锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折64例的临床分析

目的 探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的效果.方法 应用锁骨钩钢板手术切开复位内固定治疗6 4例肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折,随访全部病例进行临床效果评定.结果 经10～30个月随访,根据Lazzano疗效标准,优52例,良12例.结论 锁骨钩钢板具有操作简便、固定牢靠、利于早期功能锻炼等优点,是治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折较理想的内固定器.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折29例分析

目的观察锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的方法和效果。方法切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定及韧带修补术治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折29例。结果平均随访28个月,按Karlsson疗效标准,优21例,良8例。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨外侧端骨折,符合生物力学要求,并发症少,是一种较好的治疗方法。     

锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位的经验和体会,对28例锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位切开复位内固定。结果 28例取得随诊≥6个月28例均愈合良好。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位操作简单,疗效可靠。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的临床疗效.方法2002年7月～2004年6月,应用锁骨钩钢板治疗8例Tossy Ⅲ型脱位,25例锁骨远端骨折合并脱位,3例单纯锁骨远端骨折.结果36例患者得到随访,随访时间8～43个月,平均23个月,骨折全部愈合,肩锁关节无再脱位.按Lazzcano标准,优29例,良7例,优良率为100%.结论锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折疗效可靠,值得推广.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位及锁骨远端骨折的疗效观察

目的 探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁骨关节脱位及锁骨远端骨折的疗效.方法 用锁骨钩钢板切开复位内固定治疗Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折.结果 32例Tossy Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位和11例锁骨远端骨折的患者予行切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定,均取得满意疗效.结论 用锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折固定可靠,术后不需外固定,早期即可进行功能锻炼,有利于肩关节的功能恢复,疗效好.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位临床疗效观察

目的观察锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。方法对收治的35例锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的患者进行手术治疗,观察其疗效。结果患者随访6～22个月,平均19个月,均获得良好愈合。平均愈合时间5个月。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位获得满意疗效,是治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的理想方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位42例

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法 2008年2月至2011年5月笔者应锁骨钩钢板治疗42例锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位。结果本组42例骨折及脱位全部愈合,无骨折不愈合,无钢板断裂发生,患肩功能恢复良好。其中有17例患者于术后14～18个月取出钢板后无再骨折、再脱位情况的发生。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位的一种可靠的方法 。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位

目的评价锁骨钩钢板（CHP）治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。方法11例锁骨远端骨折和4例肩锁关节脱位患者采用锁骨钩钢板内固定治疗,其中3例肩锁关节脱位患者直接修复喙锁韧带,另1例用喙肩韧带代替重建无法直接修复的喙锁韧带。结果15例患者均获得随访,随访6—21个月,平均12个月。按Karlsson疗效评定标准,肩关节功能优良率达100％。结论锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位具有固定确实、不损伤关节面、可以早期功能锻炼等优点．是一种良好的固定方法,值得推广。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的临床分析

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板在治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法 2001年1月至2012年3月应用锁骨钩钢板治疗156例锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位。结果本组156例术后1周开始肩关节功能锻炼,随访6～25个月,骨折均愈合,按照Lazzcano标准,疗效优130例,良26例,无其他合并症。结论锁骨钩钢板是治疗锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位的一种理想可靠的方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折

目的观察应用AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板对TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位和NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折进行切开复位固定手术的治疗效果。方法对新鲜锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的患者共29例,均行AO锁骨钩钢板治疗,术后随访8~25个月。结果术后采用Lazzcano标准评定患者术后的功能。本组29例,优26例,良3例,未发生锁骨下血管、神经损伤,术后无感染,内固定无松动和退出,无骨折不愈合或畸形愈合,肩锁关节无再脱位发生,2个月左右可进行无痛自由活动。结论AO锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折,具有创伤小、手术操作简单,固定牢固,能早期活动肩关节,是治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折行之有效的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.