进展期胃癌行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫的疗效观察

目的　评价进展期胃癌患者淋巴结清扫范围与生存率的关系。　方法　共施行进展期胃癌根治术 15 8例 ,其中在D2 、D2 + 或D3 的基础上再作腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫 (PALD组 )共 73例 ,未作腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫 (非PALD组 )共 85例。 2组在年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、Borrmann分型、肿瘤大小、组织学类型差异无显著性意义 ,而PALD组的侵犯深度、淋巴结转移和临床病理分期均较非PALD组更晚期。　结果　PALD组手术时间为 (2 80± 93)min ,非PALD组为 (2 4 5± 91)min(P <0 0 1)。输血量PALD组为 (6 93± 32 4 )ml,非PALD组为 (46 0± 375 )ml(P <0 0 1)。 2组均无吻合口瘘、胰瘘、腹腔脓肿及肠梗阻等并发症。除PALD组腹泻发生率较高外 ,其他并发症 2组差异无显著性意义。 2组生存曲线、平均生存期、中位生存期的差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ,2组中淋巴结阴性、阳性患者的生存曲线、平均生存期、中位生存期差异亦有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。PALD组腹主动脉旁淋巴结阴性、阳性患者的生存曲线、平均生存期、中位生存期差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫有助提高进展期胃癌患者生存期 ,且其病死率和并发症发生率与限制性手术并无明显差别。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术中No.16淋巴结清扫价值及技术要点

D2淋巴结清扫是局部进展期胃癌（LAGC）的标准手术方式,但关于LAGC病人是否行腹主动脉旁淋巴结（No.16淋巴结）清扫（PAND）仍存在争议。对于局限于No.16a2、No.16b1淋巴结转移、不伴有其他非治愈因素的LAGC病人,经多学科讨论,筛选出PAND的获益人群,在新辅助治疗有效的前提下,建议行扩大D2+PAND,以期达到R0切除。随着腹腔镜技术的快速发展,临床研究结果现已证实,在进展期胃癌病人中,腹腔镜手术的安全性及效果不亚于开放手术,故腹腔镜下PAND的手术也具有一定的临床应用前景。对于伴有No.16淋巴结转移的LAGC病人,如何合理地选择治疗模式及规范地开展腹腔镜下PAND手术仍然是外科医生面临的挑战。     

进展期胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结微小转移与患者预后的关系

目的研究进展期胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结的微小转移对于评价预防性淋巴结清除的意义。方法采用细胞角蛋白抗体,对47例进展期胃癌患者根治性手术清除的2339枚淋巴结(其中包括390枚腹主动旁淋巴结),进行免疫组织化学染色研究。结果常规HE染色发现390枚腹主动脉旁淋巴结中,95枚从14例患者中清除的淋巴结为转移阳性。剩余的295枚淋巴结中,有45枚从另15例患者中清除的淋巴结经免疫组化染色发现有微小转移。术后5年生存率在腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移阴性组为56．0％,微小转移组为25．2％,常规染色淋巴结转移组为9．0％。结论进展期胃癌存在较高的腹主动脉旁淋巴结微小转移率,预防性淋巴结清除对此类患者有效。     

进展期胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫的研究进展

随着临床随机对照试验(RCTs)的开展,有关进展期胃癌腹主动脉旁淋巴结的转移情况、进展期胃癌患者行腹主动脉旁淋巴结清扫(PALD)的临床疗效,以及适应证等方面的研究取得了新的进展。据此笔者对这一临床课题作一综述。     

腹腔镜进展期胃癌根治术淋巴结检出数目的影响因素分析

目的 分析影响腹腔镜进展期胃癌根治术切除组织标本中淋巴结检出数目的 相关因素.方法 收集河南省人民医院2018年1月至2020年7月期间诊断为进展期胃癌且行腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者的临床病理资料,包括:患者性别、年龄、体质量指数、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小(长径)、Borrmann分型、组织学类型、浸润深度、淋巴结转移情况、有无神...     

