新疆维吾尔族大学生鼻与面型的测量

目的:收集新疆维吾尔族大学生的外鼻特征和鼻面部数据,积累维吾尔族大学生的体质人类学方面调查资料,为民族美容学、人类法医学和整形外科学提供面部形态学基础资料.方法:按体质人类学测量的要求,测量202例(男99例,女103例)18-22岁发育正常的新疆维吾尔族大学生的鼻高、鼻宽、鼻长、鼻深、形态面高、面宽,并计算鼻指数、鼻深指数、形态面指数.结果:各项测量指标及指数除鼻指数为女性大于男性外,其余均为男性大于女性,差异有显著性(P＜0.05或0.01),新疆维吾尔族大学生的鼻型以狭鼻型为主,面型以过阔面型为主.结论:鼻与面型的差异与性别、年龄及民族有关.     

哈尔滨市青年女性外鼻形态及鼻整形相关肋软骨影像学测量研究

目的:研究哈尔滨市青年女性外鼻形态及鼻整形相关肋软骨影像学测量。方法:纳入哈尔滨市青年女性100例进行研究,记作研究组。另取我国广东地区青年女性100例作为对照组。采集两组人员正位像、侧位像、基底位像共3组数码彩色照,计算并对比外鼻角度相关项目以及外鼻比例指数相关项目。此外,取哈尔滨市鼻整形术适龄女性10例,采集肋软骨三维数据,比较不同肋软骨左、右两侧解剖数据的差异。结果:研究组鼻额角、鼻尖角、鼻面角均显著低于对照组,而鼻唇角显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组鼻指数、鼻宽-鼻长指数显著低于对照组,而鼻梁指数、鼻深-鼻宽指数、鼻深-鼻高指数、鼻背宽-鼻宽指数、鼻小柱宽-鼻宽指数、鼻小柱长-鼻深指数均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。第6肋软骨左侧直长、平直部曲率均显著低于第7肋软骨同侧,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。第6肋软骨右侧曲长、直长、平直部曲率均显著低于第7肋软骨同侧,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:哈尔滨青年女性外鼻形态和广东地区青年女性存在明显差异,临床医师应根据地区差异进行术前设计、术中操作以及术后评价。此外,第6肋和第7肋软骨均可用作肋软骨鼻整形,其中主要差异在于第6肋软骨短直,稳定性和隐蔽性较佳,而第7肋软骨较长,剥离安全性高。     

汉族正常年轻成年女性外鼻软组织测量及比较研究

目的 通过对汉族正常年轻成年女性外鼻软组织的测量和分析,将其同LG Farkas等针对北美白人女性的外鼻软组织测量数据进行比较,为外鼻部整形手术提供客观可靠的数据参考.方法 选择长沙地区就读的汉族正常女大学生63例.年龄18～25岁,平均23岁.以LG Farkas的头面部测量研究为基础,选择10个测量标记点和6个比例指数,对13个测量项目(10个线性距离,3个角度)进行测量.结果 计算测量项目和比例指数的均数和标准差,并进行种族间的比较.其中,5个线性距离较大(P<0.01),5个线性距离较小(P<0.01);鼻额角及鼻尖角较大,鼻唇角较小(P<0.01);6个比例指数中,鼻深-鼻宽指数、鼻翼长-鼻高指数、鼻小柱宽-鼻宽指数及鼻小柱高度-鼻深指数较小(P<0.01),鼻指数较小(P<0.05),鼻梁指数较小,其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 中国汉族女性与北美白人女性的外鼻软组织存在明显的差异.本研究可以为外鼻部整形手术提供有参考价值的外鼻软组织的正常值.     

应用微机进行鼻的形态测量

作者报告了应用微机进行鼻的形态测量方法及特点，随机对汉族成年人（男性３０人，女性３４人）鼻的各项美学数据进行测量，发现中国人与西方人的鼻外形有很大差别，国人与西方人比较，鼻根部的鼻高、鼻尖高均较西方人数值小。男性鼻长、鼻宽、鼻深等数据均较女性大。应用计算机测量的各项美学数据的特点是简便、省时、数据计算速度快、精确而且可以满足大样本多种测量方法数据资料的统计分析及储存，应用微机测量鼻形态的１２项内容，基本上较好地反映出鼻的形态，为鼻的美容整形手术提供比较客观的依据。作者还对各项数据进行了分析讨论。     

