双能CT诊断颈部中央区甲状腺乳头状癌小淋巴结转移

目的 探讨双能量CT对甲状腺乳头状癌在颈部中央区小淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实为甲状腺乳头状癌且术前接受双能量CT增强扫描的43例患者资料。比较甲状腺乳头状癌转移淋巴结组及非甲状腺乳头状癌转移淋巴结组淋巴结的短径、动脉期及静脉期碘浓度、标准化碘浓度（NIC）、能谱曲线斜率。绘制ROC曲线,分析应用碘浓度及NIC对甲状腺癌转移淋巴结的诊断效能。结果 43例患者共119枚淋巴结,其中转移淋巴结55枚、非转移淋巴结64枚。2组淋巴结短径差异有统计学意义（t=-2.20,P=0.03）。动脉期转移淋巴结组及非转移淋巴结组碘浓度分别为（2.93±1.62）mg/ml及（2.17±1.09）mg/ml,NIC分别为0.33±0.21及0.19±0.12,曲线斜率分别为0.79±0.43及0.63±0.37。静脉期甲状腺乳头状癌转移淋巴结组及非甲状腺乳头状癌转移淋巴结组碘浓度分别为（2.68±1.54）mg/ml及（2.17±1.01）mg/ml,NIC分别为0.51±0.18及0.43±0.15,曲线斜率分别为0.54±0.42及0.62±0.39。2组间动脉期及静脉期碘浓度、NIC、动脉期曲线斜率差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,动脉期碘浓度、NIC诊断甲状腺癌转移淋巴结的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.62、0.73,静脉期碘浓度、NIC分别为0.61、0.63。结论 双能CT动脉期及静脉期碘浓度、NIC及动脉期曲线斜率在不同性质的中央区小淋巴结间存在差异,双能量CT有助于鉴别中央区转移及非转移小淋巴结。     

双源CT双能量成像技术鉴别诊断结直肠癌转移性淋巴结与反应性增生淋巴结

目的 探讨双源CT双能量技术中碘含量及能谱成像在结直肠癌转移性淋巴结与反应性增生淋巴结鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 收集经手术病理证实、且具有完整资料的35例结肠直肠癌患者。将双源CT双能量扫描后动脉期100 kVp及Sn140 kVp两组薄层图像调入双能量工具软件中,选择"Liver VNC"模式测量结直肠癌原发病灶及腹部区域淋巴结碘含量;选取"Mono Energetic"模式对其能谱曲线进行分析。比较原发病灶、转移性淋巴结与反应性增生淋巴结碘含量及能谱曲线斜率的差异。结果 35例结直肠癌患者中,原发灶35个,共发现腹部区域淋巴结70枚,其中转移性淋巴结39枚,反应性增生淋巴结31枚。原发病灶与转移性淋巴结、反应性增生淋巴碘含量分别为(1.67±0.82)mg/ml、(1.55±0.99)mg/ml、(2.59±1.04)mg/ml,曲线斜率分别为0.72±0.41、0.71±0.16、0.48±0.10,三者碘含量及曲线斜率的差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);两两比较,仅原发病灶与转移性淋巴结间碘含量及曲线斜率的差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 双源CT双能量扫描动脉期碘含量及能谱曲线斜率对结直肠癌转移性淋巴结及反应性增生淋巴结的鉴别诊断具有一定的价值。     