胃癌淋巴结转移的临床病理研究

为探讨胃癌淋巴结转移与原发癌临床病理学特性的关系，给选择合理的淋巴结清除范围提供依据，作者统计分析了手术切除的１９２例胃癌标本，结果：本组胃癌的淋巴结转移率为６０．４％，转移度为２８．９％。     

腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌D_2根治术治疗进展期胃癌的疗效分析

探讨腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌D2根治术对进展期胃癌的治疗效果和临床应用的价值。对2010年7月—2013年7月收治的69例进展期胃癌患者的资料进行分析,其中行腹腔镜手术的39例患者为研究组,行开腹手术的30例患者为对照组。比较2组治疗效果及患者术中、术后情况。研究组术中出血量、手术时间、切口长度和术中清除淋巴结个数分别为(146.01±28.78)mL、(233.42±20.11)min、(6.01±0.78)cm和(30.01±12.76)个;对照组为(318.52±61.12)mL、(179.24±18.72)min、(18.52±1.12)cm和(31.85±15.13)个。研究组术中出血量和切口长度指标均优于对照组(P0.05);对照组手术时间优于研究组(P0.05);2组术中清除淋巴结个数差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组术后肛门排气时间、首次进食流质时间和平均住院时间分别为(3.95±0.71)d、(3.95±0.71)d和(13.15±2.04)d,对照组为(5.05±0.90)d、(5.85±0.91)d和(21.22±3.91)d,研究组均优于对照组(P0.05)。研究组术后并发症发生率7.69%,显著低于对照组23.33%(P0.05)。腹腔镜辅助下远端胃癌D2根治术对进展期胃癌的治疗效果不仅与传统开腹手术相当,还有切口变小、出血减少、恢复较快、术后并发症少、安全可靠等优点,未来有较大发展前景。     

腹腔镜胃癌D2淋巴结各区域清扫技术要点

目前,针对局部进展期胃癌（LAGC）进行D2淋巴结清扫已是共识,但对于D2根治术清扫范围,仍然存在较大争议,已经发布的各胃癌诊治指南对此也并未达成一致。合理的淋巴结清扫对改善病人的预后及减少手术并发症具有重要的临床意义。另外,对于D2淋巴结清扫范围以外转移风险较高的淋巴结,是否需要选择性进行D2+淋巴结清扫,也是目前胃癌外科研究的热点。为了指导广大外科医生对于LAGC淋巴结清扫的规范实施,《中国实用外科杂志》编辑部特邀请国内胃癌治疗领域的部分专家学者,结合自身手术经验探讨腹腔镜胃癌D2淋巴结各区域清扫技术要点,以期为广大外科医师提供参考。     

开腹与腹腔镜辅助胃癌D_2根治术治疗进展期胃癌近期疗效的对比研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术治疗进展期胃癌的根治效果与临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2013年4月至2014年4月成功施行的120例胃癌根治术的临床资料,由患者选择手术方式,其中腹腔镜组52例,开腹组68例。对比两组手术的安全性、肿瘤根治性、术后恢复情况、并发症发生率等。结果:腹腔镜组均顺利完成D2淋巴结清扫,无一例中转开腹。腹腔镜组手术时间[(242.7±50.8)min vs.(213.4±40.6)min]长于开腹组(P=0.003),切口长度[(6.2±1.1)cm vs.(18.7±4.7)cm]、术中出血量[(180.4±120.8)ml vs.(276.6±138.7)ml]、术后肛门排气时间[(2.8±1.6)d vs.(5.2±2.6)d]、首次下床活动时间[(3.8±0.6)d vs.(5.2±1.8)d]、首次进食流质时间[(4.3±0.8)d vs.(6.7±0.9)d]、术后住院时间[(12.3±3.2)d vs.(15.1±4.2)d]均优于开腹组,差异有统计学意义。两组近端切缘距肿瘤距离[(5.3±0.8)cm vs.(5.0±0.7)cm]、远端切缘距肿瘤距离[(5.2±0.7)cm vs.(5.3±0.7)cm]、清扫淋巴结数量[(17.6±6.5)枚vs.(19.3±6.9)枚]差异无统计学意义。腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率为11.5%(6/52),开腹组为23.5%(16/68),两组差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.285,P=0.225)。结论:与开腹胃癌D2根治术相比,腹腔镜进展期胃癌手术可达到相同的根治效果,且具有患者创伤小、出血少、术后康复快等临床优势。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术治疗进展期胃癌的现状与临床研究