四川雅安地区汉族中青年的外鼻鼻下部活体测量研究

目的　了解汉族中青年外鼻鼻下部的解剖形态,为下鼻部整形手术提供有关参考。方法　对汉族２００ 名１９ ～３０ 岁中青年外鼻鼻下部进行测量,男、女各１００ 名,测量项目：鼻翼宽、鼻深、鼻小柱宽和高、鼻尖宽和高、鼻基底鼻尖角、鼻孔宽和高、鼻翼鼻小柱角、鼻孔上部最小角、鼻翼厚度和突出距共１３ 个数据,观察鼻孔、鼻翼附着外侧缘形态,比较测量值的正常范围、变异系数、分布频数,并作统计分析。结果　发现鼻翼宽、鼻深、鼻小柱宽、鼻尖宽和高、鼻孔宽和高、鼻孔上部最小角、鼻翼突出距的测量值男女之间差异有显著意义Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１ ,鼻翼厚度差异较有显著意义,Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５ ,对临床有意义。男性鼻下部宽、鼻深等４ 组测量值分布集中,女性鼻深、鼻小柱宽等８ 组测量值分布集中。鼻孔外形可描述为扇形和扇形一边为底的三角形相连而成。结论　所得参数,对临床工作有指导意义     

现代汉族正常青年女性外鼻形态学测量研究

目的 通过对现代汉族正常青年女性人群外鼻形态进行针对性测量和深入分析,探讨不同人种存在的差异.方法 本研究选择在大连地区的两所高校,随机抽取了在校就读的汉族正常女性大学生320例.年龄18～22岁.采集拍摄正位像、侧位像、基底位像3组数码彩色照片,根据研究设计选择了17个外鼻软组织测量标记点(非成对标志点9个,成对标志点8个),在计算机上应用Adobe Photoshop CS5软件定点测量了16个线性距离项目(成对测量项目4对)和4个角度项目.结果 计算线距、角度和比例指数的±s,并与已公布的标准北美白人女性外鼻的测量数据进行种族的比较.其中,现代汉族正常青年女性的外鼻6个线性距离较大,6个线性距离较小;鼻额角、鼻尖角、鼻面角较大,鼻唇角较小;9个比例指数中,汉族鼻指数和鼻宽-鼻长指数较大,其余7个鼻比例指数均较小.上述所有测量数据除鼻翼长-鼻高指数,P ＞0.05无统计学意义;其余所有的测量结果,P ＜0.01有统计学意义.结论 中国汉族女性与北美白人女性的外鼻测量结果 存在着明显的差异,汉族女性鼻部特征不符合以白人作为研究对象建立起来的古典美学标准,为临床鼻部整形手术提供量化指标和参考依据.     

鼻尖突出不足合并鼻指数过大的鼻型特点及联合治疗

目的 应用人体测量学以比例关系描述特定鼻型,探讨鼻尖突出不足合并鼻指数过大的鼻型特点及治疗方法,为鼻整形定量研究提供思路.方法 2010年3月至2011年10月,测量27例鼻尖低平、鼻翼肥大的青年女性鼻形态并计算指数值.患者均行隆鼻、鼻尖抬高并前延、鼻翼缩小三项鼻整形术.结果 随访3～12个月,效果满意.术后鼻指数、鼻宽深指数、鼻尖突出度均在正常范围内,其中部分患者比例值达到美学范围.结论 外鼻形态测量比例值能较客观、准确地描述某种鼻型.我国汉族青年女性,鼻指数大于82.05％,鼻尖突出度小于37.50％,可归类为鼻尖突出不足合并鼻指数过大鼻型,此类鼻型应用三项手术综合治疗,协调各亚单位比例,可塑造和谐美观的鼻型.     

朝鲜族年轻成年人外鼻形态及相关指标的测量

目的 收集沈阳地区朝鲜族年轻正常成年人的外鼻特征和鼻面部数据,丰富人体测量学数据库,并为朝鲜族人群的外鼻部整形手术提供客观可靠的参考数据.方法 选择测量对象243例(男性101例,女性142例).以LG Farkas(1996年)的头面部测量研究为基础,选择10个测量标记点和6个比例指数,对17个测量项目(12个线性距离,5个角度)进行测量.计算测量项目和比例指数的-x±s,并行男女组间差异及各指标间的比较分析.结果 朝鲜族年轻成年人群鼻型分布以狭鼻型最多(70.37%),中鼻型次之(21.40%),其余鼻型分布较少.女性与男性相比,2个线性距离和鼻小柱高-鼻深指数的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);8个线性距离、鼻唇角、鼻梁指数和鼻深-鼻宽指数的显著差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);其余各项的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 本研究可以为朝鲜族人群的外鼻部整形手术提供有参考价值的外鼻软组织的正常值.     

