产前超声诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的征象或线索

目的 探讨胎儿先天性心脏病的产前超声表现。方法 对4501名孕妇(均为单胎妊娠)进行系统胎儿超声检查,采用四腔心切面头侧偏转法筛查胎儿心脏畸形,观察心脏位置、心尖指向、心房及心室大小、瓣膜启闭情况、大动脉起源、大动脉交叉关系及内径、血管数目、内部血流情况等。结果 4501胎受检胎儿中,先天性心脏病29胎,产前超声检出26胎,其中心脏位置异常或心尖指向异常1胎,双侧心房和(或)心室大小不对称13胎,大动脉交叉关系消失2胎,大动脉内径异常4胎,血管数目异常3胎,相对气管位置关系异常1胎,血流性质异常17胎。结论 心脏位置异常、心尖指向异常、双侧心房和(或)心室大小不对称、大动脉交叉关系消失、内径异常、数目异常及相对气管位置关系异常、内部血流异常均是产前超声诊断胎儿先天性心脏病的征象或线索。     

先天性肺动脉闭锁的产前超声诊断

目的探讨先天性肺动脉闭锁的胎儿期超声图像特征、检测技巧及其鉴别诊断,提高此类畸形的产前检出率。方法对33200例胎儿均采取胎儿心脏四腔心切面加胎儿头侧偏转法获得四腔心切面及左右心室流出道及主、肺动脉长轴切面快速筛查胎儿心脏畸形,对疑有胎儿心脏畸形者则行更详细的胎儿彩色多普勒超声心脏检查。分析22例产前及产后诊断的肺动脉闭锁的声像特征和病理特征。结果产前共诊断肺动脉闭锁20例,误诊为永存动脉干2例,根据产前和产后声像图及病理资料将其分为3型:I型,肺动脉闭锁不伴室间隔及不同程度的右室发育不良和三尖瓣异常;Ⅱ型,法洛四联症并肺动脉闭锁,即肺动脉闭锁伴室间隔缺损和主动脉骑跨;Ⅲ型,肺动脉闭锁合并其他大血管异常。主要声像图表现为:肺动脉内径细小、绝大部分病例于三血管-气管平面彩色多普勒显示动脉导管内血流反向。结论肺动脉内径细小,主动脉相对粗大,三血管-气管平面显示动脉导管内血流反向是肺动脉闭锁的主要声像特征,三血管-气管平面是诊断先天性肺动脉闭锁的关键切面,需注意与永存动脉干和主动脉闭锁进行鉴别。     

三血管气管切面超声诊断胎儿心脏大血管畸形的价值

【目的】探讨胎儿三血管气管切面超声诊断胎儿心脏大血管畸形的价值。【方法】回顾分析2006年1月至2007年3月12028例接受产前胎儿筛查的孕妇资料,采用彩色多普勒超声按顺序法扫查胎儿后检查胎儿心脏,在四腔心切面的基础上平行向胎儿头侧移头即可显示三血管气管切面,然后叠加彩色多普勒血流显像,观察大动脉血流分布和血流方向。【结果】12028例胎儿超声心动图检出胎儿心脏结构异常326例,其中大血管病变47例。36例胎儿抽脐带血或羊水检查染色体,15例染色体异常。16例在本院引产,14例尸检,其畸形结果与产前诊断相符。【结论】三血管气管切面超声检查对筛查及诊断胎儿心脏大血管畸形的先天性心脏病有重要的价值。     

胎儿心脏三血管气管平面在先天性心脏病筛查中的价值

目的 探讨胎儿三血管气管平面的声像图特点及其筛查胎儿先天性心脏病的价值。方法 回顾性分析2003年4月至2005年4月1212例接受产前胎儿心脏超声筛查孕妇资料，取胎儿心脏检查的常规6个标准切面，然后在四腔心切面的基础上缓慢平行向胎儿头侧移动探头即可显示上纵隔横切面，即三血管气管平面，再叠加彩色多普勒血流显像，观察各房室及大动脉血流分布和血流方向。结果 1212例胎儿超声心动图检出胎儿心脏结构异常47例，22例合并心外畸形。33例在本院引产，20例尸检，其中18例尸检与产前超声诊断相符，1例单心房单心室并大动脉位置正常误诊为单心房单心室并大动脉转位，1例单心房单心室并永存动脉干误诊为完全性心内膜垫缺损并永存动脉干。15例胎儿抽脐带血检查染色体，3例染色体异常。结论 三血管气管平面在筛查胎儿大动脉和心室流出道异常的先天性心脏病中有重要作用。     