不同于日、韩等国家,我国胃癌病例大多以进展期胃癌为主.手术根治作为胃癌的主要治疗手段,近年来取得了很大发展,特别是腹腔镜胃癌根治术的发展.然而针对于腹腔镜胃癌根治术应用于进展期胃癌治疗的诸多方面,在国内外仍存在较大争议,特别是在手术适应证、具体术式以及重建方法选择、镜下完成D2淋巴结清扫以及术后的近期疗效与远期肿瘤学疗...     

Results and Controversial Issues Regarding a Para-Aortic Lymph Node Dissection for Advanced Gastric Cancer

More than 20% of the patients with advanced gastric cancer display para-aortic lymph node (PAL) metastasis. Numerous retrospective comparative studies have reported an improved prognosis using an extensive lymph node dissection (D2) with PAL dissection, compared with D2 alone. However, many issues associated with a PAL dissection remain, such as the importance of stage migration, learning curves, and micrometastasis. This review focuses on the results and controversial issues associated with a PAL dissection. The depth of tumor invasion correlates with PAL metastasis, and whether PAL should be dissected in patients with T2 tumors remains controversial. The rate of PAL positivity is higher for cancers involving tumors of the upper third of the stomach. The most important lymphatic terminals for the stomach seem to comprise the a2 lateroaortic and b1 interaorticocaval PAL areas in tumors of the upper third and lower third, respectively. While the 5-year survival rate is about 10% after D2 plus a PAL dissection, patients with a potentially curative operation live longer. Early major complications after a PAL dissection occur in 25% of all cases, predominantly due to a pancreatectomy. A randomized clinical study evaluating a PAL dissection was launched in 1995 in Japan. Furthermore, numerous reports of patients with gastric cancer and PAL metastases responding to chemotherapy should also be considered.     

Comparison of Surgical Results of D2 Versus D3 Gastrectomy (Para-Aortic Lymph Node Dissection) for Advanced Gastric Carcinoma: A Multi-Institutional Study

Background Curative gastrectomy is a promising approach for the treatment of gastric cancer; however, the optimal extent of lymph node dissection for advanced cancer remains controversial. The aim of this multi-institutional study was to evaluate the feasibility of D3 gastrectomy (para-aortic lymph node dissection) for advanced gastric cancer. The surgical results of D2 and D3 gastrectomy (para-aortic lymph node dissection) were retrospectively compared. Methods A series of 580 advanced gastric cancer patients were registered between 1992 and 2000. Of these, 430 underwent D2 gastrectomy and 150 underwent D3 gastrectomy. Survival time, prognostic factors, postoperative morbidity/mortality, and pattern of recurrence were compared. Results There was no significant difference in survival time between D2 and D3 patients. However, the survival times of D3 patients with tumor diameters measuring 50 to 100 mm or with pN1 disease were significantly longer than those of the corresponding D2 patients. Analysis of the survival of patients with tumor diameters measuring 50 to 100 mm revealed that D3 gastrectomy conferred a survival advantage only to patients with pN2 disease. The incidence of lymphatic recurrence was lower in D3 patients with 50- to 100-mm tumors than in the corresponding D2 patients. Conclusions D3 gastrectomy might be beneficial in patients with advanced pN2 gastric cancer within the group with tumors measuring 50 to 100 mm. A randomized controlled trial of patients with 50- to 100-mm tumors should be performed to test the validity of this preliminary result.     