DWI联合动态增强MRI鉴别诊断腮腺肿瘤良恶性

目的 探讨DWI联合动态增强MRI鉴别诊断腮腺肿瘤良恶性的效能。方法 回顾性分析43例（共44个病灶）经病理证实的腮腺肿瘤患者MRI和DWI资料。DWI中测量ADC值,绘制ROC曲线,获得鉴别诊断腮腺多形性腺瘤与恶性肿瘤、腮腺腺淋巴瘤与恶性肿瘤ADC阈值;动态增强MRI中分析时间-信号强度曲线（TIC）类型;计算单独ADC和TIC及二者联合诊断腮腺恶性肿瘤的敏感度、特异度和准确率。结果 多形性腺瘤、腺淋巴瘤、腮腺恶性肿瘤ADC值分别为（1.41±0.06）×10^-3 mm²/s、（0.75±0.05）×10^-3 mm²/s和（1.01±0.05）×10^-3 mm²/s,两两比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;ROC结果显示鉴别诊断多形性腺瘤与腮腺恶性肿瘤的ADC阈值为1.12×10^-3 mm²/s,鉴别诊断腺淋巴瘤与腮腺恶性肿瘤的ADC阈值为0.70×10^-3 mm²/s;ADC、TIC及二者联合诊断腮腺恶性肿瘤的敏感度分别为61.54%（8/13）、76.92%（10/13）、84.62%（11/13）,特异度分别为64.52%（20/31）、83.87%（26/31）、90.32%（28/31）,准确率分别为63.63%（28/44）、81.81%（36/44）、88.64%（39/44）。结论 DWI联合动态增强鉴别诊断腮腺肿瘤良恶性效能较高,具有重要临床应用价值。     

双能量CT成像鉴别诊断淋巴瘤与转移性淋巴结

目的 探究双源双能量CT成像在淋巴瘤与转移性淋巴结诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值。 方法 回顾性分析18例淋巴瘤(44个淋巴结)及20例肿瘤淋巴结转移患者(38个淋巴结)的双能量CT资料,通过后处理得到动静脉期碘图及40~190 keV单能量图像,利用能量成像定量分析功能测量病变淋巴结的能量参数及各期CT值,并进行统计学分析。 结果 淋巴瘤与转移性淋巴结平扫CT值分别为(41.09±9.10)HU和(35.08±9.28)HU,动脉期与平扫CT差值分别为(28.34±15.97)HU和(12.92±9.22)HU,静脉期与平扫CT差值分别为(41.55±16.19)HU和(20.17±10.93)HU(P均<0.05);淋巴瘤与转移性淋巴结在碘图上动脉期碘覆盖值分别为(31.86±11.98)HU和(11.53±10.43)HU,静脉期碘覆盖值分别为(40.09±10.68)HU和(20.64±13.17)HU,动脉期碘浓度分别为(1.75±0.77)mg/ml和(0.60±0.46)mg/ml,静脉期碘浓度分别为(2.18±0.66)mg/ml和(0.92±0.57)mg/ml,动脉期碘浓度均一化比值分别为0.20±0.13和0.73±0.06,静脉期碘浓度均一化比值分别为0.41±0.18和0.24±0.16(P均<0.05);淋巴瘤与转移性淋巴结动静脉期平均碘浓度差值分别为(0.43±0.37)mg/ml和(0.32±0.16)mg/ml(P>0.05)。两组病变淋巴结动脉期在40~120 keV单能谱下CT值差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),且在40~190 keV下的能量衰减曲线不同。 结论 双源CT的单能量图像、碘图及碘物质定量分析技术对淋巴瘤与转移性淋巴结的鉴别诊断有一定价值;联合应用多种衍生序列能够提高诊断准确性。     

扩散加权联合动态对比增强磁共振成像鉴别诊断腮腺良恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨DWI联合动态对比增强磁共振成像（DCE-MRI）在腮腺良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 收集90例腮腺肿瘤患者共94个病灶,其中良性75个、恶性19个。对所有患者术前均行DWI和DCE-MRI检查,分析各病灶的ADC值和时间-信号强度曲线（TIC）类型。绘制ROC曲线,比较ADC值、TIC及两者联合对腮腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断效能。结果 恶性肿瘤的ADC值[（1.02±0.25）×10^-3 mm²/s]显著低于良性肿瘤的ADC值[（1.38±0.44）×10^-3 mm²/s;t=5.170,P<0.001]。将表现为A型（流入型）、B型（廓清型）和D型（平坦型）曲线判为良性肿瘤、C型（平台型）曲线判为恶性肿瘤时,诊断腮腺肿瘤良恶性的敏感度为0.62,特异度为0.92;C型曲线患者中,以ADC<1.36×10^-3 mm²/s诊断恶性肿瘤时,敏感度为0.92,特异度为0.95。结论 良恶性腮腺肿瘤间ADC值存在重叠,鉴别诊断时不应单纯依赖DWI;TIC表现为A、B、D型多提示良性肿瘤,C型常提示恶性肿瘤;TIC曲线为C型时,联合ADC值可明显提高对良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断效能。     

