带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣翻转移植整复漏斗胸畸形

目的 探讨整复先天性漏斗胸的手术方法。方法 ①根据前胸壁漏斗状凹陷畸形的病变范围,设计胸骨前面皮肤正中垂直切口线。②采用带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣,前后翻转移植整复严重漏斗胸畸形。结果 1999年至2005年,于临床应用7例,全部获得成功,畸形矫正满意,术后无复发。结论 带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣前后翻转移植是一种治疗漏斗胸前胸壁严重漏斗状凹陷畸形较好的方法。     

漏斗胸合并先天性心脏病同期外科治疗体会

目的总结漏斗胸合并先天性心脏病同期外科治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析5例漏斗胸合并先天性心脏病患者同期手术治疗的临床资料，其中3例采用带腹直肌蒂的胸骨翻转术矫治漏斗胸，1例采用保留双侧胸廓内动脉及腹直肌蒂的胸骨翻转术矫治漏斗胸，另1例采用胸骨抬举术矫治漏斗胸。结果5例患者均治愈出院，随访3～44个月，胸骨稳定性好，外观满意，心脏畸形矫正满意，心功能良好，均为Ⅰ级（NYHA）。结论同期矫正漏斗胸及心内畸形是一种安全可行的治疗方案，节约医疗费用，避免或减少了分期手术及麻醉的风险，减轻了患者痛苦。     

带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸22例

目的 总结带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸22例的经验.方法 1998年2月至2008年5月手术治疗漏斗胸22例,均为男性,年龄4～20岁,漏斗胸指数均大于0.2.全组均采用保留双侧胸廓内动脉和带腹壁上动脉的腹直肌蒂的胸骨180°翻转方式,翻转后两侧胸廓内动脉及两侧带腹壁上动脉的腹直肌均呈十字交叉状置于胸骨前.结果 全组病例术后胸骨凹陷均得到完全纠正,胸廓外形满意,术后无一例发生胸骨缺血坏死,切口均Ⅰ期愈合.术中胸膜破裂16例(73%),术后并发症主要为胸腔积液2例(9.1% ),均痊愈出院.术后住院10～15d(平均12d),随访3个月～4年,未见复发.结论 带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸近远期效果满意.     

带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术矫治漏斗胸

2000年至2006年,我们采用带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术矫治漏斗胸31例,并取得了满意的效果,现总结报道如下.     

腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术

采用腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术治疗漏斗胸8例。手术要点在于充分游离腹直肌,切断肋软骨时尽量保留软骨膜的完整,慎勿损伤腹直肌的肋软骨附着部及腹壁上动脉。8例术后胸骨凹陷完全矫正,胸廓外形恢复正常。经半年以上随访,患儿活动量明显增加,X 线复查胸骨与肋骨断端已完全愈合。     

腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术

采用腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术治疗漏斗胸８例。手术要点在于充分游离腹直肌，切断肋软骨时尽量保留软骨膜的完整，慎勿损伤腹直肌的肋软骨附着部及腹壁上动脉。８例术后胸骨凹陷完全矫正，胸廓外形恢复正常。经半年以上随访，患儿活动量明显增加，Ｘ线复查胸骨与肋骨断端已完全愈合。     

胸壁、胸膜

带血管蒂胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸76例；小儿先天性漏斗胸的治疗决策；钢板胸骨悬吊术矫治婴幼儿漏斗胸的效果[编者按]     

33例漏斗胸与扁平胸的外科治疗

目的 总结漏斗胸及扁平胸施行腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术（ＳＴＯ－ＲＭＰ）及胸骨重叠术的治疗经验和体会。方法 １９８３年９月至１９９７年７月为３３例漏斗胸病人施行ＳＴＯ－ＲＭＰ,并对７例同时伴扁平胸的病人施行胸骨重叠术。年龄２．５－３４岁（中位数６．０岁）,漏斗胸指数（Ｆ２Ｉ）０．２７－０．７７（中位数值０．３３）;非对称性漏斗胸者１１例,伴其它部位先天畸形者９例。     

腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术

采用腹直肌蒂胸骨瓣翻转成形术治疗漏斗胸８例。手术要点在于充分游主腹直肌，断肋软骨时尽量保留软骨膜的完整，慎铁损伤腹直肌的肋软骨附着部及腹壁上动脉。８例术后胸骨凹隐完全短正，胸廓外形恢复正常，经半年以上随访，患儿活动量明显增加，Ｘ线复查胸骨与肋骨断端已完全愈合。     

