颅脑损伤合并伤的诊治体会

目的 探讨基层医院对颅脑损伤合并伤的救治。方法 本院收治85例颅脑损伤合并伤,入院时GCS≤9分,颅脑手术治疗50例,去骨瓣减压血肿清除术33例,钻孔血肿清除术9例,颞肌下减压术5例,微创血肿清除术3例。其它包括气管切开、胸腔闭式引流、骨折切开复位内固定术、椎管减压、剖腹探查等。结果 死亡18例,存活67例（平均随访2昕）,其中重残12例,轻残18例,37例恢复满意。结论 对颅及损伤合并伤的救治,各科应通力合作,重点诊治危及生命的损伤,最大程度地降低死亡率及伤残率。     

Helmets,head injury and concussion in sport

Research on the mechanism of concussion in recent years has been focused on the mechanism of injury as well as strategies to minimize or reverse injury. Sports-related head injury research has led to the development of head protective gear that has evolved over the years. Headgears have been designed to protect athletes from skull fractures, subdural hemorrhages and concussions. Over the years, through experience of athletes and continued scientific research, improvements in helmet design have been made. Although these advances have decreased the number of catastrophic injuries throughout sports, the effects on concussions are promising, but largely unproven. In this review, we will discuss development of helmets and studies analyzing their level of protection for both concussion and head injury. This will help us understand what future developments are still needed to minimize the risk of concussion among athletes in various forms of sports.     

胰头癌的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨磁共振成像对胰头癌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析28例经手术病理及其它方法证实的胰头痛变的MRI表现。扫描序列包括SE序列T1WI、FSE序列T2WI、T1WI FS、T2WI FS、25例行MRCP,12例行增强扫描。结果：26例MRI诊断为胰头癌,23例诊断正确。2例为胰头炎性病变误诊为胰头癌。23例胰头癌T1WI、T2WI肿瘤信号呈多样性,T1WI FS肿瘤组织低于正常胰腺组织,MRCP呈“双管征”,胆总管下端呈截断征象。结论：应用MRI多序列成像结合MRCP、能够对胰头癌进行准确定位,并有较高的定性价值。     

Long-term outcome of knee and ankle injuries in elite football

To estimate the risk and evaluate the long-term outcome of knee and ankle injuries in former national team elite football, 69 players were randomly selected, followed by clinical and stress radiographic examinations. Thirty-nine players (49 knees) had had knee injuries and 29 ankle injuries (35 ankles). The median time from injury until study examination was 25 years. The knee injuries were tears of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in 24 cases combined with rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscus lesions in three. Meniscus lesions had occurred in 17 cases including three combined with ACL and MCL and another two with ACL ruptures. Isolated rupture of the ACL had occurred in four cases. The ankle lesions were in 26 of 35 cases ruptures of the lateral ligaments. In all, 12 players had completely stopped football and three had changed occupation. Signs of arthritis were present in 63% of the injured knees and in 33% of the injured ankles. The incidence of arthritis in the group of 17 uninjured players was 26% in the knee and 18% the ankle. In elite football players knee and ankle injuries seem to have a serious long-term outcome, but also uninjured players have a higher risk of developing arthritis than the normal population.     

Role of routine nonenhanced head computed tomography scan in excluding orbital,maxillary, or zygomatic fractures secondary to blunt head trauma

The purpose of this paper is to determine the necessity of a dedicated facial bone/orbital computed tomography (CT) scan for fracture surveillance in patients who have suffered blunt head trauma and whose routine nonenhanced head CT scan is negative. It is based on a retrospective review of 115 patients presenting to the Emergency Department at a level I trauma center after blunt head trauma. Included patients underwent both a nonenhanced head CT scan and a dedicated facial bone or orbit CT. Standard nonenhanced head CT protocol was followed for each patient as per department protocol. A positive head CT scan is defined to include either an air–fluid level within the paranasal sinuses or fracture of the maxillary, orbital, or zygomatic osseous structures. A negative scan demonstrates none of these findings. Intracranial/parenchymal pathology was not evaluated in this study. Sixty-five of the 115 patients had a negative head CT scan as defined above. Of these 65 patients, none subsequently had a positive facial bone or orbit CT scan. The sensitivity and negative predictive values of a negative routine nonenhanced head CT scan for fracture surveillance are both 100%. In the setting of blunt trauma, a negative nonenhanced head CT scan precludes the need for a dedicated facial bone or orbital CT scan in the evaluation for orbital, maxillary, or zygomatic fractures. This saves the patient unnecessary radiation exposure, health care costs, and time spent in the emergency radiology department.     