应用微机进行鼻的形态测量

作者报告了应用微机进行鼻的形态测量方法及特点，随机对汉族成年人鼻的各项美学数据进行测量，发现中国人与西方人的鼻外形有很大差别，国人与西方人比较，鼻根部的鼻高鼻尖高的均较西方人数值小。男性鼻长、鼻宽、鼻深等数据均较女性大，应用计算机测量的各项美学数据的特点是简便、省时、数据计算速度快、精确而且可以满足大样本多种测量方法数据资料的统计分析及储存，应用微机测量 鼻形态的１２项内容，基本上较好地反映出鼻的     

北京大学第三医院整形外科 安阳

正安阳,北京大学第三医院整形外科,副主任医师。毕业于德国汉诺威医学院(全德最好的医学院之一),获整形外科博士学位,师从德国整形外科学会主席Peter.M.Vogt教授,主攻修复重建与显微外科。现任中国整形美容协会鼻整形分会秘书长,常委;中华医学会整形外科分会鼻整形委员;中华医学会医学美容与美容学分会全国青年委员;中国中西医结合学会鼻整形分会副主任委员;中国整     

The Korean American woman's nose: an in-depth nasal photogrammatic analysis

OBJECTIVES: To assess the differences in nasal anthropometric measurements between Korean American women and North American white women and to perform an in-depth nasal index calculation. METHODS: This anthropometric survey included a volunteer sample of Korean American women (n = 72) aged 18 to 35 years with Korean parents and no previous nasal surgery or trauma to the nose. Standardized and referenced frontal, lateral, and basal photographs of the nose were taken of the subjects and 22 standard anthropometric measurements of the nose were determined. Results were compared with published standards for North American white women. In addition, 18 nasal indices were calculated and compared with the published standards for North American white women. RESULTS: The Korean American woman's nose did not fit the neoclassic facial canons. Compared with North American white women, 20 of 22 nasal measurements in Korean American women were found to be significantly different. Nasal indices also revealed significant differences in 16 of the 18 that were calculated. The Korean American woman's nose exhibits less rotation, has a flatter dorsum, and is more flared at the alae, with less definition of the nasal tip. CONCLUSIONS: The average Korean American and North American white female nasal anthropometric measurements are very different. As cosmetic surgery becomes more popular among Asian Americans, our findings bolster the need for a broader view of facial analysis and transcultural aesthetics.     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔-歪鼻整形术后疗效评估方法的综合应用

目的：探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔-歪鼻整形术后疗效的综合评估方法。方法：选择2006年12月～2011年12月入住我院整形科和耳鼻喉科需手术治疗的176例歪鼻并鼻中隔偏曲患者,应用VAS主观评估鼻外形满意度及鼻塞情况、鼻外形分度、鼻阻力测定、外鼻相关指标测量的方法对该组患者进行疗效评估。结果：176例患者术后鼻外形满意度为96.02%,100%患者鼻塞改善。从鼻外形分度来看,92.04%患者鼻外形恢复正常,100%的患者治疗有效。鼻阻力测定术后鼻腔0～5cm容积较术前明显增大;术后阻塞侧鼻腔的鼻气道阻力较术前也明显降低,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。外鼻相关指标的测量,鼻长、鼻深术后较术前有所增加,鼻背坡长、鼻面角、鼻额角、鼻翼角术后较术前有所缩小,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：对于鼻内镜下鼻中隔-歪鼻整形术后疗效的评估,建议运用综合的评估方法,包括主观鼻外形满意度、鼻塞改善程度,鼻外形分度,鼻阻力测定,外鼻相关指标测量。     

