雷帕霉素减轻氧糖剥夺对SH-SY5Y细胞的损伤

目的:观察雷帕霉素(Rapa)对氧糖剥夺(OGD)的人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞的影响,并探讨自噬在其中的作用。方法:SH-SY5Y细胞随机分为4组:正常对照组(常规培养,不进行OGD处理)、Rapa组、OGD组(无糖培养基、1%O_2的三气培养箱内孵育细胞12 h)和Rapa+OGD组。进行形态学观察;MTT法检测细胞活力;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率判断细胞损伤的程度;caspase-3活性检测试剂盒检测酶活性;原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测凋亡水平;Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白Bax和Bcl-2、自噬标志蛋白LC3B-Ⅱ及自噬调控蛋白beclin-1的表达。结果:与OGD组相比,Rapa+OGD组的细胞存活率明显升高(P0.05),LDH漏出率及caspase-3酶活性明显降低(P0.05)。TUNEL染色观察结果显示,与OGD组相比,Rapa+OGD组的细胞凋亡明显减少(P0.05);Western blot实验结果显示Rapa+OGD组的Bcl-2、beclin-1及LC3B-Ⅱ蛋白的表达水平显著高于OGD组(P0.05),而Bax蛋白水平明显低于OGD组(P0.05)。结论:Rapa对OGD损伤的SH-SY5Y细胞具有保护作用,其机制可能与上调beclin-1蛋白、激活自噬有关。     

c-Jun氨基末端激酶介导的细胞凋亡和自噬参与调控磷酸三钙磨损颗粒诱导的小鼠颅骨假体周围骨细胞死亡

目的 探讨c-Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）介导的细胞凋亡和自噬是否参与调控磷酸三钙（TCP）磨损颗粒诱导假体周围骨细胞死亡。 方法 取雄性ICR小鼠36只,随机分为3组：正常对照组（control,n=12）、TCP磨损颗粒组（模型组,n=12）和SP6000125组（n=12）。采用TCP磨损颗粒30 mg置于颅骨顶后缝合皮肤构建小鼠颅骨溶解模型,SP6000125组小鼠于术后第2天颅顶注射JNK通路特异性抑制剂SP600125（1.0 mg/kg）,每3日1次。持续干预2周后处死小鼠取颅骨。Calcein-AM探针标记和HE染色观察各组假体周围骨细胞形态和活性变化;通过酶消化法获取假体周围骨细胞,应用流式细胞术检测假体周围骨细胞凋亡情况;Western blotting法检测假体周围骨细胞中Bcl-2、Bax、磷酸化JNK（p-JNK）、Beclin-1和微管相关蛋白1轻链3（LC-3）等蛋白的表达变化。 结果 与control组比较,TCP组假体周围骨细胞活性明显降低,空骨陷窝比例显著增加,骨细胞凋亡明显（P<0.05）,JNK通路被活化,p-JNK蛋白表达明显上调（P<0.05）;自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1和LC-3表达显著上调,且LC-3I向LC-3II转换明显增加（P<0.05）;与TCP组比较,SP600125组假体周围骨细胞凋亡显著减少、自噬被明显抑制（P<0.05）。 结论 JNK介导的细胞凋亡和自噬参与调控TCP磨损颗粒诱导的假体周围骨细胞死亡,促进假体周围骨溶解。     

microRNA-25在脑缺血/再灌注损伤诱导的细胞凋亡过程中的作用

目的 在体外培养的SH-SY5Y细胞和IMR-32细胞中,观察microRNA-25（miR-25）对缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤诱导的细胞凋亡的作用及其可能机制。方法 在体外培养的人SH-SY5Y细胞和IMR-32细胞中,用氧葡萄糖剥夺/再恢复（OGDR）模拟脑缺血/再灌注损伤。合成miR-25过表达片段,并构建慢病毒载体质粒,用脂质体将载体质粒转导入细胞中。MTT法检测细胞活力、TUNEL法检测凋亡、RT-PCR、Real-time PCR和Western blotting分别检测目的基因mRNA和蛋白的表达情况。 结果 与正常培养组相比,OGDR组中细胞内miR-25表达下调,细胞活力明显下降,凋亡明显增多,同时Bax、Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达上调,Bcl-2 mRNA和蛋白表达下调（n=3,P<0.05）;而与OGDR组相比,过表达miR-25组内细胞活力明显升高,凋亡明显减少,同时Bax、Caspase-3 mRNA和蛋白表达下降Bcl-2 mRNA和蛋白表达升高（n=3,P<0.05）。结论 I/R损伤后miR-25表达上调可能通过Bax/Bcl-2-Caspase-3途径进而抑制I/R损伤诱导的凋亡,为I/R损伤的临床治疗提供潜在的治疗靶点。     

p38 MAPK- Pim-3通路可能介导预处理对抗心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤

