Using the prototype willingness model to predict doping in sport

To enable preventive measures to be designed, it is important to identify modifiable distal and proximal factors underlying doping behavior. This study investigated aspects of the prototype willingness model in relation to doping. A cross‐sectional study was conducted involving 729 competitive athletes. Following ethical approval, athletes (mean age = 28.8 ± 10.1 years; 63% male) completed an online questionnaire, which assessed doping‐related attitudes, norms, prototype perceptions, outcome expectancies, and behavioral willingness. Using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, 54.4% of the total variance in willingness to dope was explained. Specifically, past doping, attitudes, and favorability of performance enhancing substance user prototypes were the strongest unique predictors of willingness to dope. Athletes appeared most willing to dope if they were to suffer an injury, a dip in performance, or think others are doping and getting away with it. National‐level athletes displayed significantly greater willingness to dope (Kruskal‐Wallis γ² = 35.9, P < 0.001) and perceived themselves as significantly more similar to a doper (Kruskal‐Wallis γ² = 13.4, P = 0.004) than athletes competing at any other level. The findings highlight the importance of extending anti‐doping provision beyond elite‐level sport and the need to target athletes' doping‐related perceptions.     

军人核心素质A分量表的信效度检验

目的 考察军人核心素质A分量表的信度和效度.方法 对3 500名现役健康官兵采用军人核心索质A分量表进行测评,使用AMOS 7.0和SPSS 16.0软件对所得数据进行分析处理.结果 对各因子的结构进行验证性因素分析,根据修正指数删除各因子中交叉载荷较高的条目11个.正式量表包括7个因子,另加1个掩饰因子,21个素质要素,65个条目.验证性因素分析结果表明,量表的理论模型与实测数据拟合良好,总量表的拟合优度指数(GFI)、调整的拟合优度指数(AGFI)、规范拟合指数(NFI)、比较拟合指数(CFI)>0.90,近似误差均方根(RMSEA)<0.08,各素质要素的完全标准化因素载荷为0.393～0.791.各因子间的两两相关系数为0.333～0,881(P<0.01),各因子得分与总分的相关系数为0.566～0.881(P<0.01).项目分析结果表明,高低分组被试的各因子和总量表的得分差异显著.总量表的内部一致性系数(Cronbach'a系数)为0.936,各因子为0.601～0.803(P<0.01).结论 军人核心素质A分量表的信度和效度符合心理测量学要求,能够作为测量军人核心素质的有效工具.     

The development of doping use in high‐level cycling: From team‐organized doping to advances in the fight against doping

In 1998, the Festina scandal at the Tour de France provided the first proof of widespread doping in professional cycling. This doping scandal marked the end of team‐organized doping in professional cycling and ushered in a new period marked by the increasing implementation of anti‐doping measures. This article evaluates the impact of the anti‐doping rules and tests instituted since the Festina scandal. We adopt a psychosocial approach to analyze the organization of doping and the development of doping attitudes and practices in high‐level cycling. Sixteen cyclists were interviewed, of which eight were young, current cyclists and eight were former cyclists who became professionals before the Festina scandal. Our results show that although the fight against doping in the last decade has reduced doping use in high‐level cycling, anti‐doping measures have also had unexpected effects. The fight against doping in cycling is not over.     

6th vital sign app: Testing validity and reliability for measuring gait speed

BackgroundGait speed tests are useful predictors of different health outcomes in people. These tests can be administered by the convenience of one’s smartphone.Research QuestionIs the 6th Vital Sign app valid and reliable for measuring gait speed?MethodsThe study used a prospective test-retest design. Fifteen college subjects were asked to walk at their normal pace for 2 min. Each subject performed two trials. Speed was recorded by the 6th Vital Sign app, Brower timing gates, and by hand-measurement of distance walked divided by the 2 min. Criterion validity was assessed by paired t-tests, Cohen’s D effect sizes, and Pearson correlation tests. Inter-trial reliability within each device was assessed with Pearson correlation tests.ResultsSpeed measured by the app was significantly lower than speed measured by gates (p = 0.004) and by hand-measurement (p = 0.009). The difference between gates and hand-measurement was not significant (p = 0.684). The speed measured by gates and hand-measurement were very highly correlated (r = 0.974), but speed measured by app was only moderately correlated with gates (r = 0.370) and hand-measurement (r = 0.365). The inter-trial reliability was fairly high with correlations r = 0.916, 0.944, and 0.941 when speed was measured by the app, gates, and hand-measurement, respectively.SignificanceThe app tended to underestimate speed when compared to gate and hand-measurements. Therefore, we conclude that the 6^th Vital Sign app is not valid for use for clinical diagnosis or prognosis.     

