脑电双频指数用于开颅术后患者意识障碍预测

目的探讨开颅术后早期脑电双频指数(BIS)监测对患者远期意识状态预测的准确性,指导护士早期判断患者意识状态。方法对63例开颅术后延迟苏醒拔管患者,记录术后6 h内每小时BIS监测值(BISmax)、道格拉斯昏迷量表中的语言或疼痛刺激体动反应评分(GCS-M)及术后24 h意识状态。根据患者术后24 h是否清醒分组,计算两组BISmax、GCS-M及BISmax对术后24h意识障碍的预测概率(PK)。结果术后24 h清醒患者57例,未清醒6例;清醒者GCS-M评分均为6分,术后6 h内BISmax预测术后24 h意识障碍的PK值为0.69~0.86。结论监测BIS可作为开颅术后患者意识状态的辅助预测方法。     

重症急性胰腺炎患者并发意识障碍的临床分析

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)并发意识障碍的原因、特点、诊断和治疗方法 .方法 回顾性分析2000年至2007年华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院收治的86例并发意识障碍的SAP患者的临床资料,分析其病因、临床表现、治疗方法 以及预后.结果 86例并发意识障碍的SAP患者中由机体内环境紊乱诱发者38例、胰性脑病9例、感染中毒性脑病23例、韦尼克脑病16例.并发意识障碍患者的临床表现复杂多样,但没有特异性.在SAP综合治疗的基础上,针对导致意识障碍的原因采取个体化的救治措施,多数患者的意识障碍逐渐恢复,但有14例患者死于大出血或MODS.结论 SAP急性反应期所发生的意识障碍首先考虑机体的内环境紊乱状态,其次考虑胰性脑病;对感染期所发生的意识障碍要警惕感染中毒性脑病以及韦尼克脑病的发生.在SAP综合救治的基础上针对病因采取个体化的处理是治疗和预防意识障碍发生的根本措施.     

颅脑损伤意识障碍患者脑脊液总蛋白变化特点

目的 探讨不同意识障碍患者脑脊液总蛋白的变化特点及其对脑积水的预测价值和治疗评估。方法 选取本院2019年7月至2022年12月收治的200例颅脑损伤意识障碍患者,入院时依据CRS-R评分把患者分为植物状态组和最小意识状态组。所有意识障碍患者每15天行腰穿抽取脑脊液和头颅CT检查,连续6次测量脑脊液总蛋白数值和头颅CT评估。依据患者最终的转归分为脑积水患者和非脑积水患者。通过两组数据对比分析不同意识状态患者脑脊液总蛋白的变化特点及脑积水的发生率;分析脑脊液总蛋白与脑积水的关系,讨论脑脊液总蛋白增高引起脑积水的治疗方法和时机。结果 植物状态组脑脊液总蛋白水平高于最小意识状态组;植物状态组脑积水发生率高于最小意识状态组,脑脊液总蛋白数值在脑积水患者高于非脑积水患者。对发生脑积水患者治疗后脑脊液总蛋白下降,且患者意识状态有明显改善。结论 脑脊液总蛋数值与意识障碍程度成正比,脑脊液总蛋白数值高的患者脑积水发生率高,早期治疗脑积水可以降低脑脊液总蛋白提高预后。     

护理干预对脑外伤后浅昏迷病人静脉留置针的影响

颅脑损伤后浅昏迷状态,是神经外科常见的意识障碍.浅昏迷病人留置针的广泛应用为治疗疾病、抢救生命提供了方便,减少了护士的工作量,减轻了患者的痛苦.但由于浅昏迷病人狂躁不安且陪护缺乏留置针的护理知识,导致留置过程短、并发症多,影响了留置效果.     

