体感诱发电位在复杂动脉瘤血管架桥及重建术中的应用

目的探讨体感诱发电位（SEP）在复杂动脉瘤血管架桥及重建手术中的应用。方法回顾分析2002～2008年24例复杂动脉瘤病人进行动脉瘤血管架桥及重建手术,术中分别采用动脉瘤切除远近端血管吻合,动脉瘤孤立加大隐静脉高流量搭桥或颞浅动脉低流量搭桥等方式处理动脉瘤,实时进行体感诱发电位监测：胫后神经刺激,记录双侧皮层的SEP。将P40波幅下降一半作为脑缺血的预警信号,潜伏期延长3ms作为参考。结果4例行动脉瘤切除远近端血管吻合,16例行大隐静脉高流量血管搭桥术,4例行颞浅动脉低流量血管搭桥。监测结果：Ⅰ型无变化16例;Ⅱ型加重但逐渐恢复：波幅下降一半,但稳定且略有回升4例;Ⅲ型加重无恢复：波幅下降一半,且继续下降,升高血压也无明显改善3例;Ⅳ型波形扁平且无恢复1例;Ⅴ型波形消失0例。结论在复杂动脉瘤手术中,术中体感诱发电位的监测可以提示血流阻断后脑供血情况及功能区脑灌注状态。对颅内动脉瘤手术的安全性提供了一定的保障,减少了手术风险,是一种简便、安全有效的监测技术。     

颅内外血管重建用于颅内复杂动脉瘤的治疗(附11例分析)

目的探讨应用颅内外血管重建技术治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的技术要点。方法回顾性分析应用颅内外血管重建技术治疗11例颅内复杂动脉瘤的经验。行颈外动脉-大隐静脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术5例,颈外动脉-桡动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术3例,颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥手术2例,枕动脉-小脑后下动脉搭桥手术1例。搭桥手术后行动脉瘤孤立术5例,载瘤动脉近心端阻断术6例。结果术后血管造影或3D-CTA显示吻合血管通畅9例,急性闭塞1例,慢性闭塞1例;动脉瘤不显影10例,动脉瘤接受对侧椎动脉供血而需行进一步介入栓塞治疗1例。术后随访6～67个月,平均40.6个月;1例移植血管慢性闭塞病人在术后第50个月死亡,余10例病人临床表现不同程度改善,未发生再出血。结论颅内外血管重建结合载瘤动脉近心端阻断或动脉瘤孤立术是治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的有效方法。     

颅内外血管搭桥术治疗颅内巨大型动脉瘤

目的 报告采用动脉瘤夹闭联合颅内外血管搭桥术治疗6例颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者的临床经过,探讨手术适应证及治疗效果.方法 回顾分析6例颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者颅内外血管搭桥术前血流动力学状态、搭桥方式,以及临床和影像学转归.结果 6例患者中3例施行动脉瘤夹闭、切除(或载瘤动脉重建)联合颞浅动脉.大脑中动脉搭桥术,3例行动脉瘤夹闭、切除(或孤立)联合高流量搭桥术(颈外动脉.桡动脉,大隐静脉.大脑中动脉搭桥术).手术后平均随访17个月,近远期脑血管造影和CT血管造影检查显示,搭桥血管及吻合口血流通畅;临床症状与体征得到不同程度改善,随访期间无急性出血性或缺血性脑血管事件发生.3例行联合低流量搭桥术患者远期改良Rankin量表评分2例0分、1例2分;3例联合高流量搭桥术患者远期改良Rankin量表评分1例0分、2例1分.结论 对于脑血管重建术可能牺牲载瘤动脉或远端大脑中动脉血流的颅内复杂动脉瘤患者,可根据具体情况联合各种颅内外血管搭桥术使血流得到有效代偿.脑血管造影联合CT灌注成像对颅内巨大型动脉瘤远端组织灌注状态及侧支循环评价具有一定参考价值.     

