密闭式气管内吸痰对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者气体交换的影响

目的研究更适合急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气患者气管内吸痰的方式。方法选取外科重症监护病房(SICU)诊断为ARDS并行机械通气治疗的患者为研究对象,每一研究对象随机选择使用开放式气管内吸痰(OS)和密闭式气管内吸痰(CS)两种吸痰方式,于吸痰前后抽血进行血气分析,并记录脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)的变化。结果OS后患者动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、SpO2与吸痰前比较均显著降低(P<0.05);CS前后比较上述指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论OS可加重患者低氧血症;对ARDS患者吸痰时选择CS方式更适宜和安全。     

不同吸痰方式对急性呼吸窘迫综合征血流动力学影响的实验研究

目的研究更适宜急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气气管内吸痰的方式。方法采用静脉注射油酸制备动物ARDS模型;每只犬随机选择使用开放式气管内吸痰(OS)和密闭式气管内吸痰(CS)2种吸痰方式。于吸痰前后记录血流动力学等监测指标的数据。结果OS和CS后,犬平均肺动脉压(MPAP)与吸痰前比较均明显升高(P<0.05);OS后平均动脉压(MAP)显著升高(P<0.05)。结论OS、CS均可影响血流动力学的稳定。本研究提示,在护理工作中,对ARDS机械通气者应重视吸痰引起的继发性损害,加强吸痰前后血流动力学等监测。     

Critical care outreach during the COVID-19 pandemic: An observational study

Background

Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, the Critical Care Outreach Team (CCOT) remained operational to provide critical care support to acutely ill and deteriorating patients on the wards.

Aim

We aimed to evaluate the demand and efficacy of the critical care outreach service during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

We prospectively evaluated all patients referred to critical care outreach enrolled during a twelve-month period. We reported the cumulative number of activities and interventions and baseline characteristics, acuity level and patients' clinical outcome. The rate of ICU admissions, activity plan, patients' acuity and mortality are compared to historical data pre-pandemic.

Results

Amongst 4849 patients referred, 3913 had a clinical review and of those 895 were COVID-19 positive. Non-invasive ventilation was mostly delivered to COVID-19 patients (COVID-19 +VE: 853/895, 95% vs. COVID-19 −VE: 119/3018, 4%) alongside awake prone positioning (COVID-19 +VE: 232/895, 26% vs. COVID-19 −VE: 0/3018, 0%). Compared to pre-pandemic, the cumulative number of patients assessed increased (observed: 3913 vs. historical: 3615; p = 0.204), patients meeting Level 2 acuity were higher (observed: 51% vs. historical: 21%; p = 0.003), but ICU admission rate did not increase significantly (observed: 12% vs. historical: 9%; p = 0.065), and greater mortality rate (observed: 14% vs. historical: 8%; p = 0.046) was observed.

Conclusion

Critical care outreach bridges the gap between the intensive care unit and general wards and supports the concept of ‘critical care without walls’ acting as a valuable resource in optimizing and triaging acutely unwell patients and potentially averting critical care admissions.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated an unprecedented surge of deteriorating and critically ill patients with has caused severe and sustained pressures on intensive care units (ICUs) and general wards. Acutely ill patients can deteriorate quickly, and early recognition is vital to commence critical intervention on the wards or transfer timely to ICU. The Critical Care Outreach Team can help staff and optimize acutely ill and deteriorating patients by providing timely critical care interventions at the patient bedside.     

The Influence of Critical Care Medicine on the Development of the Specialty of Emergency Medicine: A Historical Perspective

Through their largely concurrent development, the specialties of emergency medicine and critical care medicine have exerted a great deal of influence on each other. In this article, the authors trace the commonalities that emergency medicine and critical care medicine have shared and report on the historical relationship between the two specialties. As issues between emergency medicine and critical care medicine continue to emerge, the authors hope to inform the current discussion by bringing to light the controversies and questions that have been debated in the past.     

密闭式吸痰对急性呼吸窘迫综合征小猪呼吸及循环系统的影响

[目的]探讨密闭式吸痰对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)小猪动脉血气、呼吸力学和心率(HR)、血压的影响。[方法]先制作小猪ARDS模型,模型成功后将其随机分为呼气末正压(PEEP)5cmH2O组和10cmH2O组,予机械通气30min后进行密闭式吸痰。监测吸痰前1min及吸痰后1min、3min、5min、10min动脉血气、呼吸力学及HR、血压的变化。[结果]两组在密闭式吸痰后动脉血氧分压(PaO2)和动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)均下降,直到吸痰后10min仍低于吸痰前基线水平(P<0.05),而吸痰后舒张压(DBP)与吸痰前比较均无差异(P>0.05);在PEEP5cmH2O组,吸痰后气道峰压(Ppeak)、平台压(Pplat)、平均气道压(Pmean)均升高,持续到吸痰后10min仍显著高于吸痰前基线水平(P<0.05);肺静态顺应性(Cs)、平均动脉压(MAP)、收缩压(SBP)均降低,持续到吸痰后10min仍低于吸痰前基线水平(P<0.05);在PEEP10cmH2O组,吸痰后1min及3minPpeak显著升高(P<0.05),持续到吸痰后10min仍高于吸痰前基线水平但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Pplat、Pmean在吸痰后1min显著增高,在吸痰后3min、5min、10min仍高于吸痰前基线水平但无统计学差异(P>0.05),同时在吸痰后1min及3minCs显著下降(P<0.05),持续到吸痰后10min仍低于吸痰前基线水平但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]不论在PEEP5cmH2O还是10cmH2O水平,密闭式吸痰可引起ARDS小猪较严重的低氧血症,使气道压力增高、肺顺应性降低、血压下降。但在PEEP5cmH2O组,吸痰所引起的缺氧、气道高压及低血压持续时间较长。     