大动脉交叉切面图在胎儿复杂先天性心脏病诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图的大动脉交叉切面图在胎儿复杂先天性心脏病诊断中的重要性。方法对已检出的103例复杂先天性心脏病胎儿和110例正常胎儿心脏的大动脉交叉切面图进行对比分析，显示大血管排列、内径、数量、大动脉瓣病变、瓣上及瓣下情况，并行彩色多普勒和频谱多普勒检测，同时显示三血管平面图。结果先天性心脏病组103例大动脉交叉切面图显示率为98．1％，检出大血管及瓣膜异常率86．4％，其中大动脉交叉关系消失23例，大动脉交叉关系正常内径异常36例，主动脉瓣及肺动脉瓣狭窄14例；三血管平面图显示血管内径、数量及排列异常69例（66．9％）。正常组大血管交叉切面显示率100．0％，三血管平面显示率98．7％。结论连续动态显示大动脉交叉切面图在胎儿复杂先天性心脏病诊断中极为关键，可明确胎儿大动脉有无畸形和清晰显示左右心室流出道，特别对大动脉狭窄部位的诊断优于三血管平面图。     

室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁的产前超声诊断

目的探讨室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁的胎儿期超声诊断声像特征、检测技巧及其鉴别诊断,提高此类畸形的产前检出率。 方法对33200例胎儿均采取胎儿心脏四腔心切面加胎儿头侧偏转法获得四腔心切面及左右心室流出道及主、肺动脉长轴切面快速筛查胎儿心脏畸形,对疑有胎儿心脏畸形者则更行详细的胎儿彩色多普勒超声心脏检查。分析8例产前及产后诊断的室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁的声像特征和病理特征。 结果产前共诊断室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁8例,其主要声像特征是8例均有肺动脉内径细小,彩色多普勒于三血管气管平面显示7例动脉导管内血流反向,7例右室右房扩大,6例右室壁厚,7例中重度三尖瓣反流,1例三尖瓣下移畸形,1例三尖瓣狭窄并右室小。 结论肺动脉内径细小、不同程度的右房右室扩大、三尖瓣畸形、右室发育不良、动脉导管内血流反向是肺动脉闭锁的主要声像特征,三血管气管平面是产前超声诊断室间隔完整的肺动脉闭锁的关键切面,需注意与主动脉闭锁、永存动脉干进行鉴别。     

产前超声检查对胎儿心脏大动脉畸形的诊断价值

目的 探讨胎儿心脏大动脉畸形产前超声诊断的操作技巧,提高产前超声诊断符合率.方法 回顾分析我院诊断并经产后证实的20例心脏大动脉畸形胎儿的超声图像,总结不同类型大动脉畸形的声像图特征.结果 20例心脏大动脉畸形胎儿均经产后新生儿超声心动图检查或引产后尸体解剖证实,大动脉畸形在三血管气管(3VT)切面上均呈阳性特征,分别表现为大动脉内径异常10例,包括肺动脉狭窄7例,主动脉狭窄1例,主动脉弓离断1例及主动脉弓缩窄1例;永存动脉干4例;大动脉交叉关系消失5例,包括右室双出口3例,大动脉转位2例;右位主动脉弓1例.17例胎儿合并心内其他结构异常.结论 3VT切面是诊断胎儿心脏大动脉异常敏感且有效的切面,其他切面可作为诊断和鉴别诊断的辅助切面.     