双能量CT诊断喉癌侵犯甲状软骨

目的 观察双能量CT诊断喉癌侵犯甲状软骨的价值。方法 收集106例术前接受喉部双能量CT增强扫描的喉癌患者,以手术病理为金标准,对比双能量CT混合能量图像及碘基图联合混合能量图像定性评估喉癌侵犯甲状软骨的价值;比较受侵甲状软骨与对侧正常非骨化甲状软骨动脉期标准化碘浓度及能谱曲线斜率,分析双能量CT客观定量参数的鉴别效能。结果 106例中,40例甲状软骨受侵,双能CT混合能量图像的诊断敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为75.00%（30/40）、83.33%（55/66）及80.19%（85/106）,碘基图联合混合能量图像的诊断敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为87.50%（35/40）、95.45%（63/66）及92.45%（98/106）。受侵甲状软骨动脉期标准化碘浓度及能谱曲线斜率分别为0.16±0.05及1.92±0.39,均高于对侧正常非骨化甲状软骨（-0.01±0.02及0.19±0.06;P均<0.05）。利用动脉期标准化碘浓度及能谱曲线斜率鉴别受侵甲状软骨及正常非骨化甲状软骨的临界值分别为0.05及0.71,AUC均为0.98,敏感度和特异度分别为97.50%、92.50%和92.50%、97.50%。结论 以双能CT动脉期标准化碘浓度=0.05及能谱曲线斜率=0.71为诊断阈值,鉴别喉癌侵犯甲状软骨和正常非骨化甲状软骨具有一定价值。     

CT小肠造影及能谱成像诊断克罗恩病活动期的效能

目的 探讨CT小肠造影（CTE）和能谱成像对活动期与缓解期克罗恩病（CD）的诊断效能。方法 收集经临床确诊并接受CTE检查的54例CD患者,其中38例接受能谱成像,根据CD活动性指数（CDAI）将其分为活动期和缓解期,观察并比较活动期和缓解期患者CTE影像学特征和能谱曲线斜率,根据病变肠壁厚度、累及肠段数量、"靶征"、"梳齿征"、肠系膜增大淋巴结、肠腔狭窄后扩张以及脓肿或瘘道7个影像学征象,对患者进行CTE综合评分,以ROC曲线评价能谱曲线斜率和CTE综合评分诊断活动期与缓解期CD的效能。结果 活动期CD患者中,肠腔狭窄后扩张、"靶征"、"梳齿征"、肠系膜淋巴结增大的出现比例高于缓解期（P均<0.05）;"假憩室征"、均匀一致强化在缓解期出现比例高于活动期（P均<0.05）。CD活动期平扫、动脉期、门静脉期能谱曲线斜率分别为1.48±0.49、4.33±1.39、5.55±1.15,缓解期斜率分别为1.29±0.32、3.15±0.46、3.82±0.68,活动期和缓解期平扫斜率差异无统计学意义（P=0.182）,动脉期和门静脉期斜率活动期均高于缓解期（P均<0.05）。动脉期、门静脉期斜率和CTE综合评分诊断活动期与缓解期CD的ROC曲线的AUC分别为0.83、0.87和0.93,敏感度为81.8%、77.3%和87.5%,特异度为62.5%、81.3%和81.8%。结论 CTE综合评分和CT能谱成像对活动期与缓解期CD具有较高的诊断效能。     