目的： 研究MAPK通路在原癌基因Pim-3抗心肌急性缺氧复氧损伤中的作用。方法：采用原代培养新生大鼠的心肌细胞,随机分为4组：正常对照组（control）、缺氧复氧组(A/R)、缺氧预适应组(APC+A/R)、阻断剂组。在缺氧预处理前分别用终浓度为10 μmol/L SB203850(p38 MAPK阻断剂)、U0126（ERK1/2阻断剂）、SP600125（SAPK/JNK阻断剂）与细胞孵育30 min。实验结束后测定MAPKs通路中ERK1/2、JNK、p38 MAPK 磷酸化蛋白表达水平及Pim-3蛋白的表达水平,同时检测培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) 活性、四唑盐（MTT）比色试验测定细胞存活率、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果： SB203850、U0126、SP600125能分别取消由APC或A/R所诱导ERK1/2、JNK、p38 MAPK的磷酸化水平的升高;由APC所诱导的Pim-3表达的升高在p38 MAPK通路被阻断后明显下调(P<0.01),并且心肌细胞LDH值升高,细胞存活率则下降,心肌细胞的凋亡指数升高。结论： p38 MAPK的激活可上调原癌基因Pim-3的表达,从而可能对心肌细胞起到保护作用。     

SP600125, a new JNK inhibitor, protects dopaminergic neurons in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease

Increasing evidence suggests that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important kinase mediating neuronal apoptosis in Parkinson's disease (PD) model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In order to study roles of JNK activity in neuronal apoptosis in this model, we blocked JNK activity in vivo using a specific inhibitor of JNK, SP600125. Our data showed that MPTP-induced phospho-c-Jun of substantial nigral neurons, caused apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons, and decreased the dopamine level in striatal area. We found that inhibiting JNK with SP600125 reduced the levels of c-Jun phosphorylation, protected dopaminergic neurons from apoptosis, and partly restored the level of dopamine in MPTP-induced PD in C57BL/6N mice. These results indicate that JNK pathway is the major mediator of the neurotoxic effects of MPTP in vivo and inhibiting JNK activity may represent a new and effective strategy to treat PD.     

Silibinin inhibited autophagy and mitochondrial apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma by activating JNK/SAPK signaling

BackgroundPrevious investigation have indicated Silibinin induces apoptosis and JNK/SAPK in human pancreatic cancer cells. This study aims to evaluate the further mechanism of Silibinin in pancreatic cancer treatment.Materials and methodsHuman pancreatic cancer cell lines SW1990 was treated with Silibinin and/or JNK/SAPK inhibitor SP600125 followed by measurement of cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy, ROS and ATP, and western blotting.ResultsSilibinin promoted cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis. The expression of ROS and ATP associated with mitochondrial function was also promoted by the treatment of silibinin. Silibinin also promoted autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. All these biological effects of Silibinin can be reversed by JNK/SAPK inhibitor.ConclusionsThe biological effects regulated by Silibinin can be mediated by JNK/SAPK signaling. This provides a solid theoretical basis for the role of Silibinin in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.     

永久缺血缺氧对PC12细胞自噬的影响

目的建立缺血缺氧损伤细胞模型,探讨永久性缺血缺氧致神经细胞损伤机制及其对PC12细胞自噬的影响。方法采用经典的神经细胞模型PC12细胞作为研究对象,利用无糖的DMEM培养基和缺氧罐(95%N_2和5%CO_2)培养PC12细胞,模拟体内神经细胞缺血缺氧环境。细胞分为对照组(在正常条件下,使用完全培养基培养细胞)和糖氧剥夺(OGD)处理组(在缺氧条件下,使用OGD培养基培养细胞):0.5h(OGD+0.5h)、2h(OGD+2h)、6 h(OGD+6h)、12h(OGD+12h)和24h(OGD+24h)。利用MTT检测细胞存活率,通过流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,比色法检测细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放率,免疫荧光以及Western blotting法检测低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、环氧化酶-2(COX2)、微管相关蛋白轻链3(LC3)和Beclin-1的表达,透射电子显微术检测自噬体的超微结构,探讨不同永久性缺血缺氧时间对细胞损伤以及自噬的影响。结果与对照组相比,细胞存活率下降,呈OGD时间依赖性,且自OGD 6h显著下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);细胞凋亡率和坏死率持续增高,与OGD时间呈正相关,且自OGD 12h后显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);HIF-1α和COX2蛋白表达随OGD时间延长逐渐升高,OGD 12h后增高显著,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。OGD组被荧光标记的绿色的LC3蛋白相对于对照组,数量增多,绿色荧光增强。Beclin-1蛋白表达结果显示,Beclin-1的表达与OGD时间呈正相关,并由OGD6h开始明显增加,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论缺血缺氧能够诱导PC12细胞氧化应激及自噬激活。     