胸部穿透伤救治中常见失误及预防

目的 探讨和指出胸部穿透伤救治中的失误、难点,危险因素,并发症及防范措施。方法 回顾总结的胸部穿透伤３１８例,重点分析诊治错误和并发症。结果 胸腔伤的物理和Ｘ线漏误诊率为１１．１％（３５／３１６）,但致使误治率仅为４．１％（１３／３１６）,２４例心脏大血管损伤初期漏误诊５例。２８例膈肌损伤早期漏诊９例。２６７例次有腔闭式引流操作失误１１例次（４．１％）。发生需剖胸处理的并发症１７例。全组治愈３０８     

Musculoskeletal and head injuries in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC)

Objectives: Mixed martial arts (MMA) has witnessed a surge in popularity worldwide. This study explores the musculoskeletal and head injuries sustained in the professional fights of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), and establishes associations between injury profiles and impactful contributory factors.

Methods: The Nevada State Athletic Commission database was screened for ringside physician reports of UFC fights between January 2016 and July 2018. Information on the fighter’s gender, weight, injury, way of finish, and match result were collected. Injury rates were calculated and statistical analyses were conducted to determine significant associations among variables. P-values <0.05 were considered significant (95% CI).

Results: A total of 291 injuries were recorded in 285 fights from nine weight divisions. The overall injury rate was 51 per 100 athletic exposures (AE). Males predominantly partook in 249 matches (87%) and had higher injury rates (54 injuries per 100 AE) than females (30 injuries per 100 AE). Decision was the most common way a match ended. Knockouts (KOs) were significantly higher in males (36%) than in females (14%, P = 0.0007). Submissions were significantly higher in females (36%) than in males (16%, P = 0.001). Head injuries (67%) were the most common injuries reported with a rate of 34 per 100 AE. Upper limb injuries were significantly higher in females (40%) than in males (14%, P = 0.0003). Lower limb injuries were significantly higher in males (19%) than in females (5%, P = 0.01). Head injuries were significantly associated with KOs (P < 0.0001). Upper limb injuries (P = 0.032) and lower limb injuries (P = 0.034) were significantly associated with matches that ended with Decision. Trend-line analyses showed that as weight division increases, overall injury rates, head injuries, lower limb injuries, and KOs’ frequency increase, whereas upper limb injuries, Submission frequency, and Decision frequency decrease.

Conclusion: MMA has a high injury rate. Gender, way of finish, and weight play an important role in predicting fight outcomes and injury profiles. Injury prevention policies must be entertained to limit injury risk in MMA.     

严重创伤后凝血功能检查的研究和应用进展

凝血机制障碍是妨碍严重创伤病人出血无法控制和死亡的重要原因。凝血机制受多方面因素调节,对于严重创伤病人,因为存在低血容量、低体温和代谢性酸中毒,常规的实验室检查往往存在各自的局限性。正确认识凝血功能检查的临床意义,综合分析可能影响凝血指标的相关因素,是合理治疗创伤病人的基础。     

外伤性胰腺损伤的诊治进展

外伤性胰腺损伤的诊断主要依据淀粉酶的测定,B超、CT、内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)、磁共振胆胰成像(MRCP)和腹腔镜等检查,各有其特点及应用价值。根据胰腺损伤的具体情况,选择合理术式,充分有效的引流对治疗效果至关重要。而主胰管断裂的识别和定位也是治疗成功的关键。本文对外伤性胰腺损伤的诊治进展作一综述。     

脑脊液肿瘤细胞学检查在视网膜母细胞瘤诊疗中的价值

 目的 探讨脑脊液(cerebrospinal fluid,CSF)肿瘤细胞学检查在视网膜母细胞瘤(retinoblastoma,RB)诊疗中的价值。方法 回顾性分析2010-05至2014-06武警总医院儿科经临床确诊且资料完整的RB患者125例的CSF细胞形态学检查(cytomorphology,CM)和免疫流式细胞术(flowcytometry,FC)结果,并与其临床转归进行对比分析,以总结CSF肿瘤细胞学检查在RB患者诊治中的价值。结果 125例视网膜母细胞瘤患者中,治疗前首次CSF中发现肿瘤细胞的是24例。首次CSF检查发现肿瘤细胞的患者比未发现肿瘤细胞的患者平均生存时间明显缩短(6.4个月 vs 16.0个月,P＜0.05),且病死率明显升高(P＜0.05);治疗前影像学证实转移的患者比仅CSF发现肿瘤细胞的患者平均生存时间明显缩短(3.3个月 vs 8.6个月,P=0.021),但病死率差异无统计学意义(100% vs 81%,P=0.19);脑脊液FC比CM检测敏感性好(P＜0.001)。结论 RB易发生颅内转移且危及患者生命,CSF的肿瘤细胞学检查是早期发现中枢神经系统转移的重要手段,联合应用CM与FC有效提高CSF中肿瘤细胞的检出率。针对CSF中发现肿瘤细胞的患者,应在全身系统化疗的基础上,增加鞘内化疗以降低这部分患者的病死率,延长生存时间。     

