慢性心力衰竭心脏再同步治疗超级反应患者的临床特征

目的接受心脏再同步治疗（CRT）的慢性心力衰竭患者中,部分患者心脏结构和功能显著改善,甚至可以恢复至接近正常,即所谓的超级反应患者（super－responders,SR）,本文回顾分析这些超级反应患者的临床特征,寻找有价值的CRT超级反应患者的预测指标。方法2005年6月至2010年1月在本中心因慢性心力衰竭植入CRT·P／CRT—D的患者共69例,其中有较完整随访资料的50例纳入本研究。CRT超级反应患者判断标准为左心室射血分数（LVEF）绝对值增加≥0．20。回顾性分析50例患者中超级反应患者和非超级反应患者的临床特征,比较两组患者之间的差异。结果平均随访时间（13．9±11．5）个月,达到超级反应标准患者11例（22％）,与术前相比LVEF显著升高（0．58±0．05对0．33±0．05,P〈0．001）。超级反应组和非超级反应组术前资料除性别（女性比例：8／11对11／39,P=0．013）、QRS时限[（163．2±19．3）ms对（140．2±29．1）ms,P=0．018]、左束支阻滞的比例（10／11对20／39,P＝0．04）外差异无统计学意义。多元logistic回归分析显示女性合并完全性左束支阻滞是CRT超级反应的惟一独立预测因子。结论CRT中超级反应患者以女性、QRS时限增宽以及合并左束支阻滞患者多见。女性合并左束支阻滞是CRT超级反应的独立预测因子。     

心脏再同步化治疗后出现超反应的预测因子分析

目的:分析不同病因患者接受心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)后超反应的预测因子及预后。方法:纳入2012-01至2016-01期间接受CRT的181例患者,无反应组63例、有反应组62例及超反应组56例,在CRT后第6个月进行随访。结果:CRT超反应发生率为30.9%(56/181)。与其他两组比较,超反应组患者纽约心脏协会(NYHA)心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级比例更高,Ⅳ级比例更低,左心房内径(LAD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)更小,植入心脏再同步化除颤仪(CRT-D)患者人数更少。CRT后6个月,三组患者的心功能较基线状态都有明显改善。基线LVEDD、LVESD、CRT-D植入、非缺血性心肌病(NICM)以及NYHA心功能Ⅳ级是CRT超反应的独立预测因素。另外,相较于缺血性心肌病(ICM)患者,NICM患者超反应率高(37.6%vs 7.5%,P0.001)。生存分析提示,NICM患者的全因死亡(HR=0.31,95%CI:0.14~0.80)、心原性死亡(HR=0.27,95%CI:0.09~0.48)、联合终点(HR=0.36,95%CI:0.27~0.78)事件发生风险均低于ICM患者。结论:基线状态下左心重构程度轻、CRT-D植入、NICM以及NYHA心功能Ⅳ级患者CRT植入后更易发生超反应,NICM患者植入CRT后反应性及预后更佳。     

心脏再同步治疗术中测试腔内心电图参数的临床意义

目的 探讨心脏再同步治疗（CRT）术中测定腔内心电图参数,尤其是左心室激动延迟时间是否可以预测心力衰竭患者左心室逆重构发生.方法 2009年1月至2013年1月37例完全性左束支阻滞患者在天津市胸科医院心内科植入CRT,术中测试窦性心律自身传导情况下右心室-左心室导线的激动时间差（△t）,测试右心室导线起搏到左心室导线感知时间（RVp-LV）及左心室导线起搏到右心室导线感知时间（LVp-RV）.随访观察1年,比较术前、术后心脏结构变化,以左心室舒张末期容积减小15％或射血分数提高5％为标准分为CRT应答组和无应答组.结果 左心室逆重构的发生与术中测试腔内心电图△t、RVp-LV、LVp-RV等参数均无明显关系,△t与术前QRS时限有关,RVp-LV、LVp-RV在左心室舒张末期内径（LVEDD） ＞75 mm的患者中长于LVEDD≤75 mm的患者（P＜0.05）.左心室导线植入在左心室基底部、中段、心尖部的患者发生左心室逆重构的比例分别为71.4％、90.4％、12.5％,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,3个部位的△t、RVp-LV、LVp-RV差异无统计学意义.结论 术中测定腔内心电图相关参数不能预测CRT是否应答,左心室导线位置仍是决定CRT疗效的关键因素.     