密闭式吸痰对急性呼吸窘迫综合征小猪呼吸及循环系统的影响

[目的]探讨密闭式吸痰对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）小猪动脉血气、呼吸力学和心率（HR）、血压的影响。[方法]先制作小猪ARDS模型，模型成功后将其随机分为呼气未正压（PEEP）5cmH2O组和10cmH2O组，予机械通气30min后进行密闭式吸痰。监测吸痰前1min及吸痰后1min、3min，5min、10min动脉血专、呼吸力学及HR、血压的变化。[结果]两组在密闭式吸痰后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）和动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）均下降，直到吸痰后10min仍低于吸痰前基线水平（P〈0．05），而吸痰后舒张压（DBP）与吸痰前比较均无差异（P〉0．05）；在PEEP 5cm H2O组，吸痰后气道峰压（Ppeak）、平台压（Pplat）、平均气道压（Pmean）均升高，持续到吸痰后10min仍显著高于吸痰前基线水平（P〈0．05）；肺静态顺应性（Cs）、平均动脉压（MAP）、收缩压（SBP）均降低，持续到吸痰后10min仍低于吸痰前基线水平（P〈0.05）；在PEEP 10cm H2O组，吸痰后1min及3min Ppeak显著升高（P〈0．05），持续到吸痰后10min仍高于吸痰前基线水平但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；Pplat、Pmean在吸痰后1min显著增高，在吸痰后3min、5min、10min仍高于吸痰前基线水平但无统计学差异（P〉0．05），同时在吸痰后1min及3min Cs显著下降（P〈0．05），持续到吸痰后10min仍低于吸痰前基线水平但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。[结论]不论在PEEP 5cm H2O还是10cm H2O水平，密闭式吸痰可引起脑小猪较严重的低氧血症，使气道压力增高、肺顺应性降低、血压下降。但在PEEP 5cm H2O组，吸痰所引起的缺氧、气道高压及低血压持续时间较长。     

Critical access health care: a concept analysis

PURPOSE. The purpose of this paper is to provide a concept analysis of critical access health care. A common understanding of critical access health care would benefit those who legislate, provide, and consume health care. METHODS. A review of the literature was conducted using an identical set of search terms that yielded a variety of sources; however, none were specifically related to critical access health care. FINDINGS. No literature of concept analysis of critical access health care could be found. CONCLUSIONS. A concrete and measurable understanding of the concept will provide a common foundation to assist public and private entities in developing viable methods to understand healthcare policies, problems related to access, disparities in health care, and ways to increase health promotion and disease prevention.     

CITE查房模式在重症临床思维培养中的应用

随着重症医学的快速发展,重症临床思维的特殊性和专业性愈发凸显。如何让年轻医生快速、准确掌握重症临床思维是重症临床教学的重点和难点之一。北京协和医院重症医学团队探索出的CITE临床查房模式,将训练重症临床思维融入至日常床旁查房中,可快速培养年轻医生的重症临床思维能力,实现高质量医疗服务的延续和统一。     

Endotracheal suctioning: from principles to practice

Objective This paper aims to highlight the physical principles of pressure and flow dynamics underlying endotracheal suctioning, to demonstrate these on a simple illustrative model and to discuss the clinical implications of these principles for paediatric practice.Design Prospective in vitro study.Setting Paediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary, academic hospital.Measurements and main results The peak pressure change (P) obtained in a bag-in-box model was recorded during suctioning, using different combinations of endotracheal tube (ETT) and catheter sizes, different suction pressures and techniques. Suction was also performed on three different consistencies of gelatine, using a range of suction catheter sizes and vacuum pressures. The mass of gelatine suctioned per second was calculated. A large P was measured when using neonatal-sized ETTs. There was a linear relationship (r=0,8, p<0.05) between P and the ratio of external catheter area to area difference (internal ETT area–external catheter area). Significantly greater P was measured when using a short versus long suction catheter (p<0.001) and when applying suction for longer duration (p<0,001) and with higher vacuum pressures (p<0.05). The amount of mucus suctioned in a given time was related to catheter size, suction pressure and mucus density.Conclusion Applied clinically, these results indicate that intrapulmonary pressure changes generated by the endotracheal suctioning of intubated neonates are likely to be considerable, possibly translating into loss of lung volume.This work was supported by research grants from Institute of Child Health (University of Cape Town) and South African Physiotherapy Research Foundation. Consumables were funded by EMS – VEN Medical (RSA).     