A review of concussion diagnosis and management in Australian professional sporting codes

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The recognition and management of concussion has become a major health concern across all sports. Despite recent attention, concussion assessment and return-to-play protocols appear to be highly variable between leading professional sporting bodies across Australia. Without readily available guidelines, players at all levels may be at risk of suboptimal management following in-game trauma. The purpose of this study was to explore the publicly available concussion guidelines of the major Australian sporting codes with an aim to identify potential opportunities to develop a national sporting consensus.

Methods: Internet sites of the major sporting organizations within Australia were accessed between June 2018 to July 2018. Sites were reviewed for information pertaining to an available concussion protocol or guidelines including; concussion definition, player education documentation, requirement of baseline testing, standard concussion diagnostic measures, use of sideline testing and removal from play guidelines, return-to-play, minimum return-to-play intervals and the implementation of external evaluation of potential concussion cases.

Results: Twelve sites were visited. There was consensus between many of the sporting organizations in terms of concussion definition, removal of play and sideline testing protocols. A step-wise return-to-play protocol was prevalent across most sports. A number of sporting sites however did not have readily available information.

Conclusions: There is notable room for the development of concussion guidelines in Australian sport. Researchers and sporting organizations need to continuously amend current protocols to ensure this reflects best evidence-based practice.     

Chemical shift imaging in the head and neck at 3T: initial results

Purpose

To determine the optimal method to correct air and tissue susceptibility differences in the head and neck to allow proton (¹H) chemical shift imaging (CSI) to be performed at 3T.

Materials and Methods

Shimming protocols (iterative, first‐order, and second‐order) and perfluorocarbon (PFC) pads were evaluated using water peak linewidth measurements obtained from single‐voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) on a head and neck phantom. After optimization of the technique, CSI was then tested on 14 patients with head and neck tumors.

Results

Second‐order shimming (water peak linewidth, 4.6 Hz) performed significantly (P < 0.001) better than first‐order (16.5 Hz) and iterative shimming (18 Hz) and the water peak linewidth was significantly reduced using PFC pads (P < 0.001). Using second‐order shimming and PFC pads, CSI was successful in 10 patients with nodal metastases (n = 8) and benign tumors (n = 2) and unsuccessful in four patients with primary tumors along the aerodigestive tract.

Conclusion

Proton CSI can be successfully performed in the head and neck using second‐order shimming and PFC pads to correct air and tissue susceptibility differences. CSI was more successfully performed on nodal metastases, while CSI for primary tumors along the aerodigestive tract remains a challenge. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:1248–1254. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

股骨头坏死CT与MRI诊断的临床分析

目的:观察股骨头坏死CT与MRI征象,探讨其临床诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析我院2008年3月～2009年1月经临床病例证实的36例60个股骨头坏死的CT和MRI影像学资料,分析其诊断方法及临床价值。结果:Ⅰ～Ⅱ期共30个股骨头,CT检查16髋未见明显异常征象,14髋发现条带状和斑片状高密度硬化及局部囊变等征象。MRI检查均表现为不等的片状或线状高信号,并伴有少量关节腔内积液。Ⅲ期:17个股骨头,CT发现有16髋骨小梁缺失以及细小囊性变形成,而MRI发现17髋,表现为骨小梁缺失,部分呈长T1、T2信号。股骨头塌陷13例,CT发现12例,MRI发现13例。结论:MRI检查股骨头坏死,能提供其不同时期的影像特征,并可做出准确的判断,是临床检查股骨头坏死的一种较佳方法。     

Accuracy of high-resolution sonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of head and neck venous vascular malformations