心脏再同步治疗慢性心力衰竭的疗效与血浆脑钠肽的关系

目的观察心脏再同步治疗（CRT）慢性心力衰竭（CHF）的疗效与血浆脑钠肽（BNP）的关系。方法21例CHF合并室内阻滞患者行CRT,其中5例植入心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT—D）,包括2例心力衰竭合并心房颤动患者接受房室结射频消融术＋CRT—D治疗。观察植入术前及术后3个月、1、2年的心功能（NYHA分级）、左心室收缩末内径（LVESD）、左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、BNP水平。结果21例患者中的16例存活患者于植入CRT后心功能明显改善,心功能从Ⅲ～Ⅳ级改善为Ⅱ～Ⅲ级（P〈0．05）;LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF均明显改善（P〈0．05）;血浆BNP均明显降低（P〈0．01）。5例死亡患者以上指标无改善。植入CRT前血浆BNP水平小于3000pg／ml者（BNP—L组）与人于3000pg／ml者（BNP—H组）相比,CRT治疗3个月时两组LVEDD、LVESD、LVEF均明显改善（P〈0．05）,但12个月时BNP—I。组的心功能指标仍进一步改善,而BNP—H组与CRT治疗前的心功能指标相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。在随访的24个月内,BNP—L组中只有1例因心功能恶化死亡;而BNP—H组中有3例因心功能恶化死亡,1例为心脏性猝死。结论植入CRT后心功能指标在早期即得到改善的患者,其2年预后较好;植入CRT前血浆BNP水平可反映植入CRT后的心功能变化趋势;植入CRT后3个月时BNP水平不下降的患者其预后较差。     

心脏再同步化治疗在射血分数降低的心力衰竭患者中超反应的预测因素分析

目的分析心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)在射血分数降低的心力衰竭患者中超反应的预测因素,并观察超反应对患者心功能及预后的影响。方法回顾性分析连续的因心力衰竭于本院植入CRT的患者,以术后6个月随访的左室射血分数(LVEF)测定值≥0.50为标准分为超反应组和非超反应组,通过组间比较以及多因素Logstic回归分析筛选出CRT超反应的独立预测因子。根据术前及术后第1,3和6个月的心脏超声指标LVEF、左室舒张末径(LVEDD)和左室收缩末径(LVESD)以及随访记录到的不良事件,观察超反应对患者心脏结构、心功能以及预后的影响。结果共有43例入选,其中13例(30.2%)出现超反应。与非超反应组相比,超反应组的非缺血性心肌病比例较高(100%vs 63.3%,P=0.032),心力衰竭病程较短[中位病程12(6~90)个月vs 66(24~108)个月,P=0.04],术前基线LVEF较高(0.32±0.04vs 0.27±0.06,P=0.008)。而非缺血性病因(OR=13.580,95%CI 1.154~160.055,P=0.038)和术前基线LVEF在0.30~0.35之间(OR=12.138,95%CI 1.492~80.597,P=0.01)是术后发生超反应的独立预测因子。超反应组术后LVEF、LVEDD和LVESD的改善整体优于非超反应组(P0.001)。超反应组复合终点事件(心力衰竭再住院、恶性心律失常、全因死亡)的发生率低于非超反应组(15.4%vs 56.7%,P=0.012),术后两年的无事件生存率高于非超反应组(log-rank P=0.028)。结论非缺血性心肌病以及术前LVEF相对较高的患者更容易从CRT治疗中获益,且获益主要来源于心脏结构与功能的改善以及不良事件发生率的降低。     

心脏再同步治疗超反应的预测因子分析

目的 心脏再同步治疗（CRT）能明显改善患者临床症状,逆转心肌重构,称之为CRT超反应.本文主要分析CRT术后,患者超反应的预测因子.方法 采用回顾性研究,2005年1月至2010年6月共有124例随访资料完整的CRT或心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT-D）纳入分析,分为超反应组及其他反应组.并在CRT术后第6个月随访时,进行临床评估及超声心动图评价.心功能（NYHA分级）提高≥1级,左心室射血分数（LVEF） ≥0.45或增加2倍以上称为超反应.结果 两组患者在基线状态除QRS时限[（160.2±36.1）ms对（139.6±32.5）ms,P=0.01],完全左束支阻滞比例（95％对82％,P=0.02）、心力衰竭症状出现时间[（21.0±14.6）个月对（36.0±25.3）个月,P=0.02]差异有统计学意义外,其余参数在基线状态差异无统计学意义;有17％的患者出现超反应.6个月随访时超反应组与其他反应组在心功能分级、脑钠肽（BNP）、QRS时限、LVEF及因心力衰竭住院率方面有明显改善.结论 完全左柬支阻滞及心力衰竭症状出现较短的患者CRT反应较好.     