Candidates for Curative Resection in Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients Who Had Equivocal Para-aortic Lymph Node Metastasis on Computed Tomographic Scan

Background The aim of this study was to determine how to select potential candidates for curative resection among advanced gastric patients with equivocal findings of para-aortic lymph node metastasis on computed tomography (CT).Methods We analyzed the clinicopathologic results of 23 advanced gastric cancer patients who were diagnosed as having equivocal findings of para-aortic lymph node metastasis on a CT scan and who underwent gastrectomy with D2 and para-aortic lymph node dissection.Results Twenty-two patients were male, and one patient was female. The median age of all study subjects was 52 years (range, 31–75 years). Sixteen underwent total gastrectomy, and seven underwent subtotal gastrectomy. The median number of A2 (suprarenal) lymph nodes harvested was 2 (range, 1–5), and that of B1 (infrarenal) lymph nodes was 6 (range, 1–17). Ten (43.5%) of the 23 patients were proven pathologically to have metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes. Two patients with cT2 cancer had no metastatic para-aortic lymph node, whereas three patients with cT4 disease had metastatic para-aortic lymph nodes (P = .021). Seven (70.0%) of 10 patients with pathologic para-aortic lymph node metastasis experienced recurrence, whereas only 2 (15.4%) of 13 patients without experienced recurrence (P = .008). The Lauren classification was found to be an independent predictor of para-aortic lymph node metastasis (relative risk; .13; 95% confidence interval, .02–.83; P = .03).Conclusions More than half of gastric cancer patients with equivocal findings of para-aortic lymph node metastasis on CT are potential candidates for curative resection. The Lauren classification of gastric cancer in patients with equivocal CT findings of para-aortic lymph node metastasis would be helpful when deciding on clinical stage and treatment plans in these patients.     

远端进展期胃癌腹腔镜辅助与开腹 D2根治术淋巴结清扫的临床对照研究

目的：比较腹腔镜辅助与开腹D2根治术在远端进展期胃癌淋巴结清扫中的效果。方法对2012年1月～2013年10月共44例远端进展期胃癌进行前瞻性研究,根据患者意愿分别行腹腔镜辅助胃癌根治术（腹腔镜组）24例和开腹胃癌根治术（开腹组）20例,比较2组临床情况、各站淋巴结清扫数目及随访结果。结果腹腔镜组2例中转开腹被排除。与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组手术时间长[（312．4±42．8）min vs．（256．2±28．6）min,t＝4．942,P＝0．000];但术后排气早[（3．2±1．3）d vs．（4．6±1．1）d,t＝-3．750,P＝0．000],下床活动早[（3．0±1．2）d vs．（4．2±1．3）d,t＝-3．110,P＝0．004],术后住院时间短[（7．8±3．2）d vs．（14．4±5．6）d,t＝-4．750,P＝0．000]。术中出血量2组差异无显著性[（304．8±112．4）ml vs．（285．6±86．6）ml,t＝0．615,P＝0．247]。2组每例清扫淋巴结数目差异无显著性[（19．4±9．2）枚vs．（20．2±12．0）枚,t＝-0．241,P＝0．652],其中第一站淋巴结2组差异无显著性[（15．4±6．8）枚vs．（16．3±7．3）枚,t＝-0．414,P＝0．431],第二站淋巴结腹腔镜组少于开腹组[（4．8±3．4）枚vs．（7．4±2．8）枚,t＝-2．690,P＝0．008]。随访6～35个月,平均17个月。腹腔镜组3例死亡,3例复发转移带瘤生存;开腹组4例死亡,2例复发转移带瘤生存。结论在进展期胃癌D2根治术中,虽然腹腔镜组第二站淋巴结清扫数目不及开腹组,但从总体而言,腹腔镜辅助手术能够达到与开腹手术相当的淋巴结清扫效果,且具有微创优势。     