Development of techniques for the detection of blood doping in sport

Increased performance after blood transfusion was first demonstrated 40 years ago, but the technique did not create attention until the early 1970s when it was dubbed 'blood doping' by the media. The procedure can increase both maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and performance in endurance sports. It was forbidden by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) after the 1984 Olympics, despite the fact that no methods had been devised for unequivocal detection. There are 2 types of blood transfusions: either from a matching donor (heterologous transfusion) or reinfusion of the subject's own blood (autologous transfusion). While the subject's haemoglobin normalise, blood can be stored in commercially available blood bags for 4 to 5 weeks in a 'blood bank' (+4 degrees C), or as frozen erythrocytes with a storage time up to several years. A blood doping procedure, independent of transfusion type, induces some pronounced physiological changes. A desired effect of blood doping is the increased total red blood cell mass leading to increments in haemoglobin, which after successfully induced blood doping is in the magnitude of at least 10%. In addition, storing of blood leads to a constant decline in RBC count due to the limited life span of the RBC (haemolysis). Thereby, serum iron and bilirubin levels will increase and reach maximal levels within the first day. Haemolysis is more accentuated after storing of blood in a blood bank than in the frozen state. The regulation of RBC formation is mediated through a negative feed-back mechanism via the glucoprotein hormone erythropoietin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Reporting doping in sport: National level athletes' perceptions of their role in doping prevention

This paper qualitatively explores national level athletes' willingness to report doping in sport. Following ethical approval, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine national level athletes from rugby league (n = 5) and track and field athletics (n = 4). Thematic analysis established the main themes within the data. Contextual differences existed around the role that athletes perceived they would play if they became aware of doping. Specifically, track and field athletes would adopt the role of a whistle‐blower and report individuals who were doping in their sport. In comparison, the rugby league players highlighted a moral dilemma. Despite disagreeing with their teammates' actions, the players would adhere to a code of silence and refrain from reporting doping. Taking these findings into account, prevention programs might focus on changing broader group and community norms around doping. In doing so, community members' receptivity to prevention messages may increase. Moreover, developing skills to intervene (e.g., speaking out against social norms that support doping behavior) or increasing awareness of reporting lines could enhance community responsibility for doping prevention. In sum, the findings highlight the need to consider the context of sport and emphasize that a one‐size‐fits‐all approach to anti‐doping is problematic.     

Nutritional supplement and doping use in sport: Possible underlying social cognitive processes

There is growing evidence suggesting that nutritional supplement (NS) use is strongly associated to doping use in elite and amateur sports. However, there is a paucity of research on the psychological processes that underlie this association. The present study investigated the cognitive and behavioral components of the association between NS use and doping among adolescent sub‐elite athletes. Six hundred and fifty adolescent athletes completed a questionnaire including measures of doping intentions, attitudes, norms, and beliefs about NS use. The results showed that NS users who did not report doping use had significantly stronger doping intentions and more positive attitudes and favorable beliefs toward doping use, as compared with athletes who did not use NS. In support of the “shared mental representations” hypothesis, the present findings show that NS use is associated with biased reasoning patterns in favor of doping use. This mechanism may explain why some NS users decide to engage in doping.     