漏斗胸合并肺囊肿同期手术2例

例 1　男 ,11岁。出生后发现胸骨下部凹陷 ,随着年龄增长凹陷逐渐加深 ,活动后出现胸闷、气促。查体 :病儿体质消瘦 ,胸骨下部呈漏斗样畸形 ,盛水量 70ｍｌ,漏斗胸指数为0 2 5 ,左上肺呼吸音减弱。Ｘ线胸片示左上肺野透亮度增强 ,无肺纹理。诊断为漏斗胸、左上肺囊肿。 1995年 8月手术。胸骨及上腹部正中切口 ,游离胸骨及腹直肌后 ,切开左第 3肋间及胸膜入胸腔 ,见左上肺尖后段有 12ｃｍ× 12ｃｍ× 12ｃｍ球形囊肿。切除左上肺尖后段 ,行带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术。切除组织病理诊断 :先天性肺囊肿。术后切口甲级愈合 ,胸骨畸形纠正满意。复查…     

改良胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸

目的探讨改良胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸以取得操作简便、创伤小、不易复发的手术方法。方法通过松解剑突后牵拉纤维束、矫正胸肋软骨反向关节畸形、胸骨前板V形截骨钢丝固定、斜形切除部分软骨牵拉固定等改进胸骨上举术方法治疗漏斗胸。结果1997年3月以来，治疗8例漏斗胸患儿，其中4例术前心率快者术中解除胸骨压迫后心率立即减缓。术中出血少，术后胸部形态恢复正常，活动能力明显改善。未出现气胸、感染等并发症。随访6个月～1年，未见畸形复发。结论改良胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸畸形是安全有效的治疗方法。     

Repair of Pectus Excavatum by Sternal Eversion

Pectus excavatum was repaired by the sternal eversion (turnover) technique in 26 patients over a 7-year period. Vascular supply to the sternal graft was maintained by preservation of one internal mammary vascular pedicle. Good results were obtained in 21 (81%) patients followed for periods ranging from 2 to 76 months (mean, 32 months) postoperatively. Four patients (15%) had fair results; 2 patients with Marfan's syndrome had partial recurrence, as did 1 patient with skin necrosis and 1 with hypertrophic scar. One patient (4%) had a poor early result due to wound infection and distal sternal necrosis requiring reoperation. Other complications were minor: superficial wound seroma in 2 patients and pneumothorax in 1.The sternal eversion technique for repair of pectus excavatum utilizes the concave shape of the sternum when turned over to create a cosmetically acceptable convex anterior chest wall contour. Judicious tailoring of the costal cartilages and shaping of the anterior sternum corrects asymmetrical deformities. The chest wall is very stable after repair. Since no prosthetic struts or pins are used, a second operation for removal is avoided. Preservation of the vascular supply to the sternum should allow normal growth of the anterior chest wall. The results have been sufficiently encouraging for us to recommend sternal eversion as the primary method for repair of pectus excavatum.     

Reactive pectus carinatum in patients treated for pectus excavatum

Purpose

The Ravitch and minimally invasive Nuss procedures have brought widespread relief to children with pectus excavatum, chest wall deformities, over the last half century. Generally accepted long-term complications of pectus excavatum repair are typically limited to recurrence of the excavatum deformity or persistent pain. This study examines the authors' experience with patients who develop a subsequent carinatum deformity within 1 year of pectus excavatum repair.

Methods

The authors retrospectively assessed the charts of all patients diagnosed as having a carinatum deformity subsequent to treatment for pectus excavatum at a tertiary urban hospital. We noted age at original correction of pectus excavatum, time from original correction to diagnosis of carinatum deformity, age at correction of carinatum deformity, complaints before correction, methods of repair, postoperative complications, and we reviewed relevant radiography.

Results

Three patients who underwent pectus excavatum repair between January 2000 and August 2007 developed a subsequent carinatum deformity. Two patients initially underwent minimally invasive Nuss correction of pectus excavatum; 1 patient underwent the Ravitch procedure. Within 1 year of original correction and despite intraoperative achievement of neutral sternal position, a protruding anterior chest deformity resembling de novo pectus carinatum emerged in each patient; we term this condition reactive pectus carinatum. The mean age of patients undergoing initial pectus excavatum repair was 13 years (range, 11-16 years). The pathophysiology of this reactive lesion is not well understood but is thought to originate from reactive fibroblastic stimulation as a result of sternal manipulation and bar placement. Patients who underwent Nuss correction initially were managed with early bar removal. Two of the patients eventually required surgical resection of the carinatum deformity at a time interval of 3 to 6 years after initial excavatum repair. In one patient, the carinatum deformity resolved spontaneously. Neutral chest position and absence of dyspenic symptoms were achieved in all patients.