AIMS: To evaluate whether modern ultrasound examination helps to establish the diagnosis of head and neck venous vascular malformations (VVMs) and whether it can delineate their full extent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sonographic appearances of 30 head and neck VVMs were assessed for: location, extent, internal architecture, presence of flow and phleboliths. These results were compared with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the same patients. RESULTS: The lesions showed well-defined margins (22 of 30, 73%), heterogeneous (30 of 30, 100%) and hypoechoic echo pattern (27 of 30, 90%), with sinusoidal spaces (28 of 30, 93%) and phleboliths (24 of 30, 80%) on grey-scale imaging, and flow signal on Doppler (28 of 30, 93%). For delineating the extent, ultrasound was comparable with MRI in 53% (16 of 30) and inferior to MRI in 47% (14 of 30). Ultrasound did not detect deeper extent, intra-osseous involvement and other clinically occult VVMs. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound with high-resolution transducers can confidently suggest the diagnosis of head and neck VVMs in up to 90% of cases, and delineate the full extent of some superficial lesions. The major disadvantage is its inability to evaluate intra-osseous involvement and the entire extent of large, deep-seated lesions.     

肝脏损伤的诊断治疗策略

肝脏损伤手术治疗有较高的并发症发生率和死亡率,其治疗策略在过去几十年发生了转变,非手术治疗越来越多地被接受。但对创伤超声重点评估法(FAST)评估腹腔积血并伴有血流动力学状态不稳定、有明显腹膜炎症状的患者需行急诊剖腹探查术。非手术治疗肝脏损伤分级在Ⅳ~Ⅴ级的患者有较高的并发症发生率,需及早地发现并相应处理。手术治疗严重肝脏损伤成功的关键在于合理选择手术方式和及时运用损害控制理念和策略。肝后静脉损伤的主要对策是全肝血流阻断或转流下肝切除或肝切开显露和修补肝后静脉;难以耐受此术式时,肝周填塞是明智的选择。     

Dynamic contrast enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for differential diagnosis in head and neck cancers

Purpose

To examine the potential of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for differential diagnosis of head and neck cancer.

Methods and materials

DCE-MRI was performed in 26 patients with untreated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 28 undifferentiated carcinoma (UD) and 8 lymphoma. DCE-MRI was analyzed with the pharmacokinetic model proposed by Tofts and Kermode to produce the three DCE parameters: k_trans, ve$v_e$ and vp$v_p$. Areas under the curve (AUC) at the initial 60 and 90 s (AUC60 and AUC90) were also recorded. Histogram analysis was conducted to obtain the mean, 25%, 50%, 75% and 95% percentile values and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the DCE parameters between the three groups of cancer.

Results

k_trans, AUC60 and AUC90 showed significant differences (p < 0.01) between UD/SCC and UD/lymphoma, but not between SCC/lymphoma. The mean AUC90 demonstrated the highest accuracy of 78% (sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 88%) for distinguishing UD and SCC, and the 75% percentile AUC90 provided the highest accuracy of 97% (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 88.5%) for distinguishing UD and lymphoma.

Conclusions

There are significant differences in the DCE parameters which show the potential for distinguishing UD from SCC or lymphoma.     

Positron emission tomographic imaging with<Superscript>11</Superscript>C-choline in differential diagnosis of head and neck tumors: comparison with<Superscript>18</Superscript>F-FDG PET

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical value of positron emission tomography (PET) with¹¹C-labeled choline (CHOL) for the differential diagnosis of malignant head and neck tumors from benign lesions as compared with¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET.Methods: We studied 45 patients (28 males, 17 females, age range, 29-84 years) with suspected lesions in the head and neck region using both CHOL and FDG PET within a 2-week period on each patient. All patients fasted for at least 6 hours for both the CHOL and FDG studies. PET imaging was performed 5 min and 50-60 min after intravenous injection of CHOL and FDG, respectively. After data acquisition, PET images were corrected for attenuation, and the reconstructed images were analyzed by visual interpretation. Then, the standardized uptake value (SUV) was calculated for semiquantitative evaluation of tumor tracer uptake. Finally the results of PET scans were compared with the histological diagnoses from surgical specimens or biopsies.Results: With CHOL PET, malignant tumors were correctly detected in 24 (96%) of 25 patients, and benign lesions in 14 (70%) of 20 patients with an accuracy of 84.4%. With FDG PET, malignancy was correctly diagnosed in 23 (92%) of 25 patients, and benign lesions in 13 (65%) of 20 patients resulting an accuracy of 80%. A significant positive correlation between CHOL and FDG SUVs was found for all lesions (r = 0.677, p = 0.004, n = 45). Malignant tumors showed significantly higher tracer accumulation than the benign lesions in both CHOL and FDG studies (5.69 ± 1.61, n = 25 vs. 2.98 ± 2.13, n = 20, p < 0.0001; 9.21 ± 4.23, n = 25 vs. 3.60 ± 2.57, n = 20, p < 0.0001). The cutoff SUV for differentiating malignant and benign lesions was 3.5 for CHOL and 3.9 for FDG. CHOL showed slightly better differentiation between malignant and benign lesions than FDG although some overlap existed on both studies. But the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that CHOL PET may be feasible clinically for head and neck tumor imaging. PET imaging with CHOL seems to be able to detect malignant head and neck tumors as effectively as FDG PET. The advantages of CHOL PET were shorter examination period and low uptake in the muscle. However, both CHOL and FDG have some limitations in the evaluation of salivary gland lesions.     