Reexamination of validity and reliability of the CSA monitor in walking and running

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the CSA (model 7164) accelerometer (MTI) in a wide walking-running speed range in laboratory and field. METHOD: Twelve male subjects performed three treadmill walking/running sessions and one field trial with the same continuous protocol involving progressively increasing velocities at 5 min per interval from 3 to 6 km x h(-1) (walking) and 8 to 20 km x h(-1) (running). In the field trial, this protocol was terminated after 35 min (14 km.h(-1)), but the trial then extended with 5-km running at a freely chosen velocity. In both scenarios, two CSAs were mounted on each hip and the step frequency measured at each velocity. Oxygen uptake VO(2) x kg(-1) was measured on the last two treadmill sessions. Correlation analyses were performed for mean CSA output relationship with speed, VO(2) per kilogram, and step frequency. RESULTS: In all trials, CSA output rose linearly (R2 = 0.92, P < 0.001) with increasing speed until 9 km.h-1 but remained at approximately 10000 counts.min-1 during running, thus underestimating VO(2) per kilogram at speeds > 9 km x h(-1). Estimation errors increased with speed from 11% (P < 0.01) at 10 km x h(-1) to 48% (P < 0.001) at 16 km x h(-1), when assuming a linear relationship. Freely chosen velocities in the field trial ranged from 10.9 to 16.3 km.h-1. No difference in the CSA-speed relationship was observed between the two scenarios. Differences in CSA output between subjects could partially be attributed to differences in step frequency (R = -0.34 (P = 0.02) for walking and R = -0.63 (P < 0.001) for running). CONCLUSION: CSA output increases linearly with speed in the walking range but not in running, presumably due to relatively constant vertical acceleration in running. Between-subject reliability was related to step frequency because CSA data are filtered most at higher movement frequencies. Epidemiological CSA data should thus be interpreted with these limitations in mind.     

潜艇艇员心理健康风险评估量表的编制及信效度评价

目的 编制潜艇艇员心理健康风险评估量表,并评价其信、效度.方法 通过文献检索、访谈及开放式量表调查,编制潜艇艇员心理健康风险评估量表,以康奈尔医学指数(CMI)为效标对1838名潜艇艇员进行测试.结果 探索性因素分析表明,量表可分为环境适应、职业认可、人际关系、生活满意度、工作压力、健康忧虑、自我调控、安全感、成就感和约束感共10个因子.量表的内部一致性信度为0.942,10个因子的α系数为0.581～0.890;效标效度评价与CMI量表的MR总分、CIJ总分的效标相关系数(r)分别为0.447和0.507,各因子分与总分之间呈中高度相关(r=0.580～0.796,P<0.01).结论 量表具有良好的信、效度,能较好地评估潜艇艇员心理健康风险度,在潜艇部队心理健康管理工作中具有较好的应用价值.     

An evaluation of the predictive validity and reliability of ventilatory threshold

PURPOSE: To identify a valid and reliable method to determine 40-km time trial (40K) performance in a laboratory setting. METHODS: Part 1: Ventilatory threshold (VT) and 40K performance were determined on two occasions (February/September) using two subsets of cyclists (N = 15 each; VO(2max) 67.6 +/- 4.2/71.5 +/- 3.0 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) to determine the predictive validity of VT assessments. Variables of interest were power output at VT, peak power output (MaxVT(w)), and average power output during 40K (40K(avgwatts)). For VT determination we used: breakpoint of VE/VO2; breakpoint of VE/VCO2; V-slope; RER = 1; and RER = 0.95. In part 2, test-retest reliability of VT and MaxVT(w) were examined in 20 subjects (VO(2max) 64.8 +/- 8.0 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) on two occasions, separated by 48 h. RESULTS: Regression analyses between power outputs at VTs and 40K(avgwatts) showed significant predictive validity for (February/September): V-slope (r = 0.79/0.84; SEE 155/13.3W), VE/VO2 (r = 0.80/0.81; SEE 15.2/14.2W), RER0.95 (r = 0.73/0.58; SEE 17.4/21.2W), RER1 (r = 0.75/0.74; SEE 16.8/16.7W), and MaxVT(w) (r = 0.81/0.73; SEE 15.0/17.1W). Paired t-tests between power outputs at VTs and the 40K(avgwatts) indicated that mean power outputs at VE/O2 (261 +/- 29W; P = 0.33) and RER0.95 (274 +/- 55W; P = 0.93) in February and VE/VO2 (274 +/- 37W; P = 0.79) in September were not significantly different from the respective 40K(avgwatts) (277 +/- 30W/281 +/- 30W). Test-retest reliability analysis yielded the following intraclass correlation and relative test-retest errors: V-slope: 0.98, 2.6%; VE/VO2: 0.95, 5.3%; RER0.95: 0.87, 9.8%; RER1: 0.94, 5.7%; VE/VCO2: 0.87, 12.1%; MaxVT(w): 0.98, 2.6%. CONCLUSION: The high test-retest reliability and consistent ability to accurately predict athletes' 40K(avgwatts) across a competitive season indicated that VE/VO2 was superior to the other evaluated methods.     