主动脉弓缩窄的产前超声诊断

目的探讨胎儿主动脉弓缩窄(CoA)的产前超声诊断线索、诊断方法与技巧及畸形特征。方法所有胎儿均常规获得四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管气管(3VT)切面(即主动脉弓横切面)的灰阶和彩色多普勒血流显像。当四腔心切面发现左心系统偏小、3VT切面显示主动脉弓和动脉导管内径比例失调疑CoA时,进一步获得主动脉弓纵切面和冠状切面(Y平面)并测量峡部内径。结果产前超声共诊断56例CoA患儿,28例有解剖或新生儿超声心动图和手术结果,产前超声误诊和漏诊4例。其中8例合并单心室、心内膜垫缺损、右心室双出口、大动脉转位、永存动脉干等其他严重复杂心脏畸形,7例合并心脏外严重畸形。22例合并室间隔缺损(VSD)和永存左上腔静脉(LSVC)等非复杂心脏畸形。产前超声诊断的28例CoA患儿均首先于3VT切面发现两大动脉内径比例失调,主动脉弓异常小,四腔心切面显示左、右心室比例不对称,左心明显小于右心。此28例CoA患儿中有23例(82.1%)同时获得了3VT切面、主动脉弓纵切面及Y平面,14例于主动脉弓纵切面显示有来自降主动脉的反流。而误诊和漏诊的4例CoA患儿均未能获得满意的主动脉弓纵切面和Y平面。结论 3VT切面显示主动脉弓和动脉导管内径比例失调和四腔心切面不对称、左心偏小是CoA的诊断线索,进一步获取主动脉弓的特殊切面以获得至少2个平面的印证是提高CoA产前诊断率的主要技巧。CoA可以单独发生,也可合并其他心内外畸形。     

超声快速筛查胎儿心脏技巧的探讨

目的探讨超声快速筛查胎儿心脏的技巧,提高产前诊断效率。方法回顾性分析50例经产前超声诊断的各种心脏畸形的胎儿的超声资料。对受检胎儿进行胃泡水平横切面、四腔心切面、五腔心切面、左室流出道切面、右室流出道切面、三血管平面、上、下腔静脉入右房切面、主动脉弓切面,只进行二维图像观察和彩色多普勒图像观察。结果50例胎儿先天性心脏畸形中,13例经尸检证实,37例经其它医院或上级医院再次超声检查证实。经过以上所述切面,绝大多数先天性心脏结构畸形在胎儿期是可以发现的,并且在胎位不利于观察心脏结构时,可以选择相应替代切面进行观察,节约检查时间。结论产前二维平面和彩色多普勒对诊断胎儿心脏结构畸形是有重要意义的,对于室间隔缺损的观察,应加强五腔心切面的使用,右室流出道的观察应延续观察至动脉导管,这对于确定大动脉的关系十分必要。     

产前超声筛查妊娠中、晚期胎儿先天性心脏病价值

目的:探讨产前超声筛查妊娠中、晚期胎儿先天性心脏病的价值,减少漏诊、误诊。方法:应用高清晰彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,六切面法产前常规检查妊娠中、晚期孕妇28 912例,胎儿疑有心脏病者加行大动脉短轴切面、三血管切面及三血管气管切面扫查,观察内部血流的彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒情况,并与尸体解剖和产后超声随访对照。结果:产前筛查出胎儿先天性心脏病78例,漏、误诊6例,3例室间隔缺损产后超声随访闭合。结论:产前超声可用于筛查妊娠中、晚期胎儿先天性心脏病,分阶段动态产前超声检查可减少某些渐进性先天性心脏畸形的漏诊。     