意识障碍患者意识水平评估方法研究进展

意识障碍(disorders of consciousness, DOC)是指严重脑损伤导致的意识丧失状态。DOC患者的意识水平决定了其预后判断及康复方案制订,因此,对DOC患者意识水平的精准评估成为了康复评估的重点。目前有很多针对DOC患者意识水平的评估方法,但各方法均具有一定的优点及局限性。本文主要就当前各DOC患者意识水平评估方法的优缺点进行简要综述。     

GCS评分单的改良

GCS评分是评定患者意识状态的一种客观量化指标,以其简单易行已广泛应用于临床.它从睁眼、语言和运动三方面分别定出具体评分标准,评定患者每项的得分,三者相加即得出患者GCS分值.     

无脑部外伤与骨科相关的意识障碍分析与处理

目的 探讨无脑部外伤与骨科相关的意识障碍原因、鉴别诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析自2003-01-2014-01诊治的77例无脑部外伤骨科患者出现意识障碍的临床资料.结果 本组68例获得随访6～128个月,平均67.6个月.其中脂肪栓塞综合征(FES)33例中死亡2例,植物状态1例,13例昏迷2～10周,17例表现为较轻的意识障碍,24例目前意识均恢复正常.肺栓塞(PE)21例中死亡9例,植物状态2例,4例昏迷2～5 d,6例出现短暂的意识丧失,8例目前意识恢复正常.脑梗死(CI)9例中死亡3例,植物状态1例,4例遗留部分后遗症.重度低钠血症(SHN)7例,意识均恢复正常.重症肺炎(SP)5例中死亡4例,1例意识恢复正常.颅内感染(ICI)2例,均死亡.结论 无脑部外伤的骨科患者出现的意识障碍要充分认识,辨明病因,积极防治,减少死亡率和病残率.     

骨科老年患者呼吸道梗阻风险评估体系的构建及初步验证

目的 构建骨科老年患者呼吸道梗阻风险评估体系,早期识别高风险人群.方法 通过文献检索和小组讨论,拟定评估体系的初级指标,通过2轮专家咨询确定最终指标,并对指标进行初步验证.结果 构建的风险评估体系由年龄、意识状态、咳痰能力、痰液黏稠度、疼痛程度、可行体位、手术(受伤)部位、麻醉方式、基础疾病及高危因素10个指标构成.指...     

熵指数麻醉深度监测仪在全麻苏醒期患者意识监测的应用

目的评价熵指数在全麻苏醒期监测患者意识状态的效能。方法选择25例ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级在全麻下择期行胆囊切除术的患者,手术期间通过丙泊酚、雷米芬太尼和阿曲库铵维持麻醉,术毕采用熵指数监测麻醉深度,采用镇静/警觉(OAA/S)评分评估患者全麻后意识恢复程度,并记录不同OAA/S评分时所对应熵指数(RE和SE)的值。计算这些参数对应意识状态的相关系数(r)。结果rSE、rRE与患者全麻苏醒期意识状态变化显著相关(P<0.01)。结论熵指数在全麻苏醒期能够及时有效地反映患者意识状态的变化。     

脑状态指数和Narcotrend指数用于预测全麻苏醒期意识恢复的比较

目的 观察脑状态指数(CSI)和Narcotrend指数(NTI)在全麻苏醒期的变化,探讨两者在预测全麻苏醒期意识恢复中的效能.方法 选择腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者25例,术中靶控输注(TCI)丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼维持麻醉,效应室靶浓度(Ce)分别为2～3 μg/ml和2～4 ng/ml,维持CSI值在40～60.记录全麻苏醒期不同意识恢复水平(对刺激无反应、呼之睁眼、定向力恢复)的CSI、NTI和丙泊酚Ce的变化.结果 CSI、NTI、丙泊酚Ce与苏醒期意识水平变化显著相关,相关系数分别为0.89、0.92和-0.86(P＜0.01).CSI、NTI及丙泊酚Ce预测患者意识恢复水平的概率(Pκ)均大于0.8(P＜0.01).结论 CSI、NTI和丙泊酚Ce均能及时反映全麻苏醒期意识水平的变化.     

