医疗器械的分类与编码

本文首先介绍了几个国家行业部门使用的医疗器械分类办法,接着提出了一种简单实用的医疗器械分类方法,帮助使用人员方便地进行医疗器械的三级分类,最后指出标准、统一的分类及编码,为医疗器械的规范化、标准化、信息化管理打下基础。     

A computer system for coding occupation

BACKGROUND: Occupation information is widely used in epidemiologic studies and is collected on most death certificates and many birth certificates in the United States. Coding the massive amount of occupation information collected has been a challenge. METHODS: A simple word-matching computer program to code occupation entries from vital records was developed. The accuracy of the program was evaluated by comparing its output to codes assigned by human coders. RESULTS: In routine use in the Washington State Department of Health (DOH), the computer system codes 96-97% of the occupation entries on birth and death records. It assigned the correct code on 89% (95% confidence interval (87%, 91%)) of the records it coded. CONCLUSIONS: The occupation-coding program is both efficient and accurate and can simplify the process of coding occupation entries from vital records. The system is adaptable and can be modified to use occupation classifications other than the one used by DOH.     

农业伤害定义的研究现况

作为一个重要的公共卫生问题,伤害日益引起了全球的关注。对于农业领域,由于每年会发生大量的农业生产引起的职业伤害,农业被称之为世界上最危险的职业之一。本文对全球关于农业伤害的定义进行综述,为商榷中国农业伤害定义提供背景材料与科学依据。     

医用耗材分类编码与统一高效的监管体系

目的:分析医用耗材分类编码存在的问题,提出从根本上解决分类代码问题、提升监管水平的办法.方法:对不同的医用耗材分类编码进行对比研究,对相关各方对分类编码的需求进行分析.结果:现有的医用耗材分类编码水平不高,效率低下,根本无法满足各方的监管需求.结论:必须统一医用耗材分类编码,以降低管理成本、加强医疗安全、构建统一高效的监管体系.     

医院就诊数据疾病诊断自动编码和分类统计工具的建立与评价

目的 建立ICD-10自动编码和分类统计软件工具,快速实现医院就诊数据疾病诊断的ICD-10编码和分类统计,并对其适用性进行客观评价。方法 采用模块化思想,使用精确匹配和正则匹配相结合的方式进行编码分析和分类统计;采用某三甲医院2015年12月份的就诊数据,以其原始ICD编码为标准进行适用性评价。结果 该软件具有数据导入、编码匹配、分类统计等业务功能,字典管理、模板管理、权限管理等管理功能;导入数据耗时38 s,完成ICD-10编码耗时456 s,完成统计报表耗时61 s;ICD编码初始成功率为83.3%,编码符合率为90.9%,分类统计结果准确率为100%。结论 本研究建立的疾病诊断自动编码分析工具简便、快速、准确、可行,为提高空气污染人群就诊影响等研究数据质量提供有效支持。     

中国膳食暴露评估数据库食物分类及编码研究

目的 对膳食调查及污染物监测数据进行分类和编码,为构建中国膳食暴露评估数据库奠定基础.方法 采用国际食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission,CAC)食品法典(CODEX)的食物分类与我国食物成分表食物分类原则相结合的方式,按照食物所属组别前2位英文字母代表该食物的种类或来源,后4位数字代表该食物在CAC食物分类系统中排列序号的方式,对我国1 810 703条膳食消费量和487 810条污染物监测数据进行分类和编码.凡在CAC食物编码中找到对应编码的,一律采用CAC编码,对CAC编码中没有的食物则按CAC编码原则新增编码.结果 我国膳食消费数据分为6个大类、19个种类、75个组别,污染物监测农产品对应499个编码;相比CAC编码系统新增F(糖果类小食品)与G(饮料)2个大类、4个种类、33个组别、302个编码.新增组别大多为罐头类、饮料类、糖果类、肉制品类等动植物类加工食物,新增食物类别和编码大多是具有中国特色的食物.结论 初步实现了中国食物分类和编码与CAC分类编码系统的接轨,为膳食暴露评估奠定了数据交流的基础.     