MiR-494-3p Upregulation Exacerbates Cerebral Ischemia Injury by Targeting Bhlhe40

PurposeCerebral ischemia is related to insufficient blood supply and is characterized by abnormal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis. Previous studies have revealed a key role for basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (Bhlhe40) in oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the roles of miR-494-3p in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.Materials and MethodsA mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO/R) model was established to mimic cerebral ischemia in vivo. Brain infarct area was assessed using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) operation was adopted to mimic neuronal injury in vitro. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The relationship between miR-494-3p and Bhlhe40 was validated by luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays.ResultsBhlhe40 expression was downregulated both in MCAO/R animal models and OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Bhlhe40 overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis and reduced ROS production in SH-SY5Y cells after OGD/R treatment. MiR-494-3p was verified to bind to Bhlhe40 and negatively regulate Bhlhe40 expression. Additionally, cell apoptosis and ROS production in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells were accelerated by miR-494-3p overexpression. Rescue experiments suggested that Bhlhe40 could reverse the effects of miR-494-3p overexpression on ROS production and cell apoptosis.ConclusionMiR-494-3p exacerbates brain injury and neuronal injury by regulating Bhlhe40 after I/R.     

Combination of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide and apigenin suppressed starvation-induced autophagy and promoted apoptosis in malignant neuroblastoma cells

Autophagy is a catabolic process for recycling of cellular contents in response to metabolic stress in malignant tumors. We explored efficacy of the synthetic retinoid N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) and the isoflavonoid apigenin (APG) in the serum-starved human malignant neuroblastoma cells. Combination of 0.5 μM 4-HPR and 50 μM APG synergistically decreased cell viability in the serum-starved neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y, SK-N-BE2, and IMR-32 cells. Acridine orange (AO) staining and LC3 II upregulation showed that serum-starvation for 12 and 24 h progressively increased the formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVO) and autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. Further, AO staining and flow cytometry showed blockage of formation of AVO and accumulation of auophagic population, respectively, following the treatment of the serum-starved SH-SY5Y cells with combination of 0.5 μM 4-HPR and 50 μM APG. Combination therapy downregulated autophagy inducing proteins such as Beclin 1, LC3 II, TLR-4, and Myd88 while upregulated autophagy inhibitory p-Akt/mTOR singaling pathway. Consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of autophagy could induce apoptosis, we noticed inhibition of autophagy and induction of apoptosis in the serum-starved SH-SY5Y cells with the suppression of the survival factor NF-κB, upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax, downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, activation of caspase-3, and degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) after combination therapy. Collectively, combination of 4-HPR and APG worked synergistically to suppress autophagy and promote apoptosis in human malignant neuroblastoma cells.     

13-MTD对氧反常诱导的SH-SY5Y神经细胞损伤的影响

目的:研究13-甲基十四烷酸(13-methyltetradecanoic acid,13-MTD)对SH-SY5Y神经细胞氧反常的保护作用。方法:采用体外细胞培养建立SH-SY5Y细胞氧糖剥夺/再复氧糖(OGD/R)模型,光镜观察细胞形态,SRB法检测细胞存活率,AO/EB双重染色法观察细胞凋亡,MTT法检测线粒体活性,Rhodamine-123染色流式细胞仪检测线粒体膜电位。结果:与正常对照组细胞相比,OGD/R模型组SH-SY5Y细胞出现明显病理损伤,细胞凋亡率显著增加(P0.01),线粒体活性、细胞存活率、线粒体膜电位均显著下降(P0.01);不同剂量的13-MTD可显著改善以上变化(P0.01),且存在剂量依赖关系。结论:13-MTD对OGD/R诱导的SH-SY5Y神经细胞损伤有保护作用,其可能对脑缺血再灌注损伤具有治疗作用。     

Is the autophagy a friend or foe in the silver nanoparticles associated radiotherapy for glioma？