心脏再同步治疗前后QRS时限差值对无反应和超反应的预测价值

目的论证植入心脏再同步治疗（CRT）起搏器前后QRS时限的差值是否能够预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应。方法将接受CRT治疗的55例患者，分为无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组和超反应组3组，通过组间比较和绘制ROC曲线，论证植入CRT前后QRS时限的差值是否能够预测CRT治疗的反应性。结果植入后QRS时限在无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组以及超反应组依次降低，QRS时限的差值在无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组以及超反应组依次升高，只是差异无统计学意义。受试者工作曲线（ROC曲线）显示QRS时限差值不能有效预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应。结论QRS时限差值不足以预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应。     

遵循指南实践改善心脏再同步治疗反应性

较高的心脏再同步治疗(CRT)无反应率仍然是困扰和制约CRT临床应用的难题.既往进行了大量研究来寻找CRT反应性的预测因素,包括性别、左心室功能不良病因、心脏运动失同步程度、束支阻滞类型、左心室导线植入位置等,但都未能得到满意结果.改善CRT反应性涉及术前病例筛选(适应证选择)、术中左心室导线植入最佳部位、术后CRT参数优化以及充分的药物治疗等诸多因素,缺一不可,不能偏废.虽然CRT应用于临床已逾十几年,仍有很多问题有待强调和明确.     

心脏再同步治疗前后QRS时限差值对无反应和超反应的预测价值

目的 论证植入心脏再同步治疗(CRT)起搏器前后QRS时限的差值是否能够预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应.方法 将接受CRT治疗的55例患者,分为无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组和超反应组3组,通过组间比较和绘制ROC曲线,论证植入CRT前后QRS时限的差值是否能够预测CRT治疗的反应性.结果 植入后QRS时限在无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组以及超反应组依次降低,QRS时限的差值在无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组以及超反应组依次升高,只是差异无统计学意义.受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)显示QRS时限差值不能有效预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应.结论 QRS时限差值不足以预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应.     

心脏再同步治疗前后QRS时限差值对无反应和超反应的预测价值

目的 论证植入心脏再同步治疗(CRT)起搏器前后QRS时限的差值是否能够预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应.方法 将接受CRT治疗的55例患者,分为无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组和超反应组3组,通过组间比较和绘制ROC曲线,论证植入CRT前后QRS时限的差值是否能够预测CRT治疗的反应性.结果 植入后QRS时限在无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组以及超反应组依次降低,QRS时限的差值在无反应组、不包括超反应者的有反应组以及超反应组依次升高,只是差异无统计学意义.受试者工作曲线(ROC曲线)显示QRS时限差值不能有效预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应.结论 QRS时限差值不足以预测CRT治疗的无反应和超反应.     

真性完全性左束支阻滞与心脏再同步化治疗超反应的研究进展

真性完全性左束支阻滞作为一个新概念被提出,不仅促进了心电学的发展,而且也丰富了心脏再同步化治疗心力衰竭的内容,并成为慢性心力衰竭伴真性完全性左束支阻滞的患者对心脏再同步化治疗获超反应的一个新的预测因子.     