胎儿主动脉弓异常的超声诊断线索和方法研究

目的 探讨胎儿主动脉弓异常的超声诊断方法技巧、诊断线索,提高主动脉弓异常的产前超声诊断率.方法 选择2006年1月至2009年12月在我院行产前系统超声检查并获得结果验证的1472例正常和异常胎儿为研究对象,每个胎儿均进行四腔心切面、左右心室流出道切面、三血管气管切面的观察,当怀疑主动脉弓异常时,进一步获得主动脉弓长轴切面和冠状切面及经过气管的冠状切面.结果 产前超声共诊断148例主动脉弓异常,漏诊1例,92例获得结果验证,包括主动脉弓缩窄28例,主动脉弓离断10例,右位主动脉弓及主动脉弓分支异常52例,双主动脉弓2例.24例合并其他严重心脏畸形.主动脉弓缩窄、主动脉弓离断的线索为三血管气管平面均显示主动脉弓内径和动脉导管内径比例失调,主动脉弓内径异常小,四腔心切面显示左心小,左右心不对称;右位主动脉弓及其分支异常在3VTV平面显示主动脉弓位于气管右侧、主动脉弓和动脉导管之间距离增大呈"U"形和(或)在气管后方有发自降主动脉起始段的血管分支-锁骨下动脉.主动脉弓横切面即三血管气管切面、纵切面、冠状切面的显示率分别为 98.4%、90.0%、81.9%.结论 四腔心切面显示左心小,左右心不对称和3VT平面显示主动脉弓内径异常小,主动脉弓与动脉导管内径比例失调是诊断主动脉弓缩窄、离断的线索,主动脉弓和动脉导管之间距离增大是诊断右位主动脉弓的线索,三血管气管平面是诊断主动脉弓异常最易显示和最敏感的切面,主动脉弓冠状切面、纵切面及经过气管的冠状切面对诊断具有补充和鉴别意义.

Abstract：

Objective To study the ultrasonographic clues and methods for fetal anomalies of the aorta arch and improve prenatal detection of anomalies of the aorta arch.Methods One thousand four hundred and seventy-two cases fetus who were carried out detailed scan and whose results were confirmed were chose as study objects.Every routine fetal echocardiography included four chamber and left and right outflow tract and three-vessel trachea view(3VT).The more views which included longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch and coronary view of the trachea and main bronchus were obtained when the abnormality of aorta arch was suspected.Results One hundred and forty-eight cases with anomalies of aorta arch were diagnosed by ultrasonography.One case was misdiagnosed.Ninety-two fetus with anomalies of aorta arch which included 28 aortic coarctation(CoA) and 10 interrupted aortic arch (IAA) and 52 right-side aortic arch and abnormal aortic branch and 2 double aortic arch were confirmed by postmortem or postnatal echocardiography and surgery.Of the 92 confirmed cases,24 had prenatally diagnosed additional complex intracardiac anomalies.All cases with CoA and IAA presented ventricular and/or great arterial disproportion with smaller left ventricle and aorta diameter on four chamber view and 3VT.Right aortic arch (RAA) and abnormal aortic branch(AAB) displayed aortic arch located on the right side of the trachea and increased distance between the aortic arch and arterial duct and abnormal aortic arch branch-subclavian artery originating from the beginning section of the descend aorta which coursed behind the trachea with U-shaped appearance on the 3VT plane.The display rate of the transverse and longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch was 98.4%,90.0%,81.9%,respectively.Conclusions Disproportional ventricular and /or great arterial with smaller left ventricle and aorta diameter are the clues for CoA and IAA.Increased distance between the aortic arch and arterial duct is the clue for RSA.The transverse view of the aortic arch 3VT is the most sensitive for detecting the anomalies of the aortic arch and the most easily be obtained.The longitudinal and coronary view of the aorta arch and coronary view of the trachea and main bronchus are helpful in differentiating the anomalies of the aortic arch.     

产前超声横断面连续扫查三血管气管上多切面诊断胎儿心血管异常

目的 探讨产前超声横断面连续扫查三血管气管上多切面诊断胎儿心血管异常的价值。方法 采用横断面连续扫查三血管气管上多切面方法,观察502胎正常胎儿和521胎异常胎儿的三血管气管上多切面声像图特点。结果 由三血管气管切面开始向胎儿头侧移动探头,依次获得三血管气管切面;头臂静脉切面可显示头臂静脉、主动脉横弓;头臂动脉起始段切面可显示头臂动脉、左颈总动脉、左锁骨下动脉起始段横断面;双侧锁骨下动静脉切面可显示双侧锁骨下动脉及双侧锁骨下静脉长轴、双侧颈总动脉起始段横断面。502胎正常胎儿三血管气管上多切面均可通过连续扫查获得显示。521胎异常胎儿中,三血管气管上多切面扫查检出头臂静脉异常236胎,头臂动脉异常277胎,心上型肺静脉异位引流7胎,颈位主动脉弓1胎。结论 三血管气管上多切面连续扫查有助于产前超声诊断胎儿心血管异常。     

Fetal sonographic diagnosis of aortic arch anomalies.