The reliability and validity of the Q-angle: a systematic review

The quadriceps or Q-angle is an index of the vector for the combined pull of the extensor mechanisms and the patellar tendon. It is used as an indicator for patellofemoral joint dysfunction. The purpose of this article is to systematically review and appraise the literature to determine the reliability and validity of this test. An electronic database search was performed accessing AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, the Cochrane database, EMBASE, ovid Medline, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), PsycINFO, Pubmed and Zetoc to April 2008. All English language, human subject, clinical trials, assessing the inter- or intra-tester reliability, or the criterion validity, were included. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme appraisal tool was used to establish the methodological quality of each study. Ten articles including 569 control and 179 patellofemoral disorder knees were reviewed. The findings suggest that there is considerable disagreement on the reliability and validity of the clinical Q-angle measurement. This may be due to a lack of standardisation in the measurement procedure. Further study is advocated to re-evaluate this topic using well-designed, and sufficiently large observational studies of specific patellofemoral dysfunction populations.     

Examination of the validity and reliability of the accusport blood lactate analyser

Clough et al. (1997) reported that 95% of lactate values obtained using an Accusport analyser may be up to 2.6 mM below or 2.1 mM above YSI 2300 analyser values over the range 0-16 mM. This variability is substantial and unsuitable for research purposes, The objectives of this study were to re-examine the specific validity and reliability of an Accusport analyser and to develop a regression equation to improve the accuracy of Accusport measurements. Duplicate measurements of lactate concentration were made on both an Accusport (Boehringer Mannheim) and Analox LM3 Multi Channel analyser on 17 blood samples taken from two subjects performing a discontinuous incremental exercise protocol. Analysis of duplicate measurements revealed good test-retest reliability for Accusport (TEM 0.35 mM; SEM 0.24 mM; ICC r = 0.995) and Analox (TEM 0.07 mM; SEM 0.09 mM; ICC r = 0.999). The mean values for duplicate samples recorded on both the Accusport and Analox between the lactate range of 1-13 mM revealed an average difference between the two analysers of 1.7 mM (P< 0.01, range 1.0-2.9 mM) but values demonstrated a high level of association (ICC r = 0.853; P< 0.05). The level of agreement indicated that in 95% of cases the differences would lie between + 0.5 to + 3.0 mM with the Accusport values always higher than Analox. Linear regression analysis calculated the following equation to predict Analox values from Accusport values: Analox = -0.749 + 0.837Accusport (R2 = 0.990). The results showed the portable Accusport analyser to be reliable and it demonstrated good association with Analox LM3 lactate analyser measures. However, a need exists to develop specifically generated regressions from Accusport and Analox LM3 analyser measures to provide more accurate results when interpreting lactate values from Accusport measures taken in the field.     

The reliability and validity of the Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire

PURPOSE: This study assessed the test-retest reliability and validity of the Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire (APARQ) among 13- and 15-yr-old Australians. METHODS: Two studies were conducted using the same instrument. Self-reported participation in organized and nonorganized physical activity was summarized into four measures: a three-category measure of activity, a two-category measure, and estimated energy expenditure expressed as a continuous variable and as quintiles. The reliability study (N = 226) assessed strength of agreement for all measures between responses to two administrations of the questionnaire. The validity study (N = 2026) assessed the relationship between the APARQ and performance on the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT).RESULTS: Reliability study: for the three-category measure, percent agreement ranged 67-83% and weighted kappa ranged 0.33-0.71. For the two-category measure, percent agreement ranged 76-90% and kappa ranged 0.25-0.74. For energy expenditure expressed as a continuous variable, the intraclass correlations coefficients were generally greater than 0.6 for grade 10 students, but most were below 0.5 for grade 8 students. Validity study: for the three-category measure, mean laps were higher in the adequately and vigorously active categories than the inactive category for girls, but only the mean laps in the vigorously active and inactive categories were significantly different for boys. For the two-category measure, mean laps were higher in the active category than the inactive category for all groups. Correlations between energy expenditure and MFT laps were 0.15, 0.21, 0.14, and 0.39 for grade 8 boys, grade 8 girls, grade 10 boys, and grade 10 girls, respectively. CONCLUSION: The APARQ has acceptable to good reliability and acceptable validity, but further validation using other methods and in other population groups is required.     