Conclusions

Reactive pectus carinatum is functionally encumbering and a poor cosmetic complication of either the Ravitch or minimally invasive Nuss procedures. Our experience with reactive pectus carinatum introduces the importance of postoperative vigilance even in patients without underlying fibroelastic disease. Examination of the chest with attention to the possibility of an emerging carinatum deformity, particularly in the first 6 postoperative months, is paramount. A telephone call to the patient at 3 months may be a useful adjunct to clinic visits. An optimal long-term result may be achieved through a combination of early Nuss bar removal or postpubertal pectus carinatum repair.     

Long-term observation in 68 patients operated on for pectus excavatum: surgical repair of funnel chest

BACKGROUND: Recurrence after correction of pectus excavatum may sometimes occur, but its origin is not clear. The type of deformity, surgical technique, and patient lifestyle after operation can all affect the final shape of the thorax. The purpose of the present study was to compare the short-, medium-, and long-term cosmetic results of funnel chest repair. METHODS: Sixty-eight patients (mean age, 12.1+/-5.4 years; 48 male) were operated on for pectus excavatum using the same surgical technique: subperichondrial resection of the abnormal costal cartilages and stabilization of the elevated anterior chest wall with Kirschner's wires. The patients were followed up every year (1 to 10 years) after operation, and the anterior chest wall contour was checked by physical examination and x-ray film. RESULTS: Excellent to good cosmetic results 1 year after operation were achieved in 66 patients (97.1%). During the later follow-up period, a mild or moderate degree of recurrent sternal depression was noted in 6 patients (8.8%), teenagers only, 3 to 9 years after primary repair. CONCLUSIONS: Our technique for correction of pectus excavatum yields good short-term cosmetic results. Late recurrence of the deformity occurs during pubertal growth and does not appear to depend on surgical technique or length of follow-up.     

Repair of pectus excavatum and carinatum in adults

BACKGROUND: There is sparse published information regarding the repair of pectus chest deformities in adults. This report summarizes our clinical experience with the surgical repair of pectus excavatum and carinatum deformities in 25 adults. METHODS: During the past 11 years, 25 patients 20 years of age or older (mean 31) with symptomatic pectus excavatum (23) or carinatum (2) deformities underwent surgical repair using a temporary internal sternal support bar. RESULTS: Each of the patients with decreased stamina and endurance or dyspnea with exercise experienced marked clinical improvement within 4 months postoperation. Exercise-induced asthma was improved in 6 of 7 patients; chest pain was reduced in each of 9 patients. Postoperative complications included pneumothorax (1), keloid (2), and discomfort from sternal bar (2). The sternal bar was removed 7 to 10 months postoperation in 19 patients; there has been no return of preoperative symptoms or recurrent depression in any patient with a mean follow-up of 4.8 years. CONCLUSIONS: For adults who have symptoms and activity limitations related to uncorrected pectus chest deformities, surgical repair can be performed with low morbidity, low cost, minimal limitation in activity, and a high frequency of symptomatic improvement. The operation in adults is more difficult than in children, although the results are similar.     

Surgical correction of pectus excavatum and carinatum

The author presents three decades of experience in the management of anterior chest wall deformities. During this period more than 800 operations were performed on patients with pectus excavatum and carinatum. In this series, there was no death and serious complications were rare. The author believes that the principles on which surgical treatment of pectus excavatum should be based are as follows: (1) bilateral removal of the "culprit" costal cartilages, (2) adequate mobilization of the sternum and correction of the sternal positional deformity by transverse osteotomy, (3) stabilizing the corrected position of the sternum with a substernal "hammock" support. Using this technique the author developed new surgical techniques for the correction of different varieties of chest wall deformities: Pectus excavatum, asymmetric pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum with xiphoid angulation, horizontal pectus excavatum, asymmetric pectus carinatum, chondrosternal prominence with chondrogladiolar depression, and recurrent pectus excavatum. The present method applied for correction of pectus excavatum utilizes the above principles and a substernal Marlex mesh support with bilateral muscle coverage. For carinatum repair, the author routinely uses positional correction of the sternum and sternal shortening. Patients who have significant pectus deformities should undergo surgical repair, preferably between one and eight years of age.     