Patho-mechanical comparative morpho-characterization of contre-coup injuries of liver by cadaveric experimental simulation for medico-legal and forensic implications

BackgroundLiver is the most common organ to get injured in cases of blunt force trauma to the abdomen (BFTA). It is the 2nd commonest organ after brain to sustain injuries out of all the trauma related fatalities. However, the literature about contre-coup injuries to the liver due to BFTA is scarce in-spite of the high mortality rates seen out of injury to this particular organ.PurposeThe authors intended to systematize the characteristic morphogenesis of the contre-coup injuries of the liver on the basis of the patho-mechanics involved in various types of BFTA.MethodologyOne hundred and sixty three cases of BFTA were identified, and interpretation was attempted for the contre-coup rupture of the liver seen in twenty out of all the trauma related fatalities that presented for post-mortem examination during the study period. However, the mechanics of the pattern of the rupture injuries to the liver were indiscernible. This motivated the authors to conduct the comparative characterization of injuries to the liver by experimental simulation of BFTA after necessary permission via inflicting pre-calculated forces on unclaimed cadavers.ResultsThe patterns of contre-coup rupture/s of liver were established in all the twenty out of one sixty-three cases of BFTA. The rupture depicted patterns of injury in the situations of - 1) strong hits with a limited surface trauma, 2) very strong hits with a generalized surface trauma, 3) and collision with a solid surface resulting due to fall onto the side of the abdomen. The causative mechanism discerned was deformation of the liver, followed by its parenchymal rupture due to the shear and strain types of force/s consequent upon tissue compression. The minimum force and energy of impact required for the liver to rupture was estimated to be 2000 N and 141.5 J.ConclusionThis series of the simulation experiments revealed two variants of liver rupture in the contre-coup impact zone. The pattern of injury was maintained in cases, those studied at post-mortem examinations, but the relief ruptures were found to vary depending upon the overall mechanics of the traumatic forces involved in the simulation experiments performed on the cadavers. The anti-shock ruptures were formed during shock trauma, and shockproof ruptures were not seen in cases of underlying compressive forces. The morphogenetic characterization of the relief rupture surface of the liver was also delineated in relation to its surface orientation to the spine on the basis of the terms “large” and “very large” depicting the quantum of force/s delivered out of an impact or blow.     

Ocular pathology in shaken baby syndrome and other forms of infantile non-accidental head injury

Retinal and optic nerve sheath hemorrhages are an essential part of the various forms of inflicted neurotrauma in infants, especially in its most common variant, the shaken baby syndrome (SBS). Clinically, ophthalmologists play an important part for the diagnosis and further management of patients with SBS. For the forensic pathologist, a thorough understanding of the basic principles behind the morphological phenomena commonly encountered in the orbita is required. This review summarizes the present knowledge of ocular pathology in inflicted infantile neurotrauma, focusing strongly on SBS. Furthermore, a review of the most recent literature on the subject is given.     

A 1‐year prospective analysis of injuries in amateur and elite fistball

The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence and mechanisms of acute injuries in the sport of fistball. No scientific studies on injury characteristics have yet been conducted in this traditional sport game. The study was conducted prospectively over the course of 12 months. During a total of 40.308 h of sport‐specific exposure, 240 players reported 492 injuries, representing an overall injury rate of 12.2 injuries/1000 h of exposure. Most injuries were classified as bagatelle injuries (67.8%). The majority of the injuries were located in the knee (23.5%) followed by the elbow (11.9%) and the hip (11.5%). Ankle injuries resulted in the longest impairment from sports participation. The most common types of injury were abrasions (38.2%), contusions (21.1%), distortions (7.5%) and muscle strains (6.9%). Wrong or insufficient equipment (15.0%) was the most commonly mentioned causes of injury. The data indicate that the injury risk in fistball is rather high; however, the sport should not be considered a high‐risk sport because most of the injuries are slight and do not prevent the players from training or competition. Injury prevention strategies should include the development of fistball‐specific protective equipment with focus on the knee and elbow joint.