Occult Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer with Submucosal Invasion

To evaluate more precisely the incidence of lymph node metastasis in patients with submucosally invaded (sm) gastric cancer, three additional sections were made from the remaining half of 1,794 lymph nodes taken from 57 patients, for a detailed reexamination. Lymph node metastasis was demonstrated in 19 nodes from 11 patients by the initial routine examination; however, the detailed reexamination showed cancer involvement in a further nine lymph nodes from eight patients. Of these eight patients, metastasis had not been detected in any lymph nodes by routine examination in six. Macroscopically, the lesion was of the depressed or mixed type in six of the eight patients. From the intranodal location and growth pattern of the cancer foci, lymph nodes with occult metastasis were divided into the marginal sinus type, the medullary sinus type, and the mixed type, with the marginal type being found most frequently. The overall incidence of lymph node metastasis in patients with sm gastric cancer was as high as 29.8% (17/57) in this series. Moreover, a follow-up study revealed that two patients with occult metastasis died of cancer recurrence postoperatively. Accordingly, systematic regional lymph node dissection should be carried out at the time of surgery for sm gastric cancer.     

Body Mass Index Does Not Affect Systematic D2 Lymph Node Dissection and Postoperative Morbidity in Gastric Cancer Patients

Background: The extent of standard lymph node dissection (D1, D2, or D3) in gastric cancer patients is still controversial. Several prospective European trials attained contradictory results. A generally increased body mass index (BMI) of the European patients was assumed to be one of the major causes for postoperative morbidity.Methods: We evaluated the effect of BMI on the quality of routine D2 lymph node dissection and on postoperative morbidity in patients with gastric cancer who underwent a potentially curative total gastrectomy. A total of 199 consecutive gastric cancer patients who underwent a total gastrectomy and a routine D2 lymph node dissection between 1992 and 2001 were included in the study. According to BMI, they were assigned to three groups: group A, with BMI <25 kg/m² (normal body weight); group B, with BMI of 25 to 30 kg/m² (overweight); and group C, with BMI >30 kg/m² (obesity). Parameters such as complete histopathological staging, intraoperative blood loss, length of operation, and surgical and nonsurgical morbidity were recorded and correlated within the different groups.Results: No significant differences were found with regard to the number of examined lymph nodes, blood loss, length of operation, surgical complications, or length of stay in the intensive care unit.Conclusions:In contrast to comparable Japanese studies, our analysis reveals that even for overweight patients, a standard D2 lymph node dissection is justified without significantly increased morbidity.     

Solitary Lymph Node Metastasis in Gastric Cancer

The feasibility and diagnostic reliability of sentinel node (SN) biopsy for gastric cancer are still controversial. We studied the clinicopathological features and localization of solitary lymph node metastasis (SLM) in gastric cancer to provide useful information for use of the SN concept in gastric cancer. From 2000 to 2004, 3,267 patients with gastric cancer underwent D2 radical gastrectomy. The clinicopathological features of 195 patients with histologically proven SLM and the distribution of metastasized nodes were assessed. The incidence of SLM was 6.0% in all cases. Compared with the node-negative patients, significant differences were observed in age, tumor size, depth of invasion, and surgical type. The cumulative 5-year survival rate of patients with SLM was 80.5%, which was significantly lower than 90.2% for node-negative patients (P < 0.001). Of patients with SLM, 82.6% had it in the perigastric node area (N1), and the other 17.4% patients had skip metastasis in the N2-N3 nodes. Perigastric nodes were the most common first sites of drainage from the tumor, making them the main targets of the operative SN mapping procedure. Due to the higher than expected incidence of skip metastasis in gastric cancer, D2 lymphadenectomy should be performed until the reliability of SN navigation surgery is validated in multicenter prospective clinical trials.     