Changes and predictive value of dispersion of repolarization parameters for appropriate therapy in patients with biventricular implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

BACKGROUND: The impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on dispersion of repolarization is controversial. The benefit of CRT on sudden cardiac death has been demonstrated only after 3 years follow-up. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the immediate effect of CRT on dispersion of repolarization and to define the value of dispersion of repolarization parameters as predictors of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. METHODS: Data from 100 patients who underwent CRT-ICD placement were analyzed retrospectively. Patients had symptoms of New York Heart Association functional class III or IV heart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction < or =35%, and QRS duration >130 ms or QRS < or =130 ms with left intraventricular dyssynchrony. ECG indices of dispersion of repolarization before and immediately after CRT implantation (QT dispersion, Tpeak-Tend [Tp-e], and Tp-e dispersion) were measured. RESULTS: In patients who were upgraded to a biventricular system, Tp-e did not increase significantly after CRT. However, Tp-e increased significantly after CRT in patients with left bundle branch block or narrow QRS at baseline. After 12-month follow-up, 22 patients had received appropriate ICD therapy. ICD therapy and no ICD therapy groups had similar baseline characteristics, such as secondary prevention and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Postimplantation Tp-e was the only independent predictor of future ICD therapy (P = .02). CONCLUSION: Immediately after CRT, Tp-e did not increase in patients who received a biventricular upgrade; however, Tp-e did increase in patients with preimplantation left bundle branch block or narrow QRS. Postimplantation Tp-e was the only independent predictor of appropriate ICD therapy.     

The interaction of sex,height, and QRS duration on the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on morbidity and mortality: an individual‐patient data meta‐analysis

Aims

To explore possible associations that may explain the greater benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) reported amongst women.

Methods and results

In an individual‐patient data meta‐analysis of five randomized controlled trials, all‐cause mortality and the composite of all‐cause mortality or first hospitalization for heart failure (HF) were compared among 794 women and 2702 men assigned to CRT or a control group. Multivariable analyses were performed to assess the impact of sex, QRS duration, HF aetiology, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and height on outcome. Women were shorter, had smaller LVEDD, more often left bundle branch block, and less often ischaemic heart disease, but QRS duration was similar between sexes. Women tended to obtain greater benefit from CRT but sex was not an independent predictor of either outcome. For all‐cause mortality, QRS duration was the only independent predictor of CRT benefit. For the composite outcome, height and QRS duration, but not sex, were independent predictors of CRT benefit. Further analysis suggested increasing benefit with increasing QRS duration amongst shorter patients, of whom a great proportion were women.

Conclusions

In this individual‐patient data meta‐analysis, CRT benefit was greater in shorter patients, which may explain reports of enhanced CRT benefit among women. Further analyses are required to determine whether recommendations on the QRS threshold for CRT should be adjusted for height. ( ClinicalTrials.gov numbers: NCT00170300, NCT00271154, NCT00251251).

     

Cardiac resynchronization performed by LBBaP‐CRT in patients with cardiac insufficiency and left bundle branch block

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of left bundle branch area pacing (LBBaP) in patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block (LBBB), and to compare the clinical effects with traditional cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).MethodsThirty‐two patients with dilated cardiomyopathy complicated by cardiac insufficiency and left bundle branch block were divided into CRT group and LBBaP group. Parameters including pacing threshold, R‐wave amplitude, pacing impedance and operation time, and X‐ray exposure time were recorded. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end‐systolic diameter (LVESD) were examined by echocardiography. The changes of QRS complex before and after operation were compared.ResultsCompared with CRT group, the LBBaP group spent less time on total operation time and X‐ray exposure time and had stable electrode parameters including pacing threshold, R‐wave amplitude, and lead impedance after 12‐month follow‐up. In addition, LBBaP can achieve narrow QRS complex (117.15 ± 9.91) ms immediately than that in CRT group (130.32 ± 12.41) ms. The change of QRS between LBBaP is (50.30 ± 23.79) ms and CRT group is (33.15 ± 20.22) ms. After 6 months'' follow‐up in LBBaP group, EF was higher than that before operation. Followed up for 12 months after operation, EF and LVEDD in LBBaP group were significantly improved compared with those before operation.ConclusionLeft bundle branch area pacing is a safe and effective resynchronization method for patients with cardiac insufficiency and asynchronization, which can achieve same clinical effects to CRT.     

Cardiac resynchronization performed by LBBaP-CRT in patients with cardiac insufficiency and left bundle branch block

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of left bundle branch area pacing (LBBaP) in patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block (LBBB), and to compare the clinical effects with traditional cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).

Methods

Thirty-two patients with dilated cardiomyopathy complicated by cardiac insufficiency and left bundle branch block were divided into CRT group and LBBaP group. Parameters including pacing threshold, R-wave amplitude, pacing impedance and operation time, and X-ray exposure time were recorded. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) were examined by echocardiography. The changes of QRS complex before and after operation were compared.