The reliability and internal consistency of the motivation rating scale and the general trait rating scale

The Motivation Rating Scale (MRS) and General Trait Rating (GTRS) Scales have been proposed as methods for assessing personality traits of athletes. The scales are easily accessible and are proposed for use as coaching tools. A coach's form and athlete's form of each test was administered to 149 male and female varsity high school basketball players and their coaches in eight different states. Means and standard deviations for all variables as well as test-retest reliability coefficients, trait inter-correlations, correlations between test forms, and Alpha coefficients were calculated. Results suggest that each of the four scales was independent of the others, with the coach's form of the MRS showing reasonable reliability and reasonable internal consistency for selected traits. There is some indication that "trait generalization" among coaches may inflate the test-retest reliability of the coach's form of the MRS. No convincing evidence is presented to support the notion that any of the four scales measure the traits the scales are purported to measure.     

军人心理承受力量表的信度效度检验

目的研制中国军人心理承受力量表,检验量表的信度和效度。方法随机整群抽取健康男性官兵2611人,分为A组(n=1112)、B组(n=1499)。用自制《军人心理承受力量表》分别对两组进行测试。对A组数据进行探索性因素分析和相关分析;对B组数据进行验证性因素分析。结果经探索性因素分析和相关分析发现,总量表的Cronbach'α系数为0.833,各分量表为0.535～0.880。总量表分半信度系数为0.787,各分量表为0.339～0.611。总量表重测信度系数为0.401,各分量表为0.302～0.668。量表总分与各因子的相关系数为0.445～0.786(P<0.01),各因子之间的相关系数为0.110～0.679(P<0.01)。经验证性因素分析发现,数据与假设的5因子模型(意志力、家庭支持、自信、问题解决和人际交往)拟合程度较高,拟合指标的χ2值为1663.997,近似均方根差为0.054,残差均方根值为0.021,塔克-刘易斯指数、比较拟合指数、增值拟合指数、拟合优度指数分别0.921、0.931、0.931、0.922。结论自行编制的军人心理承受力量表具有良好的信度和效度,可在部队推广使用。     

Assessing the reliability and validity of forensic science – an industry perspective

ABSTRACT

Forensic science processes, whether human- or instrument-based, should exhibit valid, reliable and robust processes to be fit for purpose for the variety of intelligence, investigative and evidentiary applications that opinions may be provided for. Demonstration of the overarching validity of forensic science methods requires empirical evidence of the reliability, reproducibility and potential for error, while practitioners and laboratories should be able to provide evidence to support relevant competence, attention to scientific best practice and transparent and appropriate reporting. The Australian and international communities are collectively working towards gathering evidence towards demonstrable validity, with important progress being made in recent years. However, such efforts require substantial resourcing and coordination to continue or accelerate these critical endeavours.     

船员职业能力倾向测验的初步编制

目的为选拔安置船员编制“船员职业能力倾向测验”(简称SVAT)。方法依据相应的理论、借鉴相关的文献、工作分析等方法确定SVAT的结构及内容;经实测后,进行结构及内容优化,并做信度和效度检验。结果测验总体难度为0.603,试题的总区分度为0.441;各分量表间存在中度、低度相关(r=0.2110～0.431),各量表与总分的相关较高(r=0.803～0.927);按13个特质进行因素分析得5个特征值>1的因素为适应、承受、化解、支持、技能5因素。SVAT的α系数为0.889,分量表为0.806～0.863,间隔1个月SVAT的重测相关度r=0.864,各分量表r=0.801～0.830。被试的SVAT总分和所有分量表得分在高综合素质与低综合素质年青船员之间差异存在显著性,被试的SVAT总分及一些分量表得分在年青船员与专业船员之间差异也存在显著性,SVAT总分高的年青船员的工作业绩及实际能力优于SVAT总分低的年青船员。结论SVAT包含了船员基本职业能力倾向的测量内容,量表的结构合理,内部一致性及稳定性较好,达到了心理测量学的基本要求。     