颅内-外血管搭桥加孤立术治疗大脑中动脉复杂动脉瘤

目的探讨颅内-外血管搭桥加动脉瘤孤立术在大脑中动脉复杂动脉瘤治疗中的方法和效果。方法对6例大脑中动脉复杂动脉瘤患者采用颅内-外血管搭桥加动脉瘤孤立手术。术后复查脑血管造影和(或)超声评价搭桥是否通畅,并就相关临床资料进行分析。结果颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉搭桥4例中,吻合口通畅4例,运动性语言障碍加重1例。颈外动脉-大隐静脉移植-大脑中动脉搭桥2例,搭桥血管不通畅1例。随访2-17个月,恢复良好5例,生活自理1例。结论颅内-外血管搭桥加动脉瘤孤立术是治疗大脑中动脉复杂动脉瘤的可行方法。     

颅内复杂动脉瘤搭桥孤立术疗效观察

目的 探讨颅内外血管吻合或搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内巨大型复杂动脉瘤的术式选择及适应证.方法 回顾分析2008年2月-201 1年12月经脑血管造影术明确诊断的12例颅内巨大型动脉瘤患者术前评价方法 及手术治疗经过.结果 12例患者中颈内动脉系统巨大型动脉瘤6例(4例位于颈内动脉海绵窦段或床突段、2例位于颈内动脉交通段),大脑中动脉巨大型动脉瘤3例,后循环动脉瘤3例.其中7例术前MR灌注成像显示载瘤动脉远端组织存在明显缺血.选择行颞浅动脉.大脑中动脉低流量血管吻合术;5例载瘤动脉远端组织供血正常,且搭桥血管长度较长(≥15 cm)、术前球囊闭塞试验呈阴性、患侧压颈脑血管造影侧支循环充盈不良患者,行高流量颅内外血管搭桥术.11例术后神经功能缺损程度评价良好,改良Rankin量表评分0-3分;1例术后4分,3个月后改善至3分.结论 对于无法施行塑形夹闭术的颅内复杂巨大型动脉瘤患者,颅内外血管吻合或搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术是其可选择的最后方法 ;而MR或CT灌注成像观察载瘤动脉远端组织供血正常与否.是选择不同流量血管吻合或搭桥术的关键.枕动脉、颞浅动脉或桡动脉为常用搭桥血管.     

血管搭桥治疗颅内复杂性动脉瘤(附39例报告)

目的 探讨应用血管搭桥治疗颅内复杂性动脉瘤的疗效.方法 39例颅内复杂性动脉瘤患者中11例患者有动脉瘤破裂,Hunt-Hess分级分别为I级和Ⅱ级.28例未破裂动脉瘤以头痛、脑神经压迫和脑缺血发病.用大隐静脉移植搭桥10例,桡动脉移植搭桥13例,颞浅动脉搭桥10例,枕动脉搭桥6例.搭桥动脉与接受动脉的血管吻合:大脑中动脉24例,小脑后下动脉5例,大脑后动脉P2段4例,大脑前动脉A2远端2例,椎动脉V5段2例,颈内动脉1例,小脑前下动脉1例.移植血管与供血动脉的吻合:颈外动脉19例,大脑中动脉8例,大脑前动脉A2段2例,椎动脉V3段2例,颈内动脉C2段1例,后交通动脉1例.另外6例枕动脉搭桥,无近心端血管吻合.在搭桥血管完毕后,将动脉瘤近心端和远心端的供血动脉结扎或夹闭,行动脉瘤孤立术.对19例有压迫脑神经或颅内占位的高颅压的患者,将动脉瘤切除.结果 35例术后恢复良好,3例出院后需要照顾,1例术后9 d死于脑干梗死.35例术后脑血管造影检查,34例移植搭桥血管畅通,动脉瘤消失;1例吻合血管未通,但无神经功能缺失表现.结论 血管搭桥可作为治疗难治性颅内复杂动脉瘤的有效方法 .     

血管移植搭桥治疗巨大动脉瘤

目的探讨中、高流量血管搭桥方法对颅内巨大颅内动脉瘤的治疗。方法8例巨大和颅底复杂动脉瘤患者,主要表现头痛发病者5例,视力减退者2例,面部麻木者1例。未破裂动脉瘤6例,2例患者发生动脉瘤破裂,Hunt-Hess分级分别为Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级。血管造影证实：动脉瘤体位于颈内动脉海绵窦段（C4段）4例、床突上段（C1段）2例、大脑中动脉M2～M1段者2例动脉瘤大小为2．5～6．0cm,平均直径3．7cm。其中6例动脉瘤为梭形,2例为宽颈动脉瘤。8例患者均采用额颞开颅,骨瓣要尽可能低到颅底,以缩短搭桥移植血管在颅外走行长度。通常用7-0显微缝线吻合移植血管与颈外动脉,用8-0缝线吻合移植血管与颅内段颈内动脉和大脑中动脉。4例患者利用大隐静脉移植搭桥,4例患者利用桡动脉移植搭桥。颅内、外搭桥完毕后将动脉瘤近心端和远端的供血动脉结扎和夹闭,阻断动脉瘤的全部血供。对3例有压迫脑神经或颅内占位引起颅压高的患者,将动脉瘤切除。结果5例术后头痛消失,1例视力减退者明显改善,1例动眼神经麻痹恢复。5例术后行脑血管造影检查,3例行CT血管造影检查,7例搭桥吻合血管全部畅通,动脉瘤消失。2例术后出现暂时性一侧肢体力弱,肌力在Ⅱ～Ⅲ级之间,术后1个月完全恢复。结论中、高流量颅内外血管搭桥可作为治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤的有效方法。     

