ酶切位点,以人工合成构建的pUCIGF质粒为模板,CR扩增hIGF-1基因。酶切后,克隆于原核表达载体pRSET B中,构建pRSET-IGF重组质粒,转化入肠杆菌BL21（DE3）进行表达。带有重组质粒pRSET-IGF的大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）经IPTG诱导表达后,SDS-PAGE分析表明：可表达出相对分子质量78000的蛋白,重组蛋白以非融合、可溶性形式表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白量的10%～20%,Western印记表明重组蛋白具有hIGF-1的抗原活性。构建的pRSET-IGF重组质粒成功地在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中高效可溶性表达,为获得大量基因工程产品奠定了基础。     

人胰岛素样生长因子-l的原核表达和纯化

目的构建高表达、易纯化的人胰岛素样生长因子-1(hIGF-1)工程菌。方法采用pET32a(+)质粒构建带羟胺裂解部位的表达载体,转入大肠杆菌DH5α进行诱导表达。表达产物经镍离子-亲和柱色谱分离后进行羟胺裂解。裂解产物纯化后用MALDI-TOF-MS法测定相对分子质量(Mr)。结果重组质粒序列完全正确。工程菌可表达预计Mr的融合蛋白,经Western blot证实有hIGF-1抗原活性。经镍离子-亲和柱色谱分离、羟胺裂解后得到的肽的Mr为7 640,和理论值相符。结论成功构建了表达hIGF-1的工程菌,为开发hIGF-1奠定了基础。     

GP73 融合蛋白原核表达及纯化

目的：原核表达并纯化高尔基体糖蛋白-73（GolgiProtein73,GP73）。方法以人肝癌细胞系HepG2总RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增GP73基因,克隆至原核表达载体pET-21a（＋）-TRX中,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,IPTG诱导表达。His-tag磁珠纯化重组蛋白GP73,SDS-PAGE鉴定。结果克隆目的基因的序列正确,未发生碱基突变;重组表达质粒pET21a（＋）-TRX-GP73经双酶切鉴定构建正确;表达的重组蛋白相对分子量为80 kD,与预期相符。结论本实验成功在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中表达并纯化了GP73重组蛋白,为后续研究奠定了基础。     

葡萄球菌蛋白A抗体结合区基因的克隆、表达和纯化

目的构建表达金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(SPA)抗体结合区基因SPA-ZZ的pET-32a-ZZ表达载体,在大肠杆菌BL21中进行高效表达并初步纯化。方法用PCR从pEZZ18中克隆SPA抗体结合区基因ZZ,构建重组表达质粒pET32-ZZ,经酶切和测序确认,将阳性重组质粒转化BL21感受态细菌,IPTG诱导表达,表达产物进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测(SDS-PAGE),并用Q-Sephrose Fast Flow柱进行初步纯化。结果得到了高效表达SPA-ZZ的pET32-ZZ表达载体,表达产物经SDS-PAGE检测相对分子质量为41 000,初步纯化后可得到较纯的表达蛋白。结论SPA抗体结合区蛋白ZZ能在大肠杆菌中高效表达,为SPA-ZZ的应用奠定了一定的基础。     

海蛇丝氨酸蛋白酶Harobin的原核表达及其活性测定

本文利用原核系统表达海蛇丝氨酸蛋白酶Harobin,并纯化和鉴定其活性。首先PCR法从模板分别扩增SUMO以及Harobin基因,再重叠PCR方法获得SUMO-Harobin融合基因,经NdeI、BamHI双酶切后,连入pET3C质粒,构建pET3C-SUMO/Harobin重组质粒。重组质粒转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),IPTG诱导菌体表达,收集菌体分析发现大部分目的蛋白为包涵体。将获得的包涵体经尿素变性,用Ni-NTA亲和层析后,梯度透析复性融合蛋白。复性好的蛋白用Benzamidin Sepharose亲和层析纯化,得到高纯度的融合蛋白。进一步采用降解纤维蛋白原法测定融合蛋白活性。结果成功构建了pET3C-SUMO/Harobin重组载体,融合蛋白Harobin在原核系统中是以包涵体的形式存在。融合蛋白经过变性复性,并结合两步纯化法获得了90%纯度的融合蛋白;经过测定纤维蛋白原降解能力,显示融合蛋白具有降解纤维蛋白原的活性。     

