肺朗格罕氏细胞组织细胞增多症的影像学诊断

目的探讨肺郎格罕氏细胞组织细胞增生症(PLCH)的影像学表现及鉴别诊断。方法6例经病理证实的PLCH患者均经胸部X线平片和高分辨率CT(HRCT)检查,对其影像学表现进行了回顾性分析,并结合文献复习讨论了鉴别诊断。结果X线胸片与HRCT显示了双肺弥漫网状、星状结节影2例,弥漫性分布的囊疱与星状结节并存2例,两肺实变影、磨玻璃样影是1例,以及单侧肺斑片状浸润性改变1例。结论两肺弥漫性分布的网状、星状结节影及囊疱影表现结合临床及实验室检查可提示PLCH的诊断。PLCH应与肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病、特发性间质纤维化,以及结节病等鉴别。     

急性吸入性汞中毒胸部X线及CT表现

目的 分析急性吸入性汞中毒性肺炎胸部X线及CT表现.方法 23例急性吸入性汞中毒患者,拍摄胸部平片61次,其中11例行胸部CT扫描17次,分析其X线及CT表现.结果 23例入院时X线片示汞毒性实质性肺炎10例,表现为双肺野多发片状密度增高影,边缘模糊,散在分布,3例伴有泡性肺气肿.汞毒性肺间质性炎症7例,表现为肺纹理增重模糊及紊乱,呈斑团状、条索状、网格状致密影.中毒性泡性肺水肿6例,表现为双肺大片状密度增高阴影,4例合并间质性肺水肿,可见K氏A、B线.CT扫描显示汞毒性实质性肺炎为双肺野多发散在分布的片状高密度影,范围广泛,伴发的泡性肺气肿呈低密度大小不等薄壁泡状影.汞毒性肺间质性炎症CT表现为肺纹理增重模糊,局部呈斑团状、条索状、网格状高密度影,病灶周围伴较高密度渗出性改变.中毒性泡性肺水肿表现为双肺大片状或蝶翼状密度增高影,边界模糊、欠光整.结论 急性吸入性汞中毒性肺炎胸部X线及CT表现具有一定的特征性,结合临床病史和实验室检查可作出明确诊断.     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病的胸部X线片和CT表现特点

目的:探讨肺淋巴管肌瘤病的胸部X线片、CT和HRCT的表现,以提高早期诊断水平。材料和方法:回顾性分析2例经病理证实的淋巴管肌瘤病的胸部X线、常规CT及HRCT表现。结果:2例胸片显示广泛的网格状、蜂窝状阴影。常规胸部CT见双肺野磨玻璃样改变,肺实质内多发囊状低密度灶。HRCT特征性表现为两肺弥漫性均匀分布的薄壁小囊状阴影。结论:常规CT可显示淋巴管肌瘤病部分肺部改变,而HRCT具有较特征性的表现,熟悉其特点有助于该病的早期诊断。     

X线诊断下肺野结核21例

目的：探讨下肺结核的X线表现,旨在提高正确诊断率。方法：对21例经临床证实为下肺野结核的X线平片资料进行回顾性分析。结果：下肺野结核的X线平片表现为：17例表现为小片状或絮状致密影,边缘模糊;2例表现为大片状致密影,示有虫蚀样空洞;2例表现为薄壁空洞,周边示有斑点状、片状、索条状影即所谓卫星病灶。结论：胸部X线平片对下肺野结核的诊断,必须密切结合临床及实验室检查。     

肺郎格罕氏细胞组织细胞增生症的CT表现

目的探讨肺朗格罕氏细胞组织细胞增生症(PLCH)的CT表现及鉴别诊断,提高对该疾病的认识。方法回顾性分析6例经病理证实的肺郎格罕细胞组织细胞增生症患者的临床和CT资料,分析病变的形态、数目、大小及分布情况。结果 2例早期PLCH,CT表现为双肺以中上肺野为主广泛分布的小片状、结节状病灶;2例中期PLCH,CT表现为两肺弥漫性小结节伴囊状透亮影;2例为晚期PLCH,CT表现为双肺以中肺野为主广泛分布的大小不等的圆形、类圆形低密度透光区伴纤维条索影,部分呈囊状和蜂窝状病灶,其中1例并合并反复气胸。结论 PLCH的CT表现有一定特征性,各期病灶可相互存在,早期诊断对PLCH的治疗起关键的作用。     