"双保险"颅内外血管搭桥术在巨大颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨巨大颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤治疗中,"双保险"颅内外血管搭桥术的适应证、手术技巧和疗效.方法 对5例巨大颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤采用"双保险"颅内外血管搭桥(颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉;颈外动脉-桡动脉-大脑中动脉)、颈内动脉阻断术治疗,分析其治疗效果.结果 术后血管造影显示,4例吻合血管通畅,1例颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合口狭窄.5例动脉瘤均不显影.随访3-24个月,临床症状均有好转,无动脉瘤复发或破裂.结论 "双保险"颅内外血管搭桥能有效防治术中、术后脑缺血,提高手术安全性,是治疗巨大颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤有效、安全的方法.     

颅内血管搭桥辅助治疗大脑中动脉远端梭形动脉瘤

目的探讨颅内大脑中动脉远端梭形动脉瘤的手术方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析4例大脑中动脉远端梭形动脉瘤病人的临床资料,其中多发1例,单发3例。巨大血栓性动脉瘤2例,动脉硬化性动脉瘤2例。均采用扩大翼点入路,取颞浅动脉作为移植血管,行动脉瘤远近端动脉和移植血管的端侧或端端吻合。吻合成功后行动脉瘤孤立或切除术。术中体感诱发电位监测以便及时发现术中脑缺血。结果动脉瘤切除2例,孤立2例。影像学复查显示无脑梗死,搭桥血管通畅。术后发生一过性口角抽搐1例,治疗后消失;双侧动眼神经麻痹1例,与手术牵拉有关。随访8～14个月,均恢复,无神经功能障碍。结论颅内动脉搭桥手术难度较大,术前精确评估动脉瘤及其周围血管的情况,制定合理的手术计划,可有效的治疗巨大难治性动脉瘤。     

颅内复杂动脉瘤的颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术远期疗效评价

目的 探讨颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术治疗颅内复杂动脉瘤的远期疗效.方法 采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)和日常生活活动能力(ADL)量表(Barthel指数),评价17例接受颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术患者术后临床症状和13常生活活动能力改善程度,以及日常工作能力恢复情况.结果 17例患者入院时平均mRS评分为1.06 ±0.87、ADL评分91.10±10.30,分别施行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉(8例)、颈外动脉-大隐静脉-大脑中动脉(5例)、颈外动脉-桡动脉-大脑中动脉(3例)和枕动脉-小脑后下动脉(1例)血管吻合或搭桥术,以及经翼点入路动脉瘤孤立术.共随访19～39个月,平均28.67个月,其中手术相关病残率为5.88%(1/17)、病死率5.88%(1/17),总体病死率11.76%(2/17);平均mRS评分1.07±1.16,ADL评分96.40±10.30.结论 对于难以通过手术直接夹闭或血管内栓塞治疗的复杂动脉瘤患者,采用颅内外血管吻合或搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术可获得较好的结局.     

Result of Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass Surgery in the Treatment of Complex Intracranial Aneurysms : Outcomes in 15 Cases

Objective

The standard treatment strategy of intracranial aneurysms includes either endovascular coiling or microsurgical clipping. In certain situations such as in giant or dissecting aneurysms, bypass surgery followed by proximal occlusion or trapping of parent artery is required.

Methods

The authors assessed the result of extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass surgery in the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms in one institute between 2003 and 2007 retrospectively to propose its role as treatment modality. The outcomes of 15 patients with complex aneurysms treated during the last 5 years were reviewed. Six male and 9 female patients, aged 14 to 76 years, presented with symptoms related to hemorrhage in 6 cases, transient ischemic attack (TIA) in 2 unruptured cases, and permanent infarction in one, and compressive symptoms in 3 cases. Aneurysms were mainly in the internal carotid artery (ICA) in 11 cases, middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 2, posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in one and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) in one case.