Malignant glioma is the most common intracranial tumor with a dismal prognosis. The radiosensitizing effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on glioma both in vitro and in vivo had been demonstrated in the previous studies of our group. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Consistent with previous studies, a size and dose dependent antitumor effect and significant radiosensitivity enhancing effect of AgNPs were observed in our experiment system. We also found that cell protective autophagy could be induced by AgNPs and/or radiation, which was verified by the use of 3-MA. The mechanism through which had autophagy and the enhancement of radiosensitivity taken place was further investigated with inhibitors of ERK and JNK pathways. We demonstrated that ERK and JNK played pivotal roles in the radiosensitivity enhancement. Inhibiting ERK and JNK with U0126 and SP600125 respectively, we found that the autophagy level of the cells treated with AgNPs and radiation were attenuated. Moreover, SP600125 down-regulated the apoptosis rate of the co-treated cells significantly. Taken together, the present study would have important impact on biomedical applications of AgNPs and clinical treatment for glioma.     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对抗丙酮醛引起的心肌细胞损伤

 目的: 观察N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine,NAC)对抗丙酮醛诱导的H9c2心肌细胞损伤及相关机制。方法: 实验分为正常对照组、丙酮醛损伤组(不同浓度丙酮醛处理)、NAC+丙酮醛组(NAC与丙酮醛共处理)、SP600125预处理+丙酮醛组、NAC组和SP600125组。H9c2心肌细胞常规消化种板,经相应处理24 h后:应用CCK-8法检测心肌细胞的存活率;Western blot法检测H9c2心肌细胞内磷酸化和总的c-Jun氨基端激酶(p-JNK、t-JNK)表达水平;双氯荧光素(DCFH-DA)染色法检测心肌细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平;罗丹明123(Rh123)染色法检测细胞线粒体膜电位(MMP);Hoechst 33258染色法观察H9c2心肌细胞凋亡形态学变化。结果: 与对照组相比,不同浓度的丙酮醛均能够降低H9c2心肌细胞存活率,且呈剂量依赖性(P<0.01),NAC在一定浓度范围内(500~1500μmol/L)可对抗丙酮醛引起心肌细胞损伤(P<0.01),抑制丙酮醛引起细胞内ROS水平升高,对抗丙酮醛引起细胞内MMP降低,抑制丙酮醛诱导细胞内JNK蛋白的磷酸化(P<0.01)。与NAC的细胞保护作用类似,选择性JNK抑制剂SP600125也可抑制丙酮醛诱导的细胞损伤,包括减轻氧化应激、改善线粒体膜电位及抑制细胞凋亡。结论: N-乙酰半胱氨酸能够保护H9c2心肌细胞对抗丙酮醛引起的损伤,其机制可能与其降低细胞内ROS水平、改善MMP、抑制JNK磷酸化和抗凋亡有关。     

H_2S抑制高浓度ATP诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡与P2X_7受体的相关性研究

目的:研究H_2S对高浓度ATP诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡的保护作用和可能的机制。方法:人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞、HEK 293和HEK 293-hP2X_7R细胞,分为对照组,Na HS组,KN-62组,ATP组,ATP+Na HS组和ATP+KN-62组。倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,Hoechst 33258核染色分析细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Western Blot和RT-PCR法分别检测Caspase-3、Bcl-2在蛋白和mRNA水平的表达。结果:与对照组比较,6 mmol/L ATP处理3 h后SH-SY5Y细胞损伤明显,活力降低至62.7%±3.8%(P0.01),而凋亡率升高至30.75%±5.1%(P0.01)。与ATP组比较,用200μmol/L Na HS和500 nmol/L KN-62预处理30 min,SH-SY5Y细胞活力分别升高至90.1%±3.8%和84.6%±3.1%(P0.05),凋亡率则分别降低至14.73%±3.4%和18.32%±3.1%(P0.01)。ATP组SH-SY5Y细胞内Caspase-3表达上调,Bcl-2表达下调,但Na HS和KN-62可抑制Caspase-3表达,促进Bcl-2表达。与对照组和HEK293细胞比较,用2 mmol/L ATP分别处理HEK 293、HEK 293-h P2X7R细胞3 h,可见HEK 293-h P2X7R细胞内Caspase-3表达上调(P0.01)。与ATP组比较,200μmol/L Na HS预处理30 min,HEK 293-h P2X7R细胞内Caspase-3表达明显下调(P0.01)。HEK 293细胞Caspase-3表达在各组无差异(P0.05)。结论:H2S对高浓度ATP诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡具有抑制作用,且呈浓度依赖性,其作用机制可能与P2X7R相关。     