Fatal work related injuries in agricultural production and services to agriculture sectors of New Zealand, 1985-94

OBJECTIVES—To describe work related fatal injuries to agricultural workers in New Zealand to identify priority areas for further research and injury control measures.
METHODS—Injury deaths in New Zealanders aged 15-84 inclusive for the period 1985-94 were identified and the coroner's files for these obtained. These files were then reviewed to determine whether the death arose as a result of work activities. Those deaths considered to be work related were coded for information relating to decedent demographics and the circumstances of the fatal injury. Work related deaths from injury occurring in the agricultural production and services to agriculture sectors were analysed.
RESULTS—The rate of fatal injuries to male agricultural workers over the study period was 21.2/100 000, with injury deaths in the agricultural sectors accounting for nearly a quarter of all work related fatal injuries in New Zealand in that time. There was no significant decline in fatal injuries to agricultural workers in the study decade. Workers in the 65-84 age bracket were at substantially higher risk of fatal injury than other age groups. Machinery and motor vehicles were commonly associated with fatal injury, with overturns on or next to embankments and slopes being the most frequent scenario.
CONCLUSIONS—The results of this study highlight fatal injuries in older workers and machinery incidents (particularly tractors overturning) as priority areas for further research into contributing factors and injury control measures.


Keywords: agriculture; fatal injury     

Hearing loss as a risk factor for agricultural injuries

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggested that hearing impairment based on self-report might increase the risk of agricultural injuries. However, self-reported hearing measures may be subject to inaccuracy and subjective perception. We assessed the association of agricultural injuries with hearing loss and other hearing characteristics using measured hearing. METHODS: Study subjects were 150 farmers who participated in the Iowa Certified Safe Farm study. Injury information was collected by telephone interviews at 2-5 month intervals from September 1999 to October 2002. Hearing levels were measured annually using the pure tone audiometry from 1998 to 2002. Adjusted rate ratios of injuries were calculated using the multivariate Poisson regression model. RESULTS: Hearing loss in the better ear (RR = 1.62), hearing asymmetry (RR = 1.67), and fair/poor self-reported hearing (RR = 1.96) were significantly associated with the risk of agricultural injuries. It is notable that self-reported hearing might be a stronger predictor of injuries than pure tone audiometry (PTA). Exposure to noise elevated the risk of injuries in those farmers with hearing loss or hearing asymmetry. The occasional use of hearing protection was significantly associated with agricultural injuries. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds substantial evidence that hearing loss acts as a risk for agricultural injuries. Prevention of hearing loss and noise exposure may be important in reducing the burden of agricultural injuries.     

“创伤控制骨科”对严重多发伤救治的实施和护理

目的：探讨创伤控制骨科（DCO）对严重多发伤救治的实施和护理。方法：严重多发伤实施DCO的第一步：快速、暂时的外固定,控制致命的大出血,积极配合医生抢救患者生命。第二步救治后进入ICU监护治疗,针对患者出现的致死三联症采取相应的综合治疗护理措施。第三步骨折确定修复、重建。加强基础护理、指导功能锻炼。结果：24例严重多发伤除2例入院后死亡外,其余22例均治愈出院。结论：运用DCO概念对严重多发伤的救治和护理,能减少并发症,降低病死率,减轻护士救治过程中的护理难度。     

伤害统计分类和界定标准及其应用的探讨

目的 探讨在公共卫生领域中伤害的分类和界定标准及其方法与应用，为伤害预防与控制工作提供参考价值。方法 参考ICD-10损伤、中毒外因分类，结合研究实际情况和可操作性原则，划分不同的伤害种类或类型。设立伤害监测点实行伤害报告。结果 确定伤害事件性质类别3种，即有意图事件、无意图事件和意图不确定事件。界定伤害种类11种，即运输事故、跌落(倒)、机械性损伤、淹溺和沉没、中毒、环境和自然因素受害、烧烫伤和腐蚀伤、自害、加害、医疗手术并发症和其他伤害。伤害的统计和分类及其相关信息能便于ICD-10编码。伤害监测报告工作模式运行良好。结论 该伤害的统计分类和界定标准规范，在公共卫生领域中意义重大，并且在实践中可不断加以完善和修正。