Results

The types of aneurysms were 8 cases of large to giant size aneurysms, 5 cases of ICA blood blister-like aneurysms, one dissecting aneurysm, and one pseudoaneurysm related to trauma. High-flow bypass surgery was done in 6 cases with radial artery graft (RAG) in five and saphenous vein graft (SVG) in one. Low-flow bypass was done in nine cases using superficial temporal artery (STA) in eight and occipital artery (OA) in one case. Parent artery occlusion was performed with clipping in 9 patients, with coiling in 4, and with balloon plus coil in 1. Direct aneurysm clip was done in one case. The follow up period ranged from 2 to 48 months (mean 15.0 months). There was no mortality case. The long-term clinical outcome measured by Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) showed good or excellent outcome in 13/15. The overall surgery related morbidity was 20% (3/15) including 2 emergency bypass surgeries due to unexpected parent artery occlusion during direct clipping procedure. The short-term postoperative bypass graft patency rates were 100% but the long-term bypass patency rates were 86.7% (13/15). Nonetheless, there was no bypass surgery related morbidity due to occlusion of the graft.

Conclusion

Revascularization technique is a pivotal armament in managing complex aneurysms and scrupulous prior planning is essential to successful outcomes.     

Surgical strategies using cerebral revascularization in complex middle cerebral artery aneurysms

Objectives

To describe surgical strategies using cerebral revascularization for complex middle cerebral artery aneurysms unsuitable to microsurgical clipping.

Materials and methods

In this study, the clinical features, case management, and results in 9 consecutive patients who underwent 10 cerebral revascularization procedures between January 1999 and April 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. The patient population consisted of 6 men and 3 women whose ages ranged from 15 to 71 years (mean, 42.4 years). The size of the aneurysms ranged from 12 to 35 mm (mean, 24.3 mm). Treated aneurysms were located in the M1 segment in 2 patients, the middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation in 3 patients, the distal M3 segment in 3 patients, and the anterior temporal artery (ATA; the early cortical branch of the M1 segment) in 1 patient. A total of 10 revascularizations were performed. Three aneurysms were saccular and six aneurysms were fusiform. For the fusiform aneurysms of the M1 segment in 2 patients, superficial temporal artery (STA) trunk–saphenous vein (SV)–MCA bypasses followed by trapping were performed. For the large saccular MCA bifurcation aneurysms in 3 patients, STA–MCA bypasses followed by complete neck clipping, including the revascularized branch with the preservation of the flow of the other branch, were performed in 2 cases, and a STA trunk–SV–MCA bypass secondary to direct neck clipping with the preservation of both M2 branches was performed in 1 case. For the fusiform distal MCA aneurysms, STA–MCA bypasses in 2 patients and in situ MCA–MCA bypasses in 2 patients were performed. In one case involving distal MCA fusiform aneurysm, STA–MCA bypass and MCA–MCA bypass were performed simultaneously. In a case involving fusiform ATA aneurysm, primary reanastomosis after aneurysm excision was performed in 1 patient.

Results

The post-operative 3-month Glasgow outcome scales were good recovery in 6 patients, severe disability in 1 patient, a vegetative state in 1 patient, and death in 1 patient. A follow-up angiography was performed in 6 patients and revealed a patent bypass in 5 patients. In one case treated by direct neck clipping secondary to cerebral revascularization, the angiography obtained 2 weeks later showed graft occlusion, but there were no neurologic symptoms. Among the unfavorable outcomes of 3 patients who did not undergo follow-up angiography, surgery-related morbidity secondary to cerebral infarction was due to the size discrepancy between the donor and recipient vessels in 1 patient with severe disability. In the other 2 patients, the preoperative conditions were Hunt and Hess grade V.

Conclusions

Cerebral revascularization is a safe and effective technique of treatment for selective cases of complex large or giant aneurysms and unclippable fusiform aneurysms in the MCA.     

颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分流术在颅内复杂动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨颞浅动脉（STA）-大脑中动脉（MCA）分流术在颅内复杂动脉瘤手术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析开颅夹闭术治疗的2例颅内复杂动脉瘤的临床资料。夹闭动脉瘤前,先行STA-MCA分流术。结果 1例破裂动脉瘤,DSA显示右侧颈内动脉后交通段巨大动脉瘤（责任动脉瘤）+左侧颈内动脉后交通段镜像动脉瘤,伴双侧胚胎型大脑后动脉,先行STA-MCA分流术,再行动脉瘤孤立术。1例未破裂动脉瘤,DSA显示MCA分叉部大型动脉瘤位,MCA M2段下干粗大,上干纤细,上干起始部均成为瘤颈的一部分,先行STA-MCA分流术,再行动脉瘤夹闭术。2例术后均无明显神经功能障碍,CTA示动脉瘤不显影、吻合口通畅,CTP显示脑灌注良好;术后6个月,改良Rankin量表评分0分1例,1分1例。结论 STA-MCA分流术能够延长安全临时阻断的时间,在动脉瘤孤立和载瘤动脉闭塞后提供保护性血流,在理想情况下双支STA分流术还可以提供高流量血流,替代复杂的桡动脉或大隐静脉分流术,简化手术操作。这项技术有利于提高颅内复杂动脉瘤的治愈率,降低手术并发症的发生率。     

颅内蛇形动脉瘤的外科治疗（附21例报告）

目的 探讨蛇形动脉瘤的手术治疗方法。方法 21例蛇形动脉瘤中,14例未破裂动脉瘤,主要症状为头痛4例、可逆性脑缺血发作3例、颈项强直和后组脑神经压迫5例、视野缺损1例、癫痫发作1例;有动脉瘤破裂的7例中,Hunt - Hess Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级6例、Ⅲ级1例。病程从20d至3.5年,平均7.3个月。动脉瘤位于大脑中动脉M1段6例,M2段近端4例;大脑前动脉A1段1例,A.2段近端1例;大脑后动脉P1段2例;基底动脉主干2例,椎动脉5例。动脉瘤直径0.3 ～2.5 em,平均1.2 cm。13例动脉瘤长3.0 cm以上,8例动脉瘤长5.O cm以上。桡动脉移植搭桥7例,颞浅动脉搭桥6例,枕动脉搭桥6例,大隐静脉移植搭桥2例。12例为颅内外动脉搭桥,供血动脉为颈外动脉5例,枕动脉4例,颌内动脉3例。接受动脉为大脑中动脉5例,小脑后下动脉3例,大脑后动脉P2段3例,小脑前下动脉1例。9例为动脉瘤近端与远端间的血管间插入移植搭桥,包括大脑中动脉M1与M2段间的插入移植搭桥3例,M1段间的搭桥2例,大脑前动脉A1远端与A2近端插入搭桥2例,椎动脉颅内与颅外端间搭桥2例。在搭桥外血管完毕后,11例行动脉瘤孤立术;7例行动脉瘤切除;3例仅将动脉瘤近心端阻断,保护穿通动脉开通,避免缺血发生。结果 20例术后恢复良好,包括头痛缓解,癫痫局部发作或大发作消失,肢体活动障碍的改善和视力的恢复。1例出院时需要照顾。术后脑血管造影检查,19例移植搭桥血管畅通,动脉瘤消失;1例吻合血管未通,但无神经功能缺失表现;1例颅内外搭桥后,术后第2天手术部位出现血肿,手术清除血肿,术后肢体肌力Ⅳ级。结论 对于单纯手术无法夹闭的蛇形动脉瘤,通过适当血管搭桥或插入性移植的方法可得到满意的效果。     

Saphenous vein graft bypass in the treatment of giant cavernous sinus aneurysms: report of two cases

Two cases of giant intracavernous aneurysms treated by high flow bypass with saphenous vein graft between the external carotid artery (ECA) and branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) are presented. Very often these aneurysms are unclippable because they are fusiform or have a large neck. Occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) is the treatment of choice in many cases. This procedure has however a high risk of brain infarction. Revascularization of the brain by extra-intracranial anastomosis between the superficial temporal artery (STA) and branches of the MCA is frequently performed. This procedure provides however a low flow bypass and brain infarction may occur. We report two cases of giant cavernous sinus aneurysms treated by high flow bypass and endovascular balloon occlusion of the ICA. Immediate high flow revascularization of MCA branches was achieved and the patients showed no ischemic events. Follow-up of 8 and 14 months after operation shows patency of the venous graft and no neurological deficits. Angiographic control examination showed complete aneurysm occlusion in both cases.