Geography of the nose: a morphometric study

The noses of 34 attractive young North American Caucasian women were analyzed quantitatively, based on 19 nasal measurements (6 single and 7 paired linear measurements, 3 angles, and 3 inclinations) and 15 craniofacial measurements (10 linear measurements and 5 inclinations) taken directly from the face of the women. The relationship between the nasal measurements was studied in 16 proportion indices and the relationship between the nasal and the other craniofacial measurements in 13 interareal indices. The findings were also compared with those in 21 women with below-average faces. Two types of facial harmony disruption were identified: disharmony, a normal index with a visually apparent failure of proportionality, and disproportion, an index value outside of the normal range. The percentage of disharmonies and disproportions was significantly higher in the group of 21 women with below-average faces. The study revealed a wide variety of "ideal" noses. Only a small portion of the measurements (12%) and proportion indices (7%) were at the mean value. At least two-thirds of the interareal proportion indices were located in the mean +/- 1 standard deviation portion of the normal range. Only about one-fifth of the interareal indices were disharmonious and 2.8% disproportionate. The disproportions were more areal in the attractive faces and more interareal in the below-average faces. The greatest disproportion in the attractive face was the moderately short columella in relation to the tip protrusion and in the below-average face the long nasal bridge related to the upper-lip height. Disproportions were associated with combinations of normal and abnormal measurements, or with two normal measurements of unequal quality, which resulted in a slightly smaller disfigurement. Analysis of ethnic and racial differences showed the soft nose as the main feature of the most characteristic differences. The study revealed that the key to restoration of facial harmony is the renewal of the uniformity of proportion index qualities by elimination disharmonies and/or disproportionate relationships.     

Geography of the nose: A morphometric study

The noses of 34 attractive young North American Caucasian women were analyzed quantitatively, based on 19 nasal measurements (6 single and 7 paired linear measurements, 3 angles, and 3 inclinations) and 15 craniofacial measurements (10 linear measurements and 5 inclinations) taken directly from the face of the women. The relationship between the nasal measurements was studied in 16 proportion indices and the relationship between the nasal and the other craniofacial measurements in 13 interareal indices. The findings were also compared with those in 21 women with below-average faces. Two types of facial harmony disruption were identified:disharmony, a normal index with a visually apparent failure of proportionality, anddisproportion, an index value outside of the normal range. The percentage of disharmonies and disproportions was significantly higher in the group of 21 women with below-average faces. The study revealed a wide variety of ideal noses. Only a small portion of the measurements (12%) and proportion indices (7%) were at the mean value. At least two-thirds of the interareal proportion indices were located in the mean ±1 standard deviation portion of the normal range. Only about one-fifth of the interareal indices were disharmonious and 2.8% disproportionate. The disproportions were more areal in the attractive faces and more interareal in the below-average faces. The greatest disproportion in the attractive face was the moderately short columella in relation to the tip protrusion and in the below-average face the long nasal bridge related to the upper-lip height. Disproportions were associated with combinations of normal and abnormal measurements, or with two normal measurements of unequal quality, which resulted in a slightly smaller disfigurement. Analysis of ethnic and racial differences showed the soft nose as the main feature of the most characteristic differences. The study revealed that the key to restoration of facial harmony is the renewal of the uniformity of proportion index qualities by elimination disharmonies and/or disproportionate relationships.Presented in part to the VIIIth Congress of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Madrid, September 17, 1985     

自体肋软骨移植构建鼻尖软骨复合体在鼻整形中的临床应用

目的：通过应用自体肋软骨重塑鼻尖软骨支架结构,形成稳定的鼻尖软骨复合体,来达到完美、立体的鼻尖外形,同时应用膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架抬高鼻背,从而达到理想的鼻部整形美容效果。方法：以鼻小柱基底部＂几＂字形切口和鼻孔内鼻翼软骨外侧缘切口,彻底分离皮肤达鼻翼基底部,对鼻尖短小朝天者可松解到达梨状孔边缘,显露两侧鼻翼软骨及侧鼻软骨,同时暴露鼻中隔软骨游离端;雕刻自体肋软骨,移植、固定到鼻中隔软骨上,贯穿缝合鼻翼软骨、移植的软骨,形成鼻尖软骨支架结构,构建鼻尖软骨复合体。雕刻膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架放置到鼻背鼻骨骨膜下抬高鼻背。结果：本组96例手术者均采用自体肋软骨移植构建鼻尖软骨复合体行鼻整形,术后7天拆线,切口Ⅰ/甲愈合。随诊6～12个月,95例术后鼻尖表现点明显,鼻形立体、挺拔,自然美观,鼻尖活动度好,效果满意。1例术者感觉鼻小柱下垂,通过修复移植软骨,达到满意效果。结论：应用自体肋软骨重塑鼻尖软骨支架结构,构建鼻尖软骨复合体,同时应用膨体聚四氟乙烯或硅胶假体支架抬高鼻背,可以达到理想的鼻部整形美容效果。     