Assessing consciousness in coma and related states using transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography

Thanks to advances in medical care, an increased number of patients recover from coma. However, some remain in vegetative/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome or in a minimally conscious state. Detection of awareness in severely brain-injured patients is challenging because it relies on behavioral assessments, which can be affected by motor, sensory and cognitive impairments of the patients. Other means of evaluation are needed to improve the accuracy of the diagnosis in this challenging population. We will here review the different altered states of consciousness occurring after severe brain damage, and explain the difficulties associated with behavioral assessment of consciousness. We will then describe a non-invasive technique, transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with high-density electroencephalography (TMS-EEG), which has allowed us to detect the presence or absence of consciousness in different physiological, pathological and pharmacological states. Some potential underlying mechanisms of the loss of consciousness will then be discussed. In conclusion, TMS-EEG is highly promising in identifying markers of consciousness at the individual level and might be of great value for clinicians in the assessment of consciousness.     

Head Injury and Loss of Consciousness Raise the Likelihood of Developing and Maintaining PTSD Symptoms

Mild traumatic brain injury has been associated with higher prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The extent to which head injury or loss of consciousness predicts PTSD is unknown. To evaluate the contribution of head injury and loss of consciousness to the occurrence of PTSD, we made a longitudinal evaluation of 1,260 road accident survivors admitted to the emergency department with head injury (n = 287), head injury and loss of consciousness (n = 115), or neither (n = 858). A telephone‐administered posttraumatic symptoms scale inferred PTSD and quantified PTSD symptoms at 10 days and 8 months after admission. The study groups had similar heart rate, blood pressure, and pain levels in the emergency department. Survivors with loss of consciousness and head injury had higher prevalence of PTSD and higher levels of PTSD symptoms, suggesting that patients with head injury and loss of consciousness reported in the emergency department are at higher risk for PTSD.     

An unexpected recovery from permanent vegetative state

Primary objective: To challenge the Multi-Society Task Force's ruling that a persistent vegetative state (PVS) can be judged to be permanent for non traumatic brain injury after three months.

Method: We report the case of a 44-year-old man who had recovery of consciousness with persistent severe disability 19 months after a non-traumatic brain injury at least in part triggered and maintained by intrathecal baclofen administration.

Result: This unexpected and late recovery of consciousness raises an interesting hypothesis of possible effects of partially regained spinal cord outputs on reactivation of cognition.

Conclusion: Considering that several ethical, legal, and socio-economic issues have been raised about the opportunity of withdrawing treatment and life support in patients with PVS the report of this case might add further documentation to the ongoing debate.     

Persistent vegetative state in electrical injuries: a 10-year review

We reviewed 148 cases of electrical injury admitted to our burn centre. The incidence of persistent vegetative state was 3% (n = 5), higher in the low-voltage (6.7%) than in high-voltage group (1.2%). At the time of trauma, 44% (n = 65) lost consciousness and 50% of these (n = 32) received cardiopulmonary resuscitation on arrival at hospital. Of these, 50% recovered (n = 16), 22% became comatose (n = 7) and 28% (n = 9) died. Of the seven comatose patients, five did not show brain oedema but remained in a persistent vegetative state; this state was more common with low-voltage electrical injuries. The public should be warned of this effect of low-voltage trauma.     

肩袖损伤患者术前焦虑状况与肩关节镜术后疼痛的相关性分析

目的 分析肩袖损伤行关节镜下肩袖修复手术的患者术前各因素对术后疼痛的影响.方法 本研究回顾性分析了2018年1月至2019年12月本科室收治的肩袖损伤患者的基本资料,所有患者术前进行视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、美国肩肘外科协会评分(American shoulder and el...     