儿童特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症的影像学分析:比较X线与CT的诊断价值

目的:比较观察X线平片、常规CT和HRCT对儿童特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症(IPH)胸内病变中的诊断价值。方法:对13例IPH患者进行胸部X线平片、常规CT和HRCT检查,将影像表现分类,并以HRCT为标准,评价X线平片和常规CT的诊断价值。结果:HRCT显示的肺内局限性病变包括均匀磨玻璃影(11例)、晕状影(7例)、结节影(6例)和不均匀磨玻璃影(1例);非局限性病变包括磨玻璃(3例)、细网状(7例)和细沙粒状改变(2例)。X线平片诊断上述病变征象的例数分别为7、0、2、0、1、3、0例。常规CT为10、6、4、0、3、3、0例。结论:X线和常规CT对显示IPH主要肺部改变各有优缺点,HRCT优于这2种方法。X线平片仍应作为IPH的主要影像检查手段,对于有不良预后因素或临床高度怀疑为继发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症的患者,可根据实际情况选择HRCT或常规CT。     

地中海贫血的胸部影像误诊分析

目的:探讨地中海贫血患者胸部髓外造血组织增生(EMH)的影像表现,减少误诊。方法:回顾13例胸部EMH病例,结合文献分析其病因,病理,影像表现,讨论其鉴别诊断。结果:X线平片2例示肺野重叠区多发团块影,4例示脊柱或胸壁向肺野突出团块影;13例CT扫描示胸部团块影,脊柱旁单发2例,多发4例;胸壁单发1例;多发4例;纵隔合并胸壁2例;椎体均呈栅栏状改变,肋骨端膨大.5例非螺旋CT增强扫描呈轻度均匀强化。结论:胸部EMH的影像表现有一定特征,X线、CT表现结合病史可明确诊断。     

慢性左心功能不全的CT诊断

目的:探讨胸部CT扫描诊断慢性左心功能不全的价值。材料和方法:对32例胸部X线平片疑左心功能不全患者行胸部CT平扫,分别行肺窗和纵隔窗观察,了解肺门、肺纹理、肺野、胸膜腔及心脏房室改变。结果:CT扫描显示两侧肺纹理不同程度增粗、紊乱、模糊,肺野清晰度下降32例,胸膜腔/叶间裂中量或少量积液29例,胸腔积液并心包腔内少量积液3例和左房和左室不同程度扩大32例。结论:胸部CT扫描对诊断慢性左心功能不全具有重要的临床价值。     

肺郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症的CT表现及文献复习

目的 探讨肺郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症（PLCH）的CT表现,提高对该病的认识。资料与方法 回顾性分析2例病理证实的PLCH患者的临床和CT资料。2例患者行多次胸部CT检查,其中1例为戒烟3年后复查,另1例因反复气胸复查。结果 1例早期PLCH的CT表现为双肺以中上肺野为主广泛分布的小片状、结节状、小环状病灶,戒烟后病灶吸收：1例晚期PLCH的CT表现为双肺以中肺野为主广泛分布的大小不等的圆形、类圆形低密度透光区,部分呈囊状和蜂窝状改变．并合并反复气胸。结论 PLCH的CT表现有一定特征性,结合临床可提高对此病的诊断。     

Wilson-Mikity综合征的X线及CT诊断

目的:探讨X线及CT在Wilson-Mikity综合征诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析16例临床确诊的Wilson-Mikity综合征患儿的临床及影像学资料。16例患儿在疾病的早、中、晚期均进行了胸部X线检查,7例行CT检查。结果:7例出生后1周内胸片未见异常;16例出生后2～3周内胸片显示:13例双肺弥漫性片状和索条状间质浸润,14例其间有小的囊状透亮区出现;双肺基底部多个小囊状病灶,其中5例融合扩大并扩展到上肺野以下肺野明显,肺透亮度增加。7例胸部CT表现为间质性肺炎、小囊状透亮影及小叶性肺气肿。结论:X线及CT能反映Wilson-Mikity综合征的特征性影像表现,对诊断有重要价值,在明确病灶范围及形态上,CT较X线更有优势。     