Ratings of perceived exertion in braille: validity and reliability in production mode

OBJECTIVES: (a) To assess the validity and reliability of producing and reproducing a given exercise intensity during cycle ergometry using a braille version of Borg's standard 6-20 rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, and (b) to determine whether the exercise responses of blind participants, at a given produced RPE, were similar to those reported in recognised guidelines for sighted subjects. METHODS: Ten healthy registered blind volunteer participants (four women, six men; mean (SD) age 23.2 (9.0) years) performed an initial graded exercise cycle test to determine maximal heart rate (HRMAx) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX). Three trials of three exercise bouts at RPEs 9, 11, and 13 were then performed in random order on three separate days of the same week, with expired air and heart rate measured continuously. Each exercise bout was followed by 10 minutes of rest. The validity of the scale as a means of producing different exercise intensities was assessed using a two factor (RPE x trial) repeated measures analysis of variance. Intertrial reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the bias +/-95% limits of agreement (95%LoA) procedure. RESULTS: Participants reported no difficulty in using the braille RPE scale. When asked to produce exercise intensities equating to RPE 9, 11, and 13, they elicited mean %VO2MAX values of 47%, 53%, and 63% respectively. Analysis of variance showed no significant differences in either %HRMAx or %VO2MAX between trials at each of the three RPEs, but there was a significant difference (p<0.001) in both %HRMAx and %VO2MAX between the three RPE levels. All pairwise comparisons of the three different RPEs were significantly different (p<0.016). The ICC between the second and third trial for %HRMAx was significant (p <0.05) for all three RPEs. Similarly for %VO2MAX, the ICC was significant for RPE 9 and 11 but not 13. The 95%LoA decreased for both %HRMAx and %VO2MAX with each successive trial. CONCLUSIONS: Blind participants were successful in using a braille RPE scale to differentiate exercise intensity on a cycle ergometer. In every trial at RPE 13, all participants achieved %HRMAX and %VO2MAX levels, which fell within the recommendedrange for developing cardiorespiratory fitness. Using %HRMAx as a judge of intertrial reliability, the participants were able to repeat similar exercise intensities after two trials at each of the three RPEs (9, 11,13). The same was true for RPE 9 and 11, when %VO2MAX was used as a judge, but further trials were required to achieve similar reliability at RPE 13. A braille RPE scale can be used by healthy blind people during cycle ergometry, with similar effect to the visual analogue scale recommended for use in healthy sighted people.     

Translation, cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Turkish ASES questionnaire

Purpose

The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form (ASES) is a standard shoulder assessment form, which is comprised of objective and subjective sections and prepared by shoulder and elbow surgeons. The purpose of this study was to translate the subjective part of the ASES into Turkish and establish its cultural adaptiveness and validity.

Methods

The original version of the ASES was translated into Turkish in accordance with the stages recommended by Guillemin. Sixty-three patients (average age: 48.2 ± 13.4; range: 18–74 years) suffering from different shoulder complaints were included in the study. The ASES was completed twice at 3- to 7-day intervals for test–retest reliability. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to calculate the test–retest reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha was used for internal consistency. Patients were asked to complete the short form 36 (SF-36) and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for correlation. Validity was evaluated by external correlation of the ASES with the SPADI and SF-S6 questionnaire, which may also be defined as ‘construct validity’. The results were analysed using Pearson’s correlation test.

Results

The test–retest reliability of the ASES pain and function subscales and total ASES score were 0.95, 0.86 and 0.94, respectively. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total ASES was 0.88. The correlation between the total ASES and total SPADI score was ?0.82; the correlation coefficient between the ASES pain subscale and SPADI pain subscale was ?0.79 (p < 0.000); and the correlation between the ASES and SPADI function subscales were ?0.53 (p < 0.000). The highest correlation was between ASES and SF-36 bodily pain, as well as ASES and SF-36 mental health (r = 0.64, r = 0.56, p < 0.000), and the lowest correlations were between ASES and the SF-36 physical component score and between ASES and SF-36 social function (r = 0.28, r = 0.33 p < 0.000).

Conclusion

The Turkish version of the ASES is a valid and reliable shoulder assessment form that can be used for numerous shoulder disorders.

Level of evidence

III.