低管电压与低流速对比剂联合迭代算法在下肢动脉CTA中的应用

目的 探讨低流速对比剂、低电压扫描结合迭代重建算法在下肢动脉CTA检查中的应用价值。方法 收集60例接受双下肢动脉CTA检查者,将其随机分为两组、各30例,实验组:采用低管电压(80 kV)扫描,对比剂注射速率3.3 ml/s,迭代算法重建图像;对照组:采用常规管电压(120 kV),对比剂注射速率5.0 ml/s,使用滤波反投影法进行图像重建。扫描结束后记录容积剂量指数(CTDI)和剂量长度乘积(DLP)。测量腹部至小腿8个ROI及周围肌肉组织的CT值和标准差(图像噪声),计算CNR及SNR,并对图像质量进行评分。比较2组的辐射剂量、碘注射量、血管CT值及图像质量。结果 实验组的CTDI和DLP分别为(3.57±0.64) mGy和(429.26±97.60)mGy·cm,对照组分别为(7.23±0.86)mGy、(918.15±173.53)mGy·cm,二者差异有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。实验组平均碘注射量为(22.49±2.03)g,对照组(33.48±2.97)g,差异有统计学意义(t=2.58,P<0.05)。实验组8个ROI的平均血管CT值和图像噪声均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组间CNR、SNR和图像质量主观评分差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 采用80 kV管电压、3.3 ml/s对比剂注射速率联合迭代算法行双下肢动脉CTA检查,能够在保证图像质量的同时减少患者所接受的辐射剂量和碘注射量。     

能谱CT成像碘(水)图纹理分析预测结直肠癌微卫星不稳定状态

目的 探讨基于能谱CT成像碘（水）图像的纹理分析在术前预测结直肠癌微卫星不稳定（MSI）状态方面的价值。方法 回顾性分析23例MSI结直肠癌（MSI组）及46例微卫星稳定（MSS）结直肠癌（MSS组）患者的资料。所有患者均经术后病理检查证实，且术前均接受腹部能谱CT成像。采用Viewer分析软件获取动脉期及静脉期碘（水）图像，并将其导入Omni-Kinetics软件进行ROI勾画及特征提取。提取的纹理参数包括最小值、最大值、平均值、中位值、标准差、偏度、峰度、均匀性、能量值、熵。比较2组间各纹理参数的差异。并采用Logistic回归将纹理参数进行联合，通过ROC曲线分析不同纹理参数预测及多种参数联合预测的效能。结果 MSI组动脉期及静脉期最小值、最大值、平均值、中位值、均匀性均明显低于MSS组（P均<0.05），2组间标准差、偏度、峰度、能量值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）；MSI组静脉期熵明显高于MSS组（t=1.81，P=0.04），2组间动脉期熵差异无统计学意义（t=0.22，P=0.80）。ROC曲线分析显示，以动脉期及静脉期最小值、最大值、平均值、中位值、均匀性和静脉期熵单一参数在术前预测结直肠癌MSI状态的AUC为0.64~0.82。多参数联合的Logistic回归模型为-2.598-0.124×动脉期最小值-0.039×动脉期最小值-0.774×动脉期中位值+1×动脉期平均值-1.892×动脉期均匀性+0.14×静脉期最小值+0.2×静脉期最大值+0.343×静脉期中位值-0.61×静脉期平均值+13.711×静脉期均匀性-2.598×静脉期熵，联合预测的AUC为0.83。结论 基于能谱CT成像碘（水）图像纹理分析，可在术前无创预测结直肠癌MSI状态，且将多种纹理参数联合后预测效能更优。     

能谱CT多参数鉴别诊断肾上腺乏脂性腺瘤与结节性增生

目的 观察能谱CT多参数鉴别诊断肾上腺乏脂性腺瘤（Lp-AA）与肾上腺结节性增生（ANH）的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的Lp-AA（n=24,Lp-AA组）和ANH（n=20,ANH组）患者的常规CT平扫和动、静脉期能谱CT增强图像,比较组间动、静脉期标准化40~140 keV（间隔10 keV）单能量CT值、各基物质对浓度、有效原子序数及能谱曲线差异。针对差异有统计学意义的参数,绘制其鉴别Lp-AA与ANH的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,分析其诊断效能。结果 组间动脉期标准化40~70 keV单能量CT值、碘-脂、脂-碘、钙-水、碘-水浓度、能谱曲线斜率差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,标准化有效原子序数及80~140 keV单能量CT值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。组间静脉期标准化40~50 keV单能量CT值、脂-碘、羟基磷灰石-水、碘-水浓度及标准化有效原子序数差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,其余参数差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。上述参数鉴别Lp-AA与ANH的曲线下面积（AUC）为0.73~0.82,以碘-脂浓度的诊断效能最高,AUC为0.82。结论 能谱CT多参数对鉴别Lp-AA与ANH具有一定价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.