The Critical Care Research Network: a partnership in community-based research and research transfer

The objectives of this study were to present a short history of the Critical Care Research Network (CCR‐Net), describe its approach to health services research and to summarize completed and current research projects. In doing this, we explored the question is this research network accomplishing its goals? We reviewed the medical literature to identify studies on similar types of Networks and also the evidence supporting the methodology used by CCR‐Net to conduct research using MEDLINE, HEALTHSTAR, CINAHL and the keywords network and health care or healthcare, benchmarking and health care or healthcare, and research transfer or research utilization. We also reviewed the bibliographies of retrieved articles and our personal files. In addition, we summarized the results of studies conducted by CCR‐Net and outlined those currently in progress. A review of the literature identified studies on two similar networks that appeared to be succeeding. In addition, the literature was also supportive of the general process used by CCR‐Net, although the level of evidence varied. Finally, the studies conducted to date within CCR‐Net follow the suggested methodology. At the time of this preliminary communication CCR‐Net appears to have adopted a valid approach to health services research within the area of Critical Care Medicine. Further direct evidence is required and appropriate studies are planned.     

急危重症患者异常呼吸波形特点分析

目的 分析急危重症患者异常呼吸波形特点,为急危重症早期护理提供快捷的依据.方法 选择急救过程中使用呼吸波形监测患者100例,在不影响临床护理前提下,总结无自主呼吸、限制性通气障碍、阻塞性通气障碍、呼吸道分泌物(痰液)蓄积和异常呼吸运动5种症状各20例患者在急救护理过程中出现带有典型特征异常呼吸波形时的呼吸波形特点;分析比较不同部位呼吸道分泌物蓄积时所出现的异常呼吸波形特点及分泌物被清除前后压力变化.结果 (1)无自主呼吸、限制性通气障碍、阻塞性通气障碍、呼吸道分泌物(痰液)蓄积和异常呼吸运动5种症状的患者,在呼吸波形上可形成带有典型特征的异常呼吸波形图象如:"海棠叶"状、"柳树叶"状或"钝角三角形"状、"鸭嘴"状或"鸟嘴"状、"火炬"状或 "锯齿"状或"波纹"状、"8"字形扭曲状等与正常波形相比有显著改变的呼吸波形.(2)当呼吸道分泌物蓄积时,可出现"火炬状""锯齿状""波纹状"等异常呼吸波形.当蓄积的呼吸道分泌物清除(吸痰)后,这些异常呼吸波形可发生演变或消失.在清除呼吸道分泌物(吸痰)前后,压力-容量环的低拐点和高拐点处的气道压力变化显著,吸痰后气道压力明显低于吸痰前(P<0.01).结论 特定的急危重症在呼吸波形上可形成带有典型特征的异常呼吸波形图象.当监测到"海棠叶"状、"柳树叶"状或"钝角三角形"状、"鸭嘴"状或"鸟嘴"状、"火炬"状或"锯齿"状或"波纹"状、"8"字形扭曲状等带有形象特征的异常呼吸波形图象时,提示有相应的急危重症变化,有助于急危重症的早期、直观、快速诊断和急救护理,对提高危重症护理质量有重要的临床指导意义.     

Successful treatment of suspect Babesia‐induced ARDS in a dog using lung‐protective positive‐pressure ventilation and neuromuscular blockade

A mixed breed dog was treated for severe hemolytic anemia secondary to Babesia canis infection. Within 14 hours of hospitalization, the dog developed respiratory distress and hypoxemia. The patient improved with lung‐protective mechanical ventilation and neuromuscular blockade. The dog survived to discharge and was reportedly healthy at three‐month follow‐up.     

不同呼吸支持方式在危重症患者抢救中的价值比较

目的 探讨危重症抢救中呼吸支持的使用率及呼吸支持使用时间和方式与抢救成功率间的关系.方法 对458例接受呼吸支持的危重症患者临床资料进行分层分析,其中心搏、呼吸骤停47例,急性呼吸道阻塞105例,急性呼吸衰竭(呼衰)156例,慢性呼衰150例.分别进行气管插管、气管切开、无创口鼻/面罩通气,统计各组患者不同呼吸支持方式的抢救成功率与疾病、呼吸支持时间的关系.结果 呼吸支持治疗期间死亡117例(25.5%),放弃治疗49例,成功脱离呼吸机292例(63.8%).心搏、呼吸骤停患者复苏及呼吸支持抢救成功率为21.3%(10/47),按病因分类,急性呼吸道阻塞导致的呼衰抢救成功率为82.8%(87/105),急性呼衰的抢救成功率为55.1%(86/156),慢性呼衰合并肺性脑病患者呼吸支持成功率为72.7%(109/150).有创和无创呼吸支持的早期成功率分别为95.0%(57/60)和95.5%(21/22),较早期为81.7%(68/82)和69.0%(20/29),中期为65.6%(63/96)和48.1%(13/27),晚期为44.4%(40/90)和0(0/5),抢救成功率均随抢救开始时间的延迟而显著下降(P均<0.01).结论 呼吸支持的关键是尽早、及时进行有效呼吸支持,人工气道建立的困难和风险是不能早期使用呼吸支持的重要因素.