二氢青蒿素通过抑制SIRT1的表达而增强5-氟尿嘧啶对胃癌的抗肿瘤活性

目的:探讨二氢青蒿素对5-氟尿嘧啶治疗胃癌的辅助作用并研究其机制。方法:实验分为对照组、二氢青蒿素组、5-氟尿嘧啶组、5-氟尿嘧啶联合二氢青蒿素组和5-氟尿嘧啶+二氢青蒿素+SIRT1质粒组。MTT法检测胃癌细胞系BGC-823在5-氟尿嘧啶联合二氢青蒿素处理下的细胞活力。Western blot实验检测5-氟尿嘧啶联合二氢青蒿素对BGC-823细胞SIRT1和NADPH氧化酶表达水平,caspase-9和caspase-3活化水平及凋亡信号调节激酶1(ASK1)和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)蛋白磷酸化水平的影响。流式细胞术检测BGC-823细胞在5-氟尿嘧啶和二氢青蒿素联合处理下的活性氧簇(ROS)生成水平和细胞凋亡率。结果:二氢青蒿素处理能显著抑制BGC-823细胞SIRT1的表达并增加NADPH氧化酶的蛋白水平,明显提高BGC-823细胞对5-氟尿嘧啶的敏感性,降低5-氟尿嘧啶的半数抑制浓度;转染SIRT1表达质粒后,二氢青蒿素联合5-氟尿嘧啶对BGC-823细胞的杀伤活性受到显著抑制(P0.05)。二氢青蒿素能明显促进5-氟尿嘧啶对BGC-823细胞生成ROS的诱导效应和ASK1及JNK的磷酸化(P0.05)。用ROS清除剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)或JNK特异性抑制剂SP600125处理后,二氢青蒿素联合5-氟尿嘧啶对BGC-823细胞的杀伤活性和caspase-9及caspase-3的活化均受到明显抑制(P0.05)。另外,NAC能显著抑制二氢青蒿素联合5-氟尿嘧啶对JNK磷酸化的促进作用,而SP600125却不能影响BGC-823细胞ROS的产生,表明JNK是ROS的下游分子。结论:二氢青蒿素联合5-氟尿嘧啶通过SIRT1/NADPH氧化酶/ROS/JNK通路诱导胃癌细胞发生caspase依赖的凋亡。     

胞外高浓度ATP诱导SH-SY5Y细胞的自噬和凋亡

 目的：观察胞外高浓度ATP损伤人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞的作用,探讨损伤中自噬和凋亡发生的规律和特点。方法：培养的SH-SY5Y细胞按照加入ATP的浓度和作用时间进行分组。CCK-8法检测细胞生存率,单丹磺酰戊二胺染色检测自噬空泡的变化,Hoechst 33258染色检测细胞凋亡,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率变化,蛋白质印迹法检测半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶3（caspase-3）及微管相关蛋白1轻链3-Ⅱ（microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅱ）的表达。结果：（1）与对照组相比,不同浓度（3、6、9、12、15 mmol/L）的ATP作用3 h均使SH-SY5Y细胞存活率明显降低,且呈剂量依赖性;不同作用时间（1、2、3、6 h）ATP（6 mmol/L）也可使SH-SY5Y细胞存活率明显降低,3 h达高峰,呈时间依赖性。（2）ATP作用1 h时SH-SY5Y细胞自噬空泡显著增多（P<005）,随时间延长,6 h时降到对照水平;ATP作用1 h时,LC3-Ⅱ表达显著增强（P<005）,形成高峰,与自噬空泡增多的时点重合,2 h、3 h时LC3-Ⅱ表达水平逐渐减弱,6 h时降到对照水平。（3）与对照组相比,ATP作用3 h后细胞凋亡率达高峰（P<005）,6 h时仍然保持在3 h的水平;cleaved caspase-3表达量同步增强（P<005）,6 h时达高峰。结论：胞外高浓度ATP能够诱导SH-SY5Y细胞自噬和凋亡;自噬增强在前,凋亡高潮在后;随着ATP作用时间的延长,凋亡占主导地位。     

Heat shock protein 72 enhances autophagy as a protective mechanism in lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis in rats

Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis causes the denudation of mesothelial cells and, ultimately, membrane integrity alterations and peritoneal dysfunction. Because heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) confers protection against apoptosis and because autophagy mediates survival in response to cellular stresses, we examined whether autophagy contributes to HSP72-mediated cytoprotection in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced peritonitis. Exposure of cultured peritoneal mesothelial cells to LPS resulted first in autophagy and later, apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine or Beclin-1 small-interfering RNA sensitized cells to apoptosis and abolished the antiapoptotic effect of HSP72, suggesting that autophagy activation acts as a prosurvival mechanism. Overexpression of HSP72 augmented autophagy through c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and Beclin-1 up-regulation. Suppression of JNK activity reversed HSP72-mediated Beclin-1 up-regulation and autophagy, indicating that HSP72-mediated autophagy is JNK dependent. In a rat model of LPS-associated peritonitis, autophagy occurred before apoptosis in peritoneum. Up-regulation of HSP72 by geranylgeranylacetone increased autophagy, inhibited apoptosis, and attenuated peritoneal injury, and these effects were blunted by down-regulation of HSP72 with quercetin. Additionally, blocking autophagy by chloroquine promoted apoptosis and aggravated LPS-associated peritoneal dysfunction. Thus, HSP72 protects peritoneum from LPS-induced mesothelial cells injury, at least in part by enhancing JNK activation-dependent autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis. These findings imply that HSP72 induction might be a potential therapy for peritonitis.     

人参皂苷Re对人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞缺氧复氧损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨人参皂苷Re 对人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y 细胞缺氧复氧损伤的保护作用。 方法：采用缺氧复 氧法制备SH-SY5Y 细胞损伤模型,分为对照组、模型组、Re 6.25 μg/mL 组和Re 12.50 μg/mL 组。采用MTT 法测定细胞存活率,四甲基罗丹明甲酯（TMRM）染色评估细胞线粒体膜电位变化,DAPI 染色观察细胞凋亡 率,并进一步采用免疫印迹检测各组细胞核因子NF-E2 相关因子2（Nrf-2）、Bax 和p53 的蛋白表达。 结果：人 参皂苷Re 对SH-SY5Y 细胞活力无显著影响;缺氧复氧条件下,细胞存活率显著降低,而人参皂苷Re 在6.25、 12.50 μg/mL 浓度下预保护可显著提高细胞存活率。缺氧复氧损伤后,人参皂苷Re 6.25、12.50 μg/mL 能显著提 高SH-SY5Y 细胞的线粒体膜电位水平和抑制SH-SY5Y 细胞的凋亡率。人参皂苷Re 能够提高Nrf-2 的蛋白表达, 抑制Bax 和p53 蛋白的表达。结论：人参皂苷Re 可以抑制缺氧复氧损伤细胞的凋亡和氧化损伤,对缺氧复氧诱导 的神经细胞具有显著的保护作用。     

PSMA对JNK/SAPK通路的激活及对前列腺癌细胞凋亡的调控*

 目的：探讨前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)是否通过c-Jun氨基末端激酶/应激激活的蛋白激酶(JNK/SAPK)通路对前列腺癌细胞凋亡进行调控。方法：利用前期研究中建立的高效阻断PSMA表达的shRNA慢病毒载体,阻断前列腺癌细胞中PSMA的表达作为实验的干扰组;同时利用构建的PSMA载体转染前列腺癌细胞,促进前列腺癌细胞中PSMA的表达作为阳性实验组;不做任何处理的细胞株作为空白组;加入JNK/SAPK抑制剂SP600125作为阴性对照。Western blotting及免疫细胞化学方法观察各组细胞p-JNK/SAPK的表达量,CCK-8法检测细胞生长情况、流式细胞术检测细胞周期及凋亡。结果：Western blotting及细胞免疫化学提示抑制PSMA表达后,p-JNK/SAPK表达水平下降;增强PSMA表达后p-JNK/SAPK表达水平上升;在SP600125作用下,3组细胞p-JNK/SAPK均处于较低水平,且彼此无明显差异。CCK-8法和流式细胞术检测细胞周期提示PSMA表达受抑制后细胞增殖能力下降,细胞S期百分比减少;增加PSMA表达,细胞增殖能力增强,S期百分比增加;在SP600125作用下,3组细胞增殖和S期百分比均处于低水平,无明显差异。在抑制PSMA表达组中,前列腺癌细胞的凋亡率明显升高;而在增强PSMA表达组,细胞凋亡率明显降低;加入SP600125后,细胞凋亡率均低于常规培养组。结论：PSMA通过上调JNK/SAPK信号通路对前列腺癌细胞的增殖、细胞周期及凋亡产生影响,但JNK/SAPK并不是唯一通路。