Aortic arch anomalies refer to congenital abnormalities of the position or branching pattern, or both of the aortic arch. Although aortic arch anomalies are not uncommon, reports on their prenatal diagnosis are scarce. Insight into the hypothetical arch model is crucial to understanding anomalies of the aortic arch in the fetus. Recognition of the trachea, three major vessels, ductus arteriosus and descending aorta in the axial views of the upper mediastinum is necessary for a complete fetal cardiac assessment. Clues to aortic arch anomalies include abnormal position of the descending aorta, absence of the normal 'V'-shaped confluence of the ductal and aortic arches, a gap between the ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery in the three-vessel view, and an abnormal vessel behind the trachea with or without a vascular loop or ring around the trachea. Meticulous attention to anatomic landmarks will lead to successful prenatal diagnosis of important vascular rings making early postnatal management possible.     

Fetal Aortic Arch Anomalies

Aortic arch anomalies are present in 1% to 2% of the general population and are commonly associated with congenital heart disease, chromosomal defects, and tracheaesophageal compression in postnatal life. The sonographically based detection of aortic arch anomalies lies in the 3‐vessel and trachea view. Although highly sensitive, this view alone does not allow identification of the aortic arch branching pattern, which prevents an accurate diagnosis. The systematic addition of a subclavian artery view as part of a standardized procedure may be useful in the differential diagnosis of these conditions. We describe the sonographic assessment of fetal aortic arch anomalies by combining 2 fetal transverse views: the 3‐vessel and trachea view and the subclavian artery view, which are included in the cardiovascular system sonographic evaluation protocol. We also review the sonographic findings and the clinical implications of fetal aortic arch anomalies.     

三血管观在胎儿复杂心脏病超声诊断中的应用

方法回顾性总结89例胎儿先天性心脏病和80例正常胎儿的三血管观,分析各种胎儿心脏病三血管观的异常变化。结果正常胎儿三血管观显示率为97.5%,心脏病胎儿显示率为91.0%;正常三血管观图像表现为从左至右依次为肺动脉、主动脉和上腔静脉,内径依次递减;89例胎儿先天性心脏病中47例显示三血管观异常,分为4种类型:(1)血管内径异常(19例);(2)血管前后方位排列异常(6例);(3)血管左右方位排列异常(10例);(4)血管数量异常(12例)。结论三血管观检查方法简便可靠,可以提高胎儿心脏病的检出率和准确性。     

Simple approach to prenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the most relevant anomalies, seen in a sequential segmental transverse views approach to imaging the fetal heart, that provide clues to the diagnosis of complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA). METHODS: We reviewed retrospectively all the cases of isolated TGA diagnosed in our center or submitted for a second opinion through the spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) telemedicine (TELE-STIC) program. Only transverse cardiac sweeps were obtained. Digital video clips and STIC volumes were reviewed. The abnormal features on four-chamber, five-chamber, three-vessel (3V) and three vessels and trachea (3VT) views were analyzed. RESULTS: The study population consisted of eight fetuses with TGA with normal extracardiac anatomy. The gestational age ranged from 13 to 32 (mean, 23) weeks. The maternal age ranged from 25 to 42 (mean, 32) years. A normal four-chamber view was seen in seven cases. Only one case demonstrated a significant ventricular septal defect. At the level of the five-chamber view a straight course arterial vessel arose from the left ventricle with lateral branches in all fetuses. In the 3V view, the ascending aorta was seen reaching more anteriorly than was the pulmonary artery in six cases. At the level of the 3VT view, two vessels (transverse aortic arch and superior vena cava) rather than three were seen in all cases. CONCLUSION: Our proposed sequential segmental approach to imaging the fetal heart apparently allows, in five-chamber and 3VT views, clear and confident signs to be detected that aid diagnosis of TGA.