Rhinoplasty and concepts of facial beauty

As American society continues to strive for facial beauty, it is not surprising that cosmetic rhinoplasty ranks among the most commonly performed cosmetic surgical procedures in America. Fueled by a growing acceptance of cosmetic surgery, ever more favorable cosmetic outcomes, and widespread media attention, cosmetic nasal surgery continues to grow in popularity at an unprecedented rate. No longer considered an indulgence reserved for wealthy young women, cosmetic rhinoplasty now transcends all age, gender, socioeconomic, and ethnic classifications. Indeed, cosmetic rhinoplasty is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, with growing popularity in Asia, South America, and Europe. As the enthusiasm for rhinoplasty reaches an all-time high, it appears that cosmetic nasal surgery has come of age, and further expansion of its infectious popularity seems inevitable.     

Controlling Nasal Length with Extended Spreader Grafts: A Reliable Technique in Primary Rhinoplasty

Background The short nose characterized by a reduced distance from the nasal radix to the tip represents a challenging deformity in facial plastic surgery. Several techniques have been described in the literature for augmentation of the short nose, but none emphasizes the surgical maneuvers necessary to preserve nasal length in primary rhinoplasty and to avoid the development of a short nose deformity. Methods The authors present a surgical technique for avoiding postoperative nasal shortness and for controlling nasal length in primary rhinoplasty. The procedure uses caudally extended bilateral spreader grafts, which prevent postoperative cephalic tip rotation and allow control of tip rotation. The grafts should be placed electively in noses that have the potential to become overshortened postoperatively. By doing so, surgeons can perform any of the common surgical maneuvers in rhinoplasty without risking short nose deformity. The study included 41 patients with a mean age of 27 years who were considered to be at high risk for the development of postoperative short nose deformity. All the patients were treated with bilateral extended spreader grafts via the open nasal approach. The follow-up period was up to 12 months, with regular evaluation of the surgical outcome comprising measurement of the nasal length and photographic analysis. Results All the patients showed preserved nasal length after surgery with well-proportioned facial features. There was no evidence of postoperative nasal shortening after 12 months of follow-up evaluation. No operative or postoperative complications were detected. All the patients were pleased with the surgical results achieved. Conclusion The use of extended spreader grafts during primary rhinoplasty for selected patients represents a valuable tool for preventing short nose deformity after primary rhinoplasty.     

Anatomy, physiology, and general concepts in nasal reconstruction

Nasal reconstruction provides a challenging task for any facial plastic surgeon. In performing reconstructive surgery on the nose, one must balance both the functional aspects of the nasal airway with the aesthetic responsibilities of being the central fixture of the face. Before performing surgery, the surgeon must grasp the importance of the anatomic nasal relationships and subunits, the physiology of the skin, the flaps or grafts used to reconstruct these areas, and the basic steps in wound healing. Accurate preoperative planning and analysis of the nasal defect are also vital to producing both an aesthetic and functional nose.     

耳甲腔软骨联合膨体聚四氟乙烯矫治短鼻畸形

目的:探究耳甲腔软骨联合膨体聚四氟乙烯(Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene,e-PTFE)矫治短鼻畸形对鼻部外形的影响。方法:以2016年3月-2018年3月笔者医院收治的40例短鼻畸形患者为研究对象。所有患者均利用耳甲腔软骨联合e-PTFE进行手术矫正,术后随访半年。比较治疗前后患者鼻长度、鼻尖突出度、鼻面角、鼻唇角、鼻尖后旋角、随访结果及不同时间满意度。结果:患者术后鼻长度和鼻尖突出度均显著高于手术前,患者术后鼻面角显著高于手术前,鼻唇角和鼻尖后旋角均显著低于手术前,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。40例患者术后6个月手术效果满意度达97.50%,无1例出现假体外露、皮肤破损、感染,1例出现鼻孔不对称,1例出现轻微鼻倾斜,术后第4个月给予矫正;另有1例出现鼻尖轻微肥大。结论:耳甲腔软骨联合e-PTFE可有效改善短鼻畸形患者鼻部外形,患者满意度较高,不良反应少,值得临床推广应用。