进展期远端胃癌D2根治术No.12b组淋巴结清扫60例分析

目的探讨进展期远端胃癌行D2根治术时No.12b组淋巴结清扫的必要性及可行性,及No.12b组淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系。方法回顾性收集60例进展期远端胃癌患者的病例资料,患者行D2或D2^＋根治术,并均加行No.12b组淋巴结清扫术。分析No.12b组淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系。结果全组无手术死亡病例,无严重并发症发生。60例患者中发现12例有No.12b组淋巴结转移,转移率为20.00%。其中BorrmannⅢ、Ⅳ型者No.12b组淋巴结转移率为31.25%（10/32）,淋巴结转移N2～3期者为30.30%（10/33）,肿瘤浸润T3～4期者为29.73%（11/37）,明显高于BorrmannⅠ、Ⅱ型〔7.14%（2/28）〕,N0～1期〔7.41%（2/27）〕及T1～2期者〔4.35%（1/23）〕,P〈0.05;No.12b组淋巴结转移与肿瘤的大小无关（P〉0.05）。结论 No.12b组淋巴结清扫术对于进展期胃远端癌是必要且可行的,其远期效果有待大样本的前瞻性研究进一步证实。     

腹腔镜与开腹胃癌根治术D2淋巴结清扫的比较研究

目的探讨腹腔镜下胃癌根治术D2淋巴结清扫的可行性。方法回顾性分析我科2007年1月～2009年3月手术治疗的110例胃癌的临床、病理资料。7例伴有远处转移,1例行腹腔镜下胃局部切除未行D2淋巴结清扫,根据排除标准予以剔除。其余102例行胃癌根治术(D2淋巴结清扫),包括近端胃大部切除+D2清扫术(PG+D2)25例,远端胃大部切除+D2清扫术(DG+D2)60例,全胃切除+D2清扫术(TG+D2)17例。102例根据手术方式分为腹腔镜组38例,开腹组64例。结果腹腔镜组清扫淋巴结数目(22.2±9.9个)与开腹组(23.4±9.4个)比较,差异无显著性(t=-0.651,P=0.514)。三种术式腹腔镜组清扫淋巴结数目与开腹组比较[PG+D2:19.4±7.3(n=8)vs21.2±8.5(n=17);DG+D2:20.9±10.8(n=22)vs22.2±8.0(n=38);TG+D2:28.3±7.5(n=8)vs32.8±12.1(n=9)],差异均无显著性(t=-0.517,-0.526,-0.913;P=0.610,0.601,0.375)。结论腹腔镜下胃癌根治D2淋巴结清扫是可行的,清扫淋巴结数目和开腹手术类似,能够符合肿瘤根治原则。     

Appropriate Gastric Resection with Lymph Node Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer

Background The extent of lymphadenectomy (limited vs. extended) and that of gastric resection (partial vs. total) remain controversial issues in the management of early gastric cancer (EGC). A multicentric study was performed to elucidate the appropriate gastric resection with lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer.Methods From 1979 to 1988, 332 patients with EGC underwent surgery in 23 French centers. Clinicopathological data, the extent of resection, and the number of lymph nodes retrieved were reviewed retrospectively and screened for prognostic effect. The mean follow-up for the 332 EGC patients was 80 months.Results Postoperative mortality was correlated to age (odds ratio [OR], 1.1) and extent of gastric resection (OR,10.3). Examination of survival data (excluding postoperative deaths) with univariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model showed that the independent factors for excellent prognosis included no lymphatic involvement (P = .005), 10 or more lymph nodes retrieved (P = .003), site of the tumor in the lower third of the stomach (P = .01), and mucosal lesions (P = .04). The extent of resection did not influence long-term survival.Conclusions Our results suggest that because of the associated good prognosis, the appropriate surgical treatment for EGC is partial gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy retrieving 10 or more lymph nodes.