Correction of pectus excavatum using a sternal elevator: preliminary report.

Operative procedures to correct the deformity caused by pectus excavatum are generally based on either sternal elevation or turnover. In either case, the operation is highly invasive. By considering the softness of the costal cartilages in early childhood, we have developed an endoscopically assisted procedure that applies external traction continuously in order to elevate the depressed sternum and costal cartilages. Since August 1993, we have performed this operation in 11 patients with pectus excavatum who ranged in age from 3 years 1 month to 28 years. The traction screws came loose spontaneously in two early cases. Augmentation transfer of a latissimus dorsi muscle flap and dermal fat grafting were subsequently performed in these two patients, respectively. We achieved an excellent cosmetic outcome in the other nine patients, with results similar to those achieved with the conventional operation. Our technique is a two-stage procedure and the patient is limited in performing daily activities while wearing the traction device. Despite this drawback it can achieve permanent correction of the deformity. Accordingly, this method should be considered when pectus excavatum is corrected surgically, particularly in infants and young children.     

A 26-year review of pectus deformity repairs, including simultaneous intracardiac repair

BACKGROUND: We reviewed our operative experience and long-term results with repair of pectus excavatum and carinatum deformities through a vertical midline approach, including those cases with simultaneous intracardiac repair. METHODS: From 1972 through 1998, 120 children underwent pectus deformity repair. Operative technique used a vertical midline incision with subperichondrial resection of deformed cartilages and an anterior sternal osteotomy. Thirty-five patients had a temporary metal bar for retrosternal support for 6 months; 85 underwent repair without a bar. Patients and parents were asked to assess the outcome after pectus repair as poor, fair, good, or excellent. RESULTS: There were 94 male and 26 female patients (mean age, 8.4 years; range, 3 to 21 years). There were 111 cases of pectus excavatum and 9 of pectus carinatum. Fourteen children (11.5%) had an associated congenital heart defect; 9 patients had simultaneous pectus and intracardiac repair. One patient was referred for emergent open heart repair and pectus repair after attempted "Nuss" repair resulted in a perforated right atrium, perforated right ventricle, and partially disrupted tricuspid valve apparatus. There were no deaths and only one significant complication, which required a return to the operating room for bleeding. Morbidity was not higher in patients with simultaneous intracardiac repair. Long-term follow-up was established in 83% of patients. Results were classified as excellent in 64 patients (64%), good in 25 (25%), fair in 8 (8%), and poor in 3 (3%). Thirty (86%) of 35 patients with a sternal bar had excellent results versus 34 (52%) of 65 without a bar (p = 0.004); 97% of patients who underwent repair with a sternal bar classified the result as excellent or good. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term results of pectus excavatum and carinatum repair through a vertical midline approach are excellent. Outcome with a temporary sternal bar is superior to outcome without a bar. Concomitant repair of congenital heart defects and pectus deformity may be performed successfully without additional morbidity.     

Acute aortic dissection in a patient with Marfan's syndrome and severe pectus excavatum--emergency surgical repairs of ascending aortic dissection and aortic regurgitation complicated by pectus excavatum in Marfan's syndrome]

A case of acute aortic dissection Stanford Type A occurring in a patient with Marfan's syndrome, complicated with aortic regurgitation and severe pectus excavatum, is reported with successful surgical correction. The patient was a 33-year-old woman, who suffered from severe back pain riding to work. An emergency operation consisting of Cabrol's procedure for aortic dissection Stanford Type A and sternal turnover for pectus excavatum was performed simultaneously. Because of the postoperative mediastinal bleeding the implanted sterno-costal complex was removed on the second POD and the prosthetic sternum was reimplanted on the tenth POD. The two-stage operation seems preferable in such an emergency case to avoid postoperative bleeding and infection.     

Simultaneous repair of pectus excavatum and congenital heart defect in adults by using the convex bar

Simultaneous repair of pectus excavatum and cardiac lesions remains technically difficult. In adults, most repairs of pectus deformity and heart lesions have been performed through long incisions, sternal splits, excision of deformed cartilages, and sternal turnover, which can result in poor cosmetic appearance because of sternal devascularization. We performed concomitant repair of pectus excavatum and an atrial septal defect through a short midline incision in an adult. The sternum was fixed by using absorbable plates and screws and was supported by a convex steel bar. The cosmetic appearance remained excellent after the operation. The technique and a review of the literature are included.