重组人白介素21的原核表达与体外活性研究的优化

为了构建重组人白介素21(rhIL-21)原核稳定表达和体外活性检测系统,采用Overlap-PCR法合成目的基因;经双酶切整合至pET28,化学转化法转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)构建pET-28a-rhIL-21 BL21(DE3)原核表达系统;胞内表达的包涵体经镍亲和层析色谱柱纯化后,尿素缓冲液梯度透析复性,最终溶于PBS缓冲液;双抗体夹心法ELISA、Western blotting检测复性蛋白的生物活性;细胞增殖抑制试验(MTT法)研究rhIL-21对Jurkat细胞株和HuT102细胞株的作用。实验成功建立了rhIL-21表达纯化与活性评价体系,为进一步研究IL-21的促免疫性疾病发展和抗肿瘤活性奠定了基础。     

钴金属螯合亲和层析在hIGF-1融合蛋白分离纯化中的应用

为探讨钴金属螯合亲和层析应用于分离纯化制备人胰岛素样生长因子-1(hIGF-1)的可行性与纯化条件,以重组工程菌E.coli DH5α/pET32a(IGF-1)为对象,使用钴亲和层析技术分离纯化其表达产物并与镍亲和层析比较,在此基础上尝试应用钴亲和层析分离纯化制备较大量的hIGF-1融合蛋白。结果显示,钴亲和层析在分离纯化hIGF-1融合蛋白时表现出更好的可操作性与纯化效果,线性放大条件后分离纯化效果稳定,制备hIGF-1融合蛋白产物纯度约为95%,蛋白获得率约为10.78%。研究初步建立了切实可行的钴金属螯合亲和层析分离纯化制备hIGF-1融合蛋白的工艺。     

胞苷磷酸激酶基因的克隆与原核表达

目的:克隆胞苷磷酸激酶(CMPK)基因,构建携带CMPK基因的原核表达载体,诱导表达具有活性的重组CMPK融合蛋白,获得转基因工程菌.方法:利用PCR法扩增大肠杆菌基因组DNA,纯化的PCR产物链接至pMD18-T载体上,得到重组质粒pMD18-T-CMPK,转化E-coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,酶切鉴定;分别用BamH I和XhoI限制性内切酶双酶切重组质粒pMD18-TCMPK和pET28a(+)表达载体.连接后,转入E.coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,酶切鉴定.用终浓度1 mmol/L的IPTG诱导一定时间(3、6h)后,取E.coli上清液做电泳分析.结果:所获CMPK基因全长为786 bp,编码含有262个氨基酸的蛋白,当A值为0.6～0.8时重组质粒经IPTG诱导3h后,相对分子质量约30000处出现目的蛋白条带,随着时间的延长,蛋白表达量增加不明显.结论:成功地克隆CMPK基因,表达了大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)重组CMPK融合蛋白,为胞苷磷酸激酶进一步开发和应用奠定基础.     

超抗原VEGF-SEA融合基因的克隆与表达

目的:构建血管内皮生长因子-葡萄球菌肠毒素A(VEGF-SEA)基因的原核表达质粒,获得VEGF-SEA融合蛋白。方法:制备VEGF-SEA基因片段,插入pET40b构建重组质粒pET40b-VEGF-SEA,经序列分析正确后转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),进行IPTG诱导表达蛋白。用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析表达蛋白的相对分子质量及表达形式,并对产物采用His·Bind Buffer kit试剂盒纯化。结果:获得VEGF-SEA基因片段长1130bp,经序列分析与预期完全一致,其表达出目的蛋白的大小约为66.2ku,以包涵体形式表达,经纯化,纯度达到90%以上。结论:表达载体pET40b-VEGF-SEA构建成功,VEGF-SEA融合蛋白获得高效表达,本实验为进一步研究VEGF-SEA蛋白的活性及其功能,探讨超抗原抑制肿瘤生长作用奠定了基础。     

重组TGF β1在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化

目的通过pET 43.1原核表达载体,表达重组人转化生长因子β1(human transform growth fac-tor,rhTGFβ1)。方法将人工整合了肠激酶作用位点的TGFβ1,插入到含有NusA蛋白的融合表达载体pET 43.1中。重组质粒转化大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21(+)并用IPTG诱导表达。通过镍柱纯化重组蛋白,用Western blot杂交检测重组蛋白的免疫原性,用肠激酶酶切得到TGFβ1单体。结果 SDS-PAGE结果显示,相对分子质量约为70 000的融合蛋白大部分在上清中表达,目的融合蛋白量约占菌体总蛋白量的80%。取超声上清,通过His亲和色谱系统纯化目的融合蛋白,纯度质量分数为95%。肠激酶切割得到TGFβ1单体,经Western blot检测重组蛋白的免疫原性。结论人转化生长因子β1在大肠杆菌中实现了高效表达,获得了具有免疫原性的重组TGFβ1。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.