EEG FINDINGS IN NEUROLEPTANALGESIA

In neuroleptanalgesia (NLA), a state of analgesia and catalepsy is created which permits surgical operations. The complete analgesia and profound respiratory depression imply that certain brain-stem centres are blocked, but the retention of consciousness also indicates that the brain-stem effect is highly selective. This was shown by I ngvar and N ilsson (1961)⁵, and their data also demonstrated a functional coupling between respiration and pain perception, two sensory modalities which are generally considered important for the generation of wakefulness and of consciousness. Their investigation was performed with the neuroleptic haloperidol and the analgesic phenoperidine.     

Caudal block for postoperative analgesia in children

A clinical trial was performed to compare the effects of intramuscular dihydrocodeine with caudal bupivacaine on postoperative pain and recovery in 181 children who had undergone either circumcision, inguinal herniotomy or orchidopexy performed under general anaesthesia. Linear analogues were used in assess level of consciousness and apparent pain. Recovery of consciousness was slower after caudal analgesia. For 90 minutes following circumcision there was significantly less pain and caudal analgesia, but better pain relief could not be demonstrated following inguinal herniotomy and orchidopexy.     

Bewusstlosigeit, Koma, Somnolenz, Stupor und Sopor

Background

In German the terms unconsciousness, coma, somnolence, stupor and sopor are used to describe a state of impaired consciousness partly due to historical reasons. In parallel the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) introduced in 1974 provides a better definition for the state of consciousness.

Material and methods

In this study two different groups were evaluated: active emergency physicians and emergency medicine trainees. Using a questionnaire both groups were asked to describe the impaired consciousness terms and indicate a corresponding GCS value. In addition they were asked to define a predescribed state of consciousness justifying the need for intubation.

Results

The active emergency physicians assigned coma and unconsciousness median GCS levels of 7 (5–8, interquartile range, IQR) and 9 (7–10 IQR), respectively, whereas trainees assigned mean GCS levels of 6.5 (5–8 IQR) and 8 (8–10 IQR), respectively. Of the participants 60% assumed that an unconscious patient, in contrast to the definition, does not show any defence signs to pain. Somnolence was assigned higher GCS values (median 11, 10–13 IQR) and 12, 10–13.5 IQR). Stupor and sopor were assessed to having GCS scores covering almost the complete range of values.

Conclusions

The results showed that most participating physicians were not aware that coma and unconsciousness are synonyms. Moreover, this demonstrates that much uncertainty is associated with the terms somnolence, sopor and stupor. In order to describe altered levels of consciousness, particularly in trauma patients, restrictions should be placed on the terms impaired consciousness and unconsciousness with a parallel use of the numerical GCS scale.     

Children and young adults in a prolonged unconscious state due to severe brain injury: outcome after an early intensive neurorehabilitation programme

Primary objective. The Rehabilitation Centre Leijpark in the Netherlands provides an Early Intensive Neurorehabilitation Programme (EINP) to children and young adults in a prolonged unconscious state after severe brain injury. In an extensive research project the effects of EINP were studied. This part of the project focused on the outcome in terms of level of consciousness (LOC) in relation to the specific characteristics of a retrospectively studied cohort. Research design. This study was executed according to a one-group archived pre-test-post-test design. Subjects. Subjects were all consecutively admitted patients (n = 145, 72% male) between December 1987-January 2001. Inclusion criteria were: age 0-25 years, within 6 months after injury, LOC at admission vegetative state (VS) or minimally conscious state (MCS). One hundred and four patients (72%) suffered a traumatic injury and 41 patients (28%) a non-traumatic injury. Methods and procedures. All patients had received EINP until they reached consciousness or until it was concluded that no progress was achieved during 3 months after the start of EINP. Medical files were investigated to collect the patients' characteristics and injury data, to determine the LOC at admission and at discharge and to determine the discharge destination. Results. Almost two-thirds of the patients reached full consciousness. LOC at admission, aetiology and interval since injury were found to be significant prognostic factors. Traumatic patients had a much better outcome than non-traumatic patients. A comparison with earlier outcome studies showed a more favourable outcome than expected. It is argued that a multi-centre study is needed to confirm possible effects of EINP.