周围型肺错构瘤的影像表现

目的 探讨周围型肺错构瘤的影像表现，以提高诊断正确率。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的22例周围型肺错构瘤的影像表现。胸片检查12例，CT扫描16例（其中6例同时有胸片）。结果 所有病例均为单发，右肺13例，左肺9例。全部错构瘤病灶均为边缘清楚、无毛刺或卫星病灶的肺内肿块，浅分叶5例，平片显示钙化3例，CT扫描脂肪成分和钙化的显示分别为8例和6例（其中2例呈典型的爆米花样钙化）。7例行CT增强扫描均无明显强化。结论 爆米花样钙化及脂肪密度是周围型肺错构瘤的特征性影像表现，薄层CT扫描尤其是HRCT检查能提高肺错构瘤的诊断准确率，增强CT扫描对错构瘤的鉴别诊断有一定的价值。     

Cystic fibrosis in images: the Bhalla scoring system for computed tomography in paediatric patients

To monitor the course of lung damage in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) using the different chest X-ray and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scoring systems that have been developed. The HRCT technique is more sensitive than chest radiography to evaluate the anatomy. However, in paediatric patients, the use of CT should be kept to a minimum, and guidelines for radiation protection and dose reduction should be applied. One of the most used classification systems for HRCT is the one proposed by Bhalla in 1991, which helps in the assessment of the severity and course of the disease in these patients depending on the different imaging findings. We present various examples of these criteria for HRCT, observed while reviewing a group of 48 paediatric patients.     

肺淋巴管肌瘤病-高分辨CT表现

目的分析肺淋巴管肌瘤病（PLAM）的高分辨率CT（HRCT）表现,探讨HRCT对该病的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析7例经病理证实的PLAM患者的胸片、胸部常规CT和HRCT表现,所有影像均有2位以上放射科医生共同分析,意见一致。结果胸片诊断PLAM的价值有限,PLAM的CT特征表现为两肺弥漫均匀分布的直径2～10mm含气小囊,HRCT对显示气囊优于常规CT,是诊断本病的必要手段。1例伴有自发性气胸,2例伴乳糜胸,l例合并肺大疱形成。结论PLAM具有特征性的HRCT表现,有经验的放射科医生根据典型HRCT表现可诊断此病,但确诊需病理活检。     

异常体动脉供应正常左下肺基底段的胸部X线片和螺旋CT表现

目的 总结异常体动脉供应正常左下肺基底段在胸部X线片和螺旋CT上的特征性表现。方法 回顾分析5例异常体动脉供应正常左下肺基底段的胸部X线片和螺旋CT资料。结果 5例异常体动脉供应正常左下肺基底段在胸部X线片上均表现为心后区肿块，左下肺动脉纹理细小，受累左下肺区域无正常肺动脉分支影分布，但有异常增粗纹理。CT上5例均表现为受累肺组织体积轻度缩小，支气管通畅，2例肺实质呈磨玻璃状改变。5例均可见左下肺动脉在背段动脉起始远侧缺如，增粗扭曲的异常体动脉起自降主动脉，其扩张的分支分布于受累肺段。1例血管造影表现与CT相仿。结论 该病在胸部X线片上的表现有一定特征性。增强螺旋CT扫描可明确诊断，以避免创伤性的血管造影和致命的穿刺活检。     

X线胸片和CT在发热门诊筛诊聚集人群中SARS的作用

目的:评估X线胸片及CT在发热门诊对聚集人群筛诊SARS的作用.材料和方法:分析同一家庭3例SARS患者胸片及CT的表现.结果:3例胸片及CT均发现异常,其中大片实变1例,毛玻璃样斑片影改变2例;CT表现病变较胸片多而清楚.结论:X线胸片、CT在发热门诊筛诊聚集人群中SARS具有必不可少的重要作用.     