Results

Compared with CRT group, the LBBaP group spent less time on total operation time and X-ray exposure time and had stable electrode parameters including pacing threshold, R-wave amplitude, and lead impedance after 12-month follow-up. In addition, LBBaP can achieve narrow QRS complex (117.15 ± 9.91) ms immediately than that in CRT group (130.32 ± 12.41) ms. The change of QRS between LBBaP is (50.30 ± 23.79) ms and CRT group is (33.15 ± 20.22) ms. After 6 months' follow-up in LBBaP group, EF was higher than that before operation. Followed up for 12 months after operation, EF and LVEDD in LBBaP group were significantly improved compared with those before operation.

Conclusion

Left bundle branch area pacing is a safe and effective resynchronization method for patients with cardiac insufficiency and asynchronization, which can achieve same clinical effects to CRT.

     

双心室再同步治疗后无应答发生率及原因分析

目的 观察本中心双心室再同步治疗(CRT)术后无应答的发生率,并分析可能导致无应答的原因.方法 2001年3月至2009年5月119例患者行CRT治疗(男96例,年龄34～82岁),NYHA心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级,左心室射血分数≤35%,随访6个月以上.结果 119例患者中,7例在CRT置人后6个月内因不同原因死亡,112例完成6个月以上的随访,无应答发生率为28.57%.多因素logistic回归分析提示心力衰竭病程、肺动脉高压、血清肌酐值增高、完全性右束支传导阻滞及心室电极导线置人位置均是CRT无应答的独立危险因素.在CRT术后6个月时,CRT应答组心力衰竭的常规治疗药物明显减少,主要是洋地黄和利尿剂与无应答组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01＝.结论 CRT术后无应答的发生率为28.57%.完全性右束支传导阻滞虽然也有QRS时限明显增宽,但CRT术后无应答的发生率明显增高.左心室电极导线的位置是决定CRT术后无应答发生的重要环节,心大静脉不宜做左心室电极导线置入的部位.     

Baseline Doppler parameters are useful predictors of chronic left ventricular reduction in size by cardiac resynchronization therapy.

AIMS: The identification of responders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and left bundle branch block (LBBB) remains difficult. We aimed to define the predictive value of conventional Doppler parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 73 patients (65 +/- 9 years, 51 male, 36 ischaemic, 37 non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, QRS 167 +/- 31 ms, LVEF 23 +/- 6%) with LBBB, a CRT device was implanted. LV pre-ejection interval (PEI), interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD), LV filling time (FT), and myocardial performance index (MPI) were assessed at baseline and on optimized CRT. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (EDD) was obtained at baseline and after 10.6 +/- 6.7 months. end-diastolic diameter diminished from 66.3 +/- 8.1 to 59.9 +/- 9.6 mm (P < 0.001). Initial LVPEI (r = 0.41, P < 0.001), baseline IVMD (r = 0.34, P = 0.003), acute LVPEI shortening (r = 0.33, P = 0.006), and baseline LVEDD (r = 0.32, P = 0.007) correlated with LVEDD reduction. An LVPEI > or =140 ms had a 82% accuracy to predict long-term LVEDD reduction (sensitivity 86%, specificity 67%, positive and negative predictive values 91 and 56%, respectively). Multivariate analysis solely revealed baseline LVPEI as predictor of LVEDD reduction. FT and MPI correlated only with their respective improvements. CONCLUSION: Left ventricular pre-ejection interval and IVMD predict favourable LV remodelling on CRT. The additional application of tissue Doppler parameters may further increase specificity and negative predictive value.     

Cardiac resynchronization therapy with His bundle pacing as a method of treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and left bundle branch block

CRT is a therapeutic option for patients with heart failure, sinus rhythm, prolonged QRS complex duration and reduced ejection fraction. We present a case of 71-year-old woman with dilated cardiomyopathy, NYHA functional class III and AF. We implanted CRT combined with direct His-bundle pacing. The indication for such a therapy was a left bundle branch block with a QRS complex of 178 ms and a left ventricular EF of 15%, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) of 75 mm. After 8 months of follow-up the LVEDD was 60 mm with EF 35–40%.