Comparative accuracy of high resolution computed tomography and chest radiography in the diagnosis of chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease

One hundred individuals who had undergone both high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and chest radiography were studied to determine the accuracy of each technique in establishing the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease. The group consisted of 86 patients with a diagnosis of a chronic diffuse infiltrative lung disease and 14 normal subjects. Two independent observers assessed the HRCT examinations and chest radiographs and recorded the three most likely diagnoses. Overall a confident diagnosis was reached more often with HRCT (49%) than with chest radiography (41%). The diagnoses were correct in 82% of HRCT examinations and 69% of chest radiographs. Diagnoses made on HRCT, irrespective of the degree of certainty, were accurate more often than diagnoses made on chest radiography (56% and 47% respectively). Of the patients thought to have a normal chest radiograph, 42% had diffuse infiltrative lung disease (DILD). Of the patients thought to be normal on HRCT, 18% had DILD. Conversely, normal subjects were correctly identified as such in 82% of chest radiographs and in 96% of HRCT examinations. This study emphasizes the important role of CT in helping to confirm or refute the presence of abnormality when the chest radiograph is normal or questionably abnormal, and underlines the superior diagnostic accuracy of HRCT compared with conventional chest radiography in DILD.     

Utility of spiral CAT scan in the follow-up of patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) is a rare disease that occurs almost exclusively in smokers, generally young adults between 20 and 40 years old. Prognostic biomarkers of the disease are lacking. This study describes the clinical-radiological features of a group of PLCH patients and applies a semi-quantitative CT score of the chest to verify the prognostic value of radiological findings in this disease. Clinical-radiological and immunological data from 12 Caucasian patients (6M, 7 smokers and 5 ex-smokers, mean age 36±8 years) were recorded at onset and after a follow-up period of 4 years. Application of the semi-quantitative CT score revealed a prevalently cystic pattern at onset and follow-up in the majority of the patients. Patients with a prevalently nodular pattern developed cystic lesions during follow-up. Interestingly, significant correlations were found between the extent of cystic lesions and DLCO values at onset (time 0: p<0.05) and at the end of follow-up (time 1, p<0.05) and with FEV1 values at time 0 (p<0.05) and time 1 (p<0.05). Patients with progressive functional decline were those with CT evidence of severe cystic alterations. The results suggest that high resolution CT scan of the chest is mandatory for characterizing PLCH patients at diagnosis and during follow-up. The proposed CT score of the chest showed potential prognostic value.     

High resolution computed tomography in adult cystic fibrosis patients with mild lung disease

Chest radiography and high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were used to evaluate the degree of lung involvement in 38 adult cystic fibrosis patients with unusually mild pulmonary disease. Abnormal features were present on the chest radiograph and/or high resolution CT scans of 35 patients, while in three patients both investigations were normal. Thickening of the wall of proximal right upper lobe bronchi was the earliest abnormal feature on HRCT. The commonest abnormal feature in these patients, including those whose chest radiograph was normal, was mild, uniform dilatation of proximal bronchi. The lumen dilatation was always less marked than the degree of thickening. Ten of the patients were first diagnosed in adult life. Although HRCT scans were normal in two of these patients, there were features suggestive of early pulmonary disease in the remaining eight.     

支气管肺癌的影像诊断

肺癌的主要影像检查方法为X线胸片、CT、MRI等,其中高电压胸片、高分辨CT是早期发现及鉴别诊断的最重要的方法。螺旋CT的影像重建技术和MRI对于肿瘤的分期有重要价值。中央型肺癌的早期X线表现为支气管的阻塞性改变,HRCT显示支气管狭窄、管壁增厚及管腔结节。周围型肺癌的早期X线表现为肺内结节或小斑片阴影,HRCT显示结节有分叶、空泡或细支气管气像、边缘毛糙及胸膜凹陷征。CT或MRI增强扫描显示肿瘤明显强化。经皮肺穿刺活检是诊断肺癌的重要方法。螺旋CT对于病变的多平面重建、三维重建及仿真支气管内镜可从多个角度显示病变的形态,对病变的鉴别诊断起辅助作用。对于肺癌转移的诊断方面,CT及MRI可较准确地判断淋巴结转移,三维CT血管重建（CAT）及MR血管成像（MRA）可准确地诊断肿瘤对血管的侵犯。MRI是确定胸壁转移的可靠方法。中心型肺癌需与肺结核及慢性肺炎鉴别,周围型肺癌应与结核球、慢性炎性结节等肺内孤立结节病变鉴别。在充分发挥X线胸片及HRCT检查的基础上,有目的地选择其他影像方法进行综合影像诊断,可提高肺癌的早期